湍流预混燃烧的小火焰模型

由Level set方法确定湍流预混燃烧火焰面的位置,考虑CHEMKIN库详细化学反应机理,通过PDF方法建立湍流预混燃烧数学模型,计算组分浓度和温度在火焰内部分布。以矩形突扩燃烧室为例,模拟甲烷/空气预混燃烧的平均火焰位置和火焰内部温度、浓度分布,计算结果与实验结果吻合良好,表明此模型能较好模拟湍流预混燃烧。     

基于二阶矩封闭湍流模型的非预混湍流火焰的数值模拟

应用二阶矩封闭湍流模型进行了湍流非预混钝体稳定火焰数值模拟的研究.应用LRR-IP模型,JM模型,SSG模型以及两个修正后的LRR-IP模型等二阶矩封闭湍流模型,进行了钝体稳定火焰数值模拟的研究.对于复杂的钝体稳定火焰,一些模型无法给出令人满意的结果,而且不同模型的结果差异很大.在研究中,湍流燃烧模型采用了化学平衡模型和假设PDF模型.研究结果表明,对于钝体稳定火焰,SSG模型以及两个修正后的LRR-IP模型要优于其他几个二阶矩封闭湍流模型.     

钝体燃烧器湍流预混燃烧流动特性的模拟

钝体燃烧器的回流区结构对燃烧具有重要影响,采用经济有效的数学模型对回流区结构进行模拟具有理论价值和实际意义。采用PIV技术测量了一个典型的钝体燃烧器的热态流场,并基于Fluent平台使用3种湍流燃烧速度定义对TFC模型进行求解,分析比较了Zimont、Gulder、Peters和实验得到的流场特性。结果发现Peters的流动特性与实验结果最为接近,都属于射流主导型结构,Peters的进展变量与Zimont和Gulder有明显不同。     

障碍物管道中湍流火焰发展的数值模拟

应用湍流马赫数修正的非稳态可压缩性K－ε-f-gr四方程湍流模型，模拟了半开口狭长管道中重复布置的障碍物引起的湍流火焰加速现象。结果表明，障碍物产生的扰动对加强燃烧和湍流输运的影响很大。随着火焰向前传播，火焰穿过障碍物时发生变形，反应区越来越长，且火焰速度逐渐上升。同时，火焰速度和管内压力的计算结果与实验测量值吻合良好，修正后的湍流模型能较真实地模拟障碍物管内预混火焰的发展过程。     

一维湍流预混火焰的数值模拟

建立湍流燃烧的“双流体”数学模型,用于一维湍流预混稳态火焰的描述,假定燃烧火焰由冷的反应物（预混气体）和热的生成物（燃烧产物）组成,它们既有各自的属性,又相互作用,进行热量,质量和动量的交换,采用Patankar和Spalding的Phoenics计算程序来求解该数学模型,成功地模拟了一维湍流参混火焰的压力场,密度场,速度场。     

稳态湍流非预混燃烧的小火焰模拟

以甲烷/空气的湍流射流非预混燃烧为对象,建立二维稳态湍流非预混火焰的小火焰模型.利用湍流流动模型和小火焰模型耦合求解,计算出速度、混合分数、温度以及反应标量的摩尔分数在燃烧室内的分布,模拟结果表明小火焰模型能够用来描述燃烧室内燃烧机理.     

定容燃烧弹中火核生成及初期发展的数值模拟

本发展了一种新的预混湍流火核生成及初期发展的模型，该模型基于准维模型的基本思想，摒弃了湍流燃烧速度模型，以数值生成的湍流场对火焰前锋面的客观影响推动燃烧计算过程。模型考虑了很多对火核生成及初期发展有影响的因素，如已燃区的传热，非绝热效应，曲率和伸展效应等等；通过利用模拟得到的３维湍流速度场，首镒实现了对火核几何形状的３维模拟；模型的模拟结果和试验结果有很好的吻合性，这说明模型是合理的。     

湍流状态下双燃料混合物自燃和火焰传播过程

采用直接数值模拟(DNS)方法,研究了低速机缸内热力学状态下甲烷/正庚烷混合物的着火及燃烧过程,分析了湍流状态下双燃料混合层中的着火特性及火焰发展过程．结果表明：第一阶段着火后,湍流作用下混合气偏浓区域生成冷焰;第二阶段着火后,甲烷/空气预混气侧生成多个高温膨胀核心．混合分数梯度平缓区域更易生成高温核心,而混合分数梯度较大时会增大标量耗散率、加强热量和活性基团的耗散,不利于燃烧反应的稳定发展．湍流作用下火焰前沿形成褶皱向两侧传播,热膨胀核心位置的火焰前沿传播较快．甲烷/空气预混气侧含氧量增加导致火焰前沿传播加快,前沿褶皱程度逐渐降低;正庚烷侧火焰前沿在传播下游存在冷焰反应区域,形成“双火焰”结构,随着反应进行,火焰前沿传播进入更浓的混合物中,双火焰面之间的距离逐渐缩短．     

甲烷/空气混合物在微小型钝体燃烧器中的燃烧特性

为了实现在淬熄距离以下的稳定燃烧,试验设计了两种带钝体的回热型燃烧器,研究预混甲烷在高度小于淬熄距离的燃烧室中的燃烧特性。燃烧器的燃烧室高度为2 mm,长度为20 mm,进口处安装了边长为1mm的等边三角形钝体或相同尺寸的"V"形钝体,并在上下两侧设置了预热通道。利用Fluent6.3软件对甲烷/空气在这两个燃烧器的预混燃烧做了数值模拟,确定了浓度极限和速度极限,并对稳燃机理进行了分析。与三角形钝体燃烧器相比较,"V"形钝体燃烧器的稳燃范围更大。在所给出的稳定燃烧工况下两者的燃烧效率均在99%以上,甲烷/空气的混合气体能够完全燃烧。但当进气速度较小同时当量比较大时会发生回火现象。     

钝体燃烧器环形后台阶预旋流动的数值研究

采用SST湍流模型对带旋流的三维环形后台阶的流场进行了数值分析,比较了不同孔阶比和来流旋流数对环形后台阶流场的影响.结果表明:在合适的边界条件和计算网格下,SST湍流模型对后台阶流动回流区长度的预测能力最佳;当来流旋流数为1.0时,钝体下游的中心回流区长度可以不受钝体孔阶比的影响,从而保证在多种工况下稳定的火焰;随着来流旋流数的增加,中心回流区长度接近正比例增加,来流预旋改变了钝体下游的流动结构,使轴向速度减小,速度峰值移向燃烧室的外侧壁面.通过对钝体孔阶比和旋流数进行联合优化,可得到合理的中心燃烧位置.     

Flame brush characteristics and burning velocities of premixed turbulent methane/air Bunsen flames

The flame brush characteristics and turbulent burning velocities of premixed turbulent methane/air flames stabilized on a Bunsen-type burner were studied. Particle image velocimetry and Rayleigh scattering techniques were used to measure the instantaneous velocity and temperature fields, respectively. Experiments were performed at various equivalence ratios and bulk flow velocities from 0.7 to 1.0, and 7.7 to 17.0 m/s, respectively. The total turbulence intensity and turbulent integral length scale were controlled by the perforated plate mounted at different positions upstream of the burner exit. The normalized characteristic flame height and centerline flame brush thickness decreased with increasing equivalence ratio, total turbulence intensity, and longitudinal integral length scale, whereas they increased with increasing bulk flow velocity. The normalized horizontal flame brush thickness increased with increasing axial distance from the burner exit and increasing equivalence ratio. The non-dimensional leading edge and half-burning surface turbulent burning velocities increased with increasing non-dimensional turbulence intensity, and they decreased with increasing non-dimensional bulk flow velocity when other turbulence statistics were kept constant. Results show that the non-dimensional leading edge and half-burning surface turbulent burning velocities increased with increasing non-dimensional longitudinal integral length scale. Two correlations to represent the leading edge and half-burning surface turbulent burning velocities were presented as a function of the equivalence ratio, non-dimensional turbulence intensity, non-dimensional bulk flow velocity, and non-dimensional longitudinal integral length scale. Results show that the half-burning surface turbulent burning velocity normalized by the bulk flow velocity decreased as the normalized characteristic flame height increased.     

Turbulent burning velocity of hydrogen–air premixed propagating flames at elevated pressures

Lewis number represents the thermo-diffusive effects on laminar flames. That of hydrogen–air mixture varies extensively with the equivalence ratio due to the high molecular diffusivity of hydrogen. In this study, the influences of pressure and thermo-diffusive effects on spherically propagating premixed hydrogen–air turbulent flames were studied using a constant volume fan-stirred combustion vessel. It was noted that the ratio of the turbulent to unstretched laminar burning velocity increased with decreasing equivalence ratio and increasing mixture pressure. Turbulent burning velocity was dominated by three factors: (1) purely hydrodynamic factor, turbulence Reynolds number, (2) relative turbulence intensity to reaction speed, the ratio of turbulence intensity to unstretched laminar burning velocity, and (3) sensitivity of the flame to the stretch due to the thermo-diffusive effects, Lewis and Markstein numbers. A turbulent burning velocity correlation in terms of Reynolds and Lewis numbers is presented.     

Validation of leading point concept in RANS simulations of highly turbulent lean syngas-air flames with well-pronounced diffusional-thermal effects

While significant increase in turbulent burning rate in lean premixed flames of hydrogen or hydrogen-containing fuel blends is well documented in various experiments and can be explained by highlighting local diffusional-thermal effects, capabilities of the vast majority of available models of turbulent combustion for predicting this increase have not yet been documented in numerical simulations. To fill this knowledge gap, a well-validated Turbulent Flame Closure (TFC) model of the influence of turbulence on premixed combustion, which, however, does not address the diffusional-thermal effects, is combined with the leading point concept, which highlights strongly perturbed leading flame kernels whose local structure and burning rate are significantly affected by the diffusional-thermal effects. More specifically, within the framework of the leading point concept, local consumption velocity is computed in extremely strained laminar flames by adopting detailed combustion chemistry and, subsequently, the computed velocity is used as an input parameter of the TFC model. The combined model is tested in RANS simulations of highly turbulent, lean syngas-air flames that were experimentally investigated at Georgia Tech. The tests are performed for four different values of the inlet rms turbulent velocities, different turbulence length scales, normal and elevated (up to 10 atm) pressures, various H₂/CO ratios ranging from 30/70 to 90/10, and various equivalence ratios ranging from 0.40 to 0.80. All in all, the performed 33 tests indicate that the studied combination of the leading point concept and the TFC model can predict well-pronounced diffusional-thermal effects in lean highly turbulent syngas-air flames, with these results being obtained using the same value of a single constant of the combined model in all cases. In particular, the model well predicts a significant increase in the bulk turbulent consumption velocity when increasing the H₂/CO ratio but retaining the same value of the laminar flame speed.     

Transported PDF modeling of high-Reynolds-number premixed turbulent flames

The transported PDF approach, closed at the joint composition-enthalpy level, is applied to model premixed turbulent flames at a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The initial aim of the study is to establish the impact of closure approximations for the scalar dissipation rate upon the relationship between turbulence fluctuations and predicted turbulent burning velocities. The cases considered feature stoichiometric methane-air flames with the chemical source term extracted from a detailed chemistry simulation of the corresponding unstrained laminar flame. The transported PDF approach is subsequently combined with a systematically reduced C/H/O mechanism featuring 142 reactions and 14 solved and 15 steady-state species and applied to piloted premixed stoichiometric methane-air flames investigated experimentally by Chen et al. [Combust. Flame 107 (1996) 223-226]. The cases considered here feature Re=24,200 (flame F3) and 52,500 (flame F1) and Damköhler numbers approaching unity. The effects of variations in the time-scale ratio (2?C??8) and heat losses to the burner were investigated, along with the impact of an extended algebraic relationship for the scalar dissipation rate that accounts for small-scale properties. Comparisons with experimental data show that the modified Curl's model and the extended scalar dissipation-rate closure produce turbulent burning velocities in close agreement with measurements. The study further indicates that a closure at the joint scalar level combined with comprehensive chemistry has the potential to reproduce the detailed chemical structure of premixed turbulent flames. The importance of boundary conditions and comprehensive scalar statistics, including the scalar dissipation rate, is also emphasized by the study.     

Experimental investigation on the self-acceleration of 10%H2/90%CO/air turbulent expanding premixed flame

The self-acceleration characteristics of a syngas/air mixture turbulent premixed flame were experimentally evaluated using a 10% H₂/90% CO/air mixture turbulent premixed flame by varying the turbulence intensity and equivalence ratio at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The propagation characteristics of the turbulent premixed flame including the variation in the flame propagation speed and turbulent burning velocity of the syngas/air mixture turbulent premixed flame were evaluated. In addition, the effect of the self-acceleration characteristics of the turbulent premixed flame was also evaluated. The results show that turbulence gradually changes the radius of the premixed flame from linear growth to nonlinear growth. With the increase of turbulence intensity, the formation of a cellular structure of the flame front accelerated, increasing the flame propagation speed and burning speed. In the transition stage, the acceleration exponent and fractal excess of the turbulent premixed flame decreased with increasing equivalence ratio and increased with increasing turbulence intensity at an equivalence ratio of 0.6. The acceleration exponent was always greater than 1.5.     

基于详细化学反应动力学的含颗粒甲烷/空气层流火焰模拟研究

本文基于含颗粒甲烷燃烧详细化学反应动力学机理Gri-Mech3.0,采用层流预混火焰速度计算模型计算了含颗粒甲烷空气层流预混燃烧过程。通过对比层流火焰燃烧速度曲线,分析了温度和当量比对燃烧速度的影响,且对计算结果进行敏感性分析。研究结果表明,颗粒存在降低了火焰的燃烧速度,且温度越高,燃烧速度降低的越明显,而燃烧速度变化量随当量比的增加则先增大后减小。     

Flow field studies of a new series of turbulent premixed stratified flames

This paper presents a new burner design for lean premixed stratified combustion for experiments to validate models for numerical simulations. The burner demonstrates combustion phenomena relevant to technological applications, where flames are often turbulent, lean premixed, and stratified. The generic burner was designed for high Reynolds number flows and can stabilize a variety of different lean premixed flames. The burner’s design and its versatile operational conditions are introduced. Shear, stratification, and fuel type are parametrically varied to provide a sound database of related flow configurations. Reacting and corresponding non-reacting configurations are examined. Experimental setups and the results of laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) are presented and discussed. LDV measurements provide radial profiles of mean axial velocity, mean radial velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy as well as integral time scales. High-speed PIV is introduced as a novel technique to determine integral time and length scales and provide 2D 2-component velocity fields and related quantities, such as vorticity.     

A catalytic burner using propane and toluene alternately for the drying of textile coatings

This study aims to develop a low‐temperature catalytic burner using propane and toluene alternately as a fuel and to apply it to the drying of acrylic coatings on textiles. Pt catalysts deposited on ceramic fibres (Al₂O₃) were employed. For propane, the diffusive catalytic burner was used. The combustion efficiency of the diffusive catalytic burner deteriorated rapidly when it was installed in a downward position. Two concepts of forced diffusion combustion and premixed combustion were introduced to improve the downward placed diffusive catalytic burner. The combustion efficiency was enhanced with these modifications, but the forced diffusion was preferred since premixed combustion raised the temperature of the catalyst above 700°C leading to sintering of the catalyst. For the toluene catalytic burner the premixed combustion mode was adopted. Its optimum operation conditions were obtained by analyzing the temperatures within the catalyst layer and by adjustment of the toluene mixture. Field tests were performed on the drying acrylic coatings using the catalytic burners. The results showed that the use of catalytic burners had several benefits such as energy savings and less pollutant emissions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

LES of a turbulent premixed swirl burner using the Eulerian stochastic field method

A turbulent premixed swirl burner is simulated using the sgs-pdf evolution equation approach in conjunction with the Eulerian stochastic field solution method in the context of Large Eddy Simulation. Simple gradient diffusion models are adopted for the sub-grid stresses and eight stochastic fields were utilised to characterise the influence of the sub-grid fluctuations. The chemistry was represented by an augmented reduced mechanism derived from GRI 3.0 with 15 reaction steps and 19 species. Statistical means and instantaneous quantities show overall good agreement with the experimental data and demonstrate the capability of the pdf method in LES to simulate premixed combustion in complex flame configurations.     

多孔泡沫陶瓷中预混火焰燃烧速率的试验研究

本文对在多孔泡沫陶瓷中的甲烷／空气预混燃烧的燃速特性进行了实验研究，用一专用燃烧器对两种材质不同孔径尺寸的多孔介质分别测定了它们的预混燃烧速率。所得结果表明，其燃速与层流无多孔介质的自由火焰相比有显著的提高，并且受到材质和孔径大小的影响。同时，当量皆可燃稳定上下界限也有相应扩大。