Review of Lewis M. Terman: Pioneer in psychological testing.

Reviews the book, Lewis M. Terman: Pioneer in psychological testing by Henry L. Minton (see record 1988-98726-000). Lewis Terman was one of the leading pioneers in the development of clinical tools and studies of individual differences. In the Preface to his book, Minton acknowledges that Terman was as controversial as he was influential and states that his biography seeks to provide a balanced view of Terman's life and works. As readers of this comprehensive volume will quickly find, Minton has been eminently successful in achieving this goal: His book not only highlights Terman's accomplishments, which were many, but also describes his shortcomings which, though fewer, were not nonexistent. Overall, Minton provides an extremely interesting, well-written, and probing account of the positive and the less-positive facets of his subject, both as a scientist and as a man. The book contains 11 chapters, describing Terman's life from his early years through his illustrious career at Stanford, up to his death in 1956, a month short of his 80th birthday. Throughout, Minton shows how Terman's upbringing, education, and the times and society in which he was raised contributed to shaping the person he was to become. Minton's biography of Terman, based primarily on an exhaustive reading of Terman's professional and personal papers and supplemented with interviews with former students and colleagues such as Nancy Bayley, Lee Cronback, Ernest Hilgard, and Robert Sears, and with members of Terman's family, provides a detailed and fascinating portrait of one of the major figures in psychology. The book's strengths are its consistently objective appraisal of its sometimes controversial subject, the scope of its coverage, the extensive documentation of its sources, and Minton's ability to set or to describe each of Terman's activities and the events in his life in their appropriate professional or social context. Readers from many walks will find this book interesting, informative, and well worth reading. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of D-48, Terman CMT, and Art Scale scores of gifted adolescents.

Nonverbal (D-48) and verbal (Terman Concept Mastery Test) intelligence shows no correlation with creativity (Welsh Figure Preference Test Art Scale) for 368 gifted high school students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: A comparison of self-report and performance measures of emotional intelligence.

Three studies used J. D. Mayer and P. Salovey's (1997) theory of emotional intelligence (EI) as a framework to examine the role of emotional abilities (assessed with both self-report and performance measures) in social functioning. Self-ratings were assessed in ways that mapped onto the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), a validated performance measure of EI. In Study 1, self-ratings and MSCEIT scores were not strongly correlated. In Study 2, men's MSCEIT scores, but not self-ratings, correlated with perceived social competence after personality measures were held constant. In Study 3, only the MSCEIT predicted real-time social competence, again, just for men. Implications for analyzing how emotional abilities contribute to social behavior are discussed, as is the importance of incorporating gender into theoretical frameworks and study designs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-talk and emotional intelligence in university students.

The purpose of this study was to examine self-talk, year of university study, and gender as predictors of emotional intelligence in a diverse sample of 126 undergraduate participants (42 male, 84 female). Self-talk has been discussed in the literature as a means of enhancing self-awareness and self-regulation, both of which are considered important in the construct of emotional intelligence. Participants completed self-report questionnaires on self-talk and emotional intelligence. The results indicated that year of study and self-talk were significant predictors of emotional intelligence and were associated with emotional intelligence in a positive direction. Contrary to expectation, gender was not a significant predictor. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of potential future research directions for the study of self-talk and emotional intelligence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

从科技信息服务到竞争情报研究

以宣钢为例分析了科技信息服务在钢铁企业的需求、现状和不足,阐述了从科技信息服务向竞争型情报转型是当前钢铁企业外部竞争环境和内部情报需求变化的必然结果。客观分析了钢铁企业从科技信息服务向竞争型情报转型应具备的条件。     

On the growth of intelligence.

Data from the Berkeley Growth Study pertaining to the development of intelligence as measured by tests, and some related material, are reviewed. The concept of IQ constancy, prediction of later intelligence scores from infancy scores, and problems encountered in constructing curves of growth in intelligence, are some of the topics discussed. An age curve of intelligence from birth to 50 years, based on data of 3 studies, is proposed and graphically represented. "This curve is offered as an alternative to previously published age-curves of intelligence." It is hoped that further research will refine, modify, and extend it into a more complete and accurate representation of intellectual changes over the entire span of life. 31 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Children's cognitive ability from 4 to 9 years old as a function of prenatal cocaine exposure, environmental risk, and maternal verbal intelligence.

This study examined the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure, environmental risk, and maternal verbal intelligence on children's cognitive ability. Gender and age were examined as moderators of potential cocaine exposure effects. The Stanford-Binet IV intelligence test was administered to 231 children (91 cocaine exposed, 140 unexposed) at ages 4, 6, and 9 years. Neonatal medical risk and other prenatal exposures (alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) were also examined for their unique effects on child IQ. Mixed models analysis indicated that prenatal cocaine exposure interacted with gender, as cocaine-exposed boys had lower composite IQ scores. Age at assessment did not moderate this relation, indicating that cocaine-exposed boys had lower IQs across this age period. A stimulating home environment and high maternal verbal IQ also predicted higher composite IQ scores. Cocaine-exposed boys had lower scores on the Abstract/Visual Reasoning subscale, with trends for lower scores on the Short-Term Memory and Verbal Reasoning subscales, as exposure effects were observed across domains. The findings indicate that cocaine exposure continues to place children at risk for mild cognitive deficits into preadolescence. Possible mechanisms for the Exposure × Gender interaction are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perceptual organization and intelligence: A further study.

This experiment was a replication of that of Krech and Calvin (Levels of perceptual organization and cognition. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1953, 48, 394-400) using modified techniques. The correlation previously reported by Krech and Calvin between intelligence and perception, did not obtain upon replication. The data confirmed their finding that progression over trials was usually from low to high perceptual organization, but did not show a correlation between perception and stimulus-exposure time from 0.01 to 1.00 second. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Introduction to the special issue on intelligence and lifelong learning.

This special issue of the American Psychologist is devoted to the exploration of the role of intelligence in lifelong learning. The issue encompasses both diverse topics and wide-ranging points of view. The goal of the special issue is to help readers of the American Psychologist to understand the many interfaces between intelligence and learning throughout the life span. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Consulting to the intelligence community: An employee assistance program model.

Over the past 2 decades, the agencies and employees of the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) have increasingly come to appreciate the organizational, counterintelligence, and occupational health value added by employee assistance programs (EAPs). The author presents the rationale for such programs; discusses their core components; mentions some of the key professional and ethical challenges faced by consulting psychologists who provide these services; discusses the unique obstacles that must be overcome, in light of the common concern among IC employees that use of mental health services will adversely affect their continuing eligibility for a security clearance and/or their career; gives examples of policies and practices that encourage the use of services by IC employees; and suggests areas for further program development and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological well-being in retirement: The effects of personal and gendered contextual resources.

Although prior research points to the gendered nature of work and private routines, surprisingly few studies have explored the influence of gender on the sources of psychological well-being in retirement. Drawing on resource theories and theories on the gendered division of labor, this study examines how preretirement resources relate to retirees' psychological well-being by using data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. It is hypothesized that possessing key resources prior to retirement as well as losing or gaining resources in the transition to retirement influence retirees' well-being and that these effects are partially conditioned by gender. Results indicate that preretirement physical health, tenacity in goal pursuit, and flexibility in goal adjustment are beneficial for men's and women's well-being alike. By contrast, financial assets and job dissatisfaction are more strongly related to men's psychological well-being in retirement and preretirement social contacts to that of women. Thus, the study underscores the importance of considering gendered resources in retirement research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Intelligent management of intelligence agencies: Beyond accountability ping-pong.

The intelligence community (IC) is asked to predict outcomes that may often be inherently unpredictable—and is blamed for the inevitable forecasting failures, be they false positives or false negatives. To move beyond blame games of accountability ping-pong that incentivize bureaucratic symbolism over substantive reform, it is necessary to reach bipartisan agreements on performance indicators that are transparent enough to reassure clashing elites (to whom the IC must answer) that estimates have not been politicized. Establishing such transideological credibility requires (a) developing accuracy metrics for decoupling probability and value judgments; (b) using the resulting metrics as criterion variables in validity tests of the IC's selection, training, and incentive systems; and (c) institutionalizing adversarial collaborations that conduct level-playing-field tests of clashing perspectives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

The group matters: A review of processes and outcomes in intelligence analysis.

The work of intelligence analysts is fundamentally cognitive in nature. Intelligence analysis consists largely of identifying problems, generating and evaluating hypotheses, identifying and assessing open source and classified information, recognizing patterns in large sets of data, aggregating information, and providing results in the form of judgments, forecasts, and insights to policymakers. These activities are often conducted by individuals; however, intelligence agencies and experts have called increasingly for the use of teams in intelligence analysis. This article reviews the research literature on group-level phenomena (that is, process losses) that are most relevant to the work of intelligence analysts, including productivity losses in brainstorming, the common knowledge effect, group polarization, confirmation bias, overconfidence, and pressures toward uniformity. We describe how features of intelligence analysis teams' tasks, context, and structure affect these processes, present methods to minimize these process losses and increase process gains, and discuss directions for future research. Although our focus is on intelligence analysis teams, these processes and interventions are relevant to a range of analytical teams that share common characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Service with a smile: Do emotional intelligence, gender, and autonomy moderate the emotional labor process?

This survey study of 176 participants from eight customer service organizations investigated how individual factors moderate the impact of emotional labor strategies on employee well-being. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that gender and autonomy were significant moderators of the relationships between emotional labor strategies and the personal outcomes of emotional exhaustion, affective well-being, and job satisfaction. Females were more likely to experience negative consequences when engaging in surface acting. Autonomy served to alleviate negative outcomes for individuals who used emotional labor strategies often. Contrary to our hypotheses, emotional intelligence did not moderate the relationship between the emotional labor strategies and personal outcomes. Results demonstrated how the emotional labor process can influence employee well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Upheavals of thought: The intelligence of emotions.

Reviews the book, Upheavals of thought: The intelligence of emotions by Martha C. Nussbaum (2001). Drawing from an astounding array of sources, Nussbaum argues against the common understanding of emotions as irrational and animalistic impulses disconnected from our thoughts and reason. Rather, she argues that emotions are highly discriminating responses to what is of value and importance that are, therefore, suffused with intelligence and discernment. Nussbaum explores the structure of a wide range of emotions, in particular, compassion and love, in order to show that there can be no adequate ethical theory without an adequate theory of emotional experience and meaning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Language development's relationship to cognition, affectivity and intelligence.

Congenital deafness is a unique experiment of nature providing a control of the major psychological variables of language development and environmental deprivation. By carefully studying congenitally deaf children the effects of these variables on cognition, affectivity and intelligence can be described. The theoretical position which derives from this work is: 1) that verbal language is not necessary for cognition, 2) that the mediating process of thought is not a verbal symbol system, 3) that verbal language is not the primary communicator of preconscious, unconscious, or affective material, and 4) linguistic stimulation and the environmental input resulting from it are not primary variables in determining IQ. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Group genius: The creative power of collaboration.

Reviews the book, Group genius: The creative power of collaboration by K. Sawyer (2007). This book is written for a popular audience. It takes several themes from the author's past work on the sociocultural approach to creativity, particularly his research on improvisation and his book Explaining creativity, and develops them into an innovative analysis of improvisation and collaboration. The message of this book is that creative ideas emerge from collaborative webs, not from the minds of lone creators. Sawyer proposes that creative teams and organizations have moved beyond conventional notions of innovation--isolated Research and Development departments, for example--and instead harness collaborative webs. These webs include obvious ones, such as collaboration within the organization, as well as surprising ones, such as collaboration with consumers and with competitors. Researchers in the psychology of creativity will find a lot of food for thought in this book. The reviewer notes, however, that little attention is given to individual differences. This omission will madden many researchers. Researchers will also find a nascent integration of the sociocultural approach and the cognitive approach. Criticisms aside, he suggests that Keith Sawyer is one of psychology's finest writers: his books have a graceful tone and an understated erudition. The distinction between content and form is specious--writing unifies "what" and "how"--but creativity researchers will get as much out of this book's "how" as its "what". (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Consulting psychology and the intelligence community: Toward a new support paradigm.

In 2004, Congress created the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) to enable the 16 independent government organizations that constitute the national intelligence mission to function as a single enterprise. The ODNI strategy to accomplish this transformation included the integration of personnel systems across these organizations. However, customary practices for obtaining and using personnel system and organizational consulting psychologists tend to undermine this goal by reinforcing existing fragmented and strategically misaligned human capital management systems. In this article, the authors describe and analyze the challenges confronting the organizational consulting field working in these settings and suggest ways in which the intelligence and consulting communities can collaborate to overcome these challenges and better serve the important mission of intelligence organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship between EEG and test intelligence: A commentary.

In a recent review Vogel and Broverman concluded that, contrary to previously expressed opinions, there do appear to be relationships between EEG phenomena and IQ—at least among children, the retarded, and institutionalized geriatric and brain-damaged patients. The evidence for such relationships is reexamined. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) The evidence concerning relationships between normal brain-wave phenomena and IQ in children and in the mentally retarded is contradictory and inconclusive. (2) The weight of available evidence suggests that there is no relationship in normal adults. (3) EEG abnormality and decreased intellectual capacity are both effects of organic brain disorders, and hence tend to be related to one another. (2 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A factor analysis of the Wesley Rigidity Inventory: Its relationship to age and nonverbal intelligence.

The present research involved an item analysis of the Wesley Rigidity Inventory (1953) to determine its unidimensionality and the effect of age and intelligence. Factor analysis revealed orthogonally-related factors: rigidity in intellectual thinking, liking for established routine which was highly loaded with the factor of age, and a factor of appreciation of methodical behavior and details. From Psyc Abstracts 36:02:2HF91C. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)