旋转火焰燃烧特性的实验研究

以液化石油气为燃料,研究了旋转火焰的燃烧特性。结果表明,旋转火焰内部的燃烧温度分布不仅与火焰的旋转速度有关,而且与燃烧产物的含量存在很大的关系。燃烧在火焰的轴中心线处,在旋转速度低于78 r.min-1下,火焰燃烧的温度随着其旋转速度的增加而增加;火焰旋转速度大于78 r.min-1后,增加火焰的旋转速度,温度反而降低。燃烧产物中CO质量浓度随火焰高度和直径的增加逐渐减小,且随火焰旋转速度的增加逐渐减小;在较低的旋转速度下,燃烧产物中CO2的含量随火焰旋转强度的增加而增加,但在较高的火焰旋转速度下,随火焰旋转强度的增加燃烧产物中的CO2含量反而降低,而且在高的旋转速度下火焰外部的CO2含量反而比其内部的CO2含量要低。     

水蒸气对甲烷燃烧影响的数值模拟研究

为了研究水蒸气对于甲烷燃烧微观反应进程的影响,利用Chemkin 17.0研究了水蒸气对甲烷燃烧的绝热火焰温度、预混火焰温度和层流预混火焰燃烧速度的作用规律,研究了水蒸气对甲烷燃烧过程中链式反应进程的影响。结果表明,随着水蒸气摩尔分数的增加,甲烷燃烧火焰温度降低,预混火焰传播速度下降,且火焰中的H、O、OH自由基浓度均下降,但是OH自由基所占的比例增加,导致由OH自由基所传递的反应占主导地位。水蒸气的加入强化了CH3➝CH2（s）➝CH2➝CH➝CH2O过程,同时强化了CH3➝CH3O➝CH2O过程,改变了甲烷燃烧的链式反应。     

链条炉沼气再燃还原氮氧化物数值模拟与优化

为利用废弃沼气作为工业锅炉再燃燃料,实现对氮氧化物(NOx)的高效率还原,达到资源回收和NOx减排的目的.联用FLIC和FLUENT软件对工业锅炉床层及炉内燃烧特性进行了模拟,进而探究了CH4/NO摩尔比、沼气稀释比和沼气喷口布置形式对炉膛内NOx还原的影响.结果表明:CH4/NO摩尔比和两者混合程度是影响NOx还原两大主要因素,总体上NOx的还原率随着CH4/NO摩尔比和沼气稀释比的增大而升高;当CH4/NO摩尔比较小时,影响NOx还原率的主导因素是两者的混合程度;当沼气稀释到一定程度,其所具有的动量能够与主气流实现较好混合时,影响NOx还原率的主导因素是CH4/NO摩尔比;同时沼气稀释比的增大有利于减小气体不完全燃烧损失;为实现NOx高效率还原,再燃沼气喷口宜布置在前墙,但位置不宜过于偏下.本文能够为沼气在工业锅炉燃烧及NOx还原的工业应用提供一定的参考.     

初始温度和初始压力对甲烷-甲醇裂解气预混层流燃烧特性的影响

利用定容燃烧弹试验系统,研究了不同初始温度、初始压力、甲醇裂解气添加比例和当量比对甲烷-甲醇裂解气预混层流燃烧速度和火焰的胞状不稳定性的影响,并在相同工况下进行了甲烷-一氧化碳混合燃料的试验,用以探究一氧化碳在甲醇裂解气中的作用。研究结果表明,甲烷-甲醇裂解气混合燃料的层流燃烧速度随着温度和甲醇裂解气添加比例的升高而增大,随压力的升高而降低;提高初始压力对热扩散不稳定性几乎没有影响,主要是由于火焰厚度减少使流体动力学不稳定性增强,从而导致火焰的胞状不稳定性增强。     

天然气制油/柴油混合燃料对小型柴油机燃烧特性的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况测控系统,研究了GTL(Gas to liquid)添加比例对小型直喷式柴油机稳态及恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下燃烧特性的影响规律。结果表明:在稳态和恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下,GTL添加比例对燃烧参数的影响具有基本相同的规律,随着GTL燃料添加比例的增加,着火始点提前,滞燃期缩短,预混合燃烧期和预混合燃烧量减小,缸内压力峰值、放热率峰值、燃烧温度有所降低,有利于降低NOx的排放量和燃烧噪声。当添加少量GTL燃料时,燃烧持续期延长,随着GTL添加比例的增加,燃烧持续期有所缩短。100%GTL燃料的燃烧持续期与柴油相当。     

不同喷嘴直径对加热炉燃烧器燃烧过程的影响

选用FLUENT软件,利用数值模拟的方法对加热炉燃烧器内烟气速度分布和温度分布做了详细研究,并考察了不同喷嘴直径对燃烧过程的影响情况。研究结果表明,喷嘴直径越小,速度峰值越大,射流的影响区域越大。这加剧了燃料与空气的混合,加快了燃烧速率,使燃烧在较短的区域内完成,且燃烧的火焰逐渐变短、变窄。随着喷嘴直径的增大,出口未完全燃烧的燃料逐渐增多,燃烧损失的热量越多,燃烧效率有所降低。但同时,随着喷嘴直径的增大,火焰高温区增大,提高了辐射传热效率。     

温度及压力对CO2置换CH4的影响

利用潞安和寺河煤样进行了不同温度和压力条件下CO2/CH4混合气体的等温吸附/解吸实验,根据Langmuir等温吸附模型及其扩展形式,结合分离因子和单位压降解吸率两个参数,分别分析了温度和压力对CO2置换CH4影响的效果,提出了低温、低压条件下具有更好的置换效果,认为低温低压下置换反应主要向解吸需要能量低、吸附释放能量高的方向进行,即需要能量较小的CO2吸附—CH4解吸方向.研究结果表明:同等条件下CO2吸附能力比CH4吸附能力更强;在3MPa注入压力条件下,随着温度逐渐升高CO2对CH4的分离因子依次减小,显示出温度为20℃时置换效果更佳;在30℃温度条件下,随着压力的的升高,CH4单位压降解吸率依次降低,显示出压力为2MPa时置换效果更好;CO2的吸附能高于CH4的吸附能,在低温、低压的低能量条件下CO2具有相对更好的吸附能力.     

掺氢对高辛烷值燃料燃烧过程的影响

通过耦合纯H₂和高辛烷值标准基础燃料(primary reference fuel,PRF)燃烧机理,在CHEMKIN的Premix子程序上建立并验证了PRF-H₂混合燃料预混层流火焰燃烧模型,并在该模型上就理论当量比条件下,掺氢对高辛烷值燃烧过程的影响进行了计算研究.试验结果表明:H₂能加快PRF-H₂混合燃料火焰的传播,促进PRF-H₂混合燃料中正庚烷和异辛烷的分解;此外,掺入H₂还能增大火焰中H、O和OH自由基的摩尔分数,H自由基摩尔分数的最大值由纯PRF混合燃料火焰时的4×10^-3增大到了掺氢能量分数为60%时的13×10^-3.     

煤种变化对超细粉再燃降低电站NOx排放量的影响

使用Fluent 6软件对河北某电厂300MW W火焰炉中的常规燃烧和超细粉再燃的燃烧的NOx排放进行了数值模拟.研究表明,超细粉再燃还原技术对降低300 MW W火焰炉燃烧NOx排放量有显著效果,当质量为初始燃料的10%左右的寿阳贫煤的超细粉作为再燃燃料送入折焰角出口处时,脱除率为1/2～2/3;高于采用厂用混合煤粉的脱除率.     

改善220t/h电站锅炉燃烧特性的试验研究

针对某热电厂220 t/h锅炉运行中结焦、燃烧不稳、熄火等问题,进行燃烧调整试验.调整后,各一次风管的风速趋于平衡,燃烧器出口温度和炉膛温度都有了一定程度的降低,炉内燃烧的空气动力场特性和火焰温度分布得到明显改善.燃烧调整试验较好地改善了炉内燃烧特性,有效地减少了锅炉结焦、结渣和熄火现象.     

Measurement of laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths near rich propane/air flammability limits under microgravity conditions

A small cubic closed vessel with schlieren measurement technique combined with highspeed video camera were used to study limit flame properties under microgravity conditions at atmospheric pressure and...     

A numerical study of counterflow diffusion flames of methane/air at various pressures

A numerical study of the counterflow diffusion flames of methane/air at both subcritical and supercritical pressures,which have very important applications in the air-breathing rocket and advanced gas turbine engines,is conducted to obtain fundamental understanding of the flame characteristics.The analysis is based on a general mathematical formulation and accommodates a unified treatment of general fluids thermodynamics and accurate calculations of thermophysical properties.Results reveal that the maximum flame temperature occurs on the fuel-rich side for low-pressure conditions and shifts toward the stoichiometric position when the pressure increases.The maximum flame temperature increases with an increasing pressure,but decreases with an increasing strain rate.The flame width is inversely proportional to the square root of the product of the pressure and strain rate as■■1 p·a2/1.The total heat release rate varies with the pressure and strain rate in a relationship of Q release ■(p·a)0.518.An increased pressure leads to a slightly more complete combustion process near the stoichiometric position,but its effect on NO production is minor.Under the test conditions,variations of the strain rate have significant impacts on the formation of major pollutants.An increased strain rate leads to the decreased mole fraction of CO in the fuel-rich region and significantly reduced NO near the stoichiometric position.     

废气再循环成分对扩散燃烧中碳烟成核的影响

通过测量对置射流扩散火焰中开始形成碳核时的临界气动变形率Kp,对空气中加入燃烧废气(CO2和N1)时的乙烯和丙烷的扩散火焰中碳烟成核的影响进行了实验研究．通过适当的火焰温度调节方法,将CO2对碳烟成核过程所起的各种作用进行了分解,并由此得出结论：CO2对扩散火焰具有遏制碳烟成核的作用．     

低热值燃气往复多孔介质燃烧特性

为了研究低热值预混燃气（当量比<0.4）在往复式多孔介质燃烧器中的燃烧特性,建立两端布置蓄热段的往复多孔介质燃烧试验台,研究温度波动、轴向温度分布及燃烧极限的特性.结果表明,低热值预混燃气温度波动特性与火焰面位置有直接关系,两端布置蓄热段能够减小泡沫陶瓷多孔介质温度波动幅度.随着当量比的降低,轴向温度分布形状从“马鞍形”、“梯形”、“椭圆形”,变化到系统达到燃烧极限时形成的“三角形”分布.加入蓄热小球使高温段平均温度升高、排烟温度降低.燃烧极限与系统半周期、空截面流速及热负荷密切相关.系统能够达到的最低燃烧当量比为0.1.     

大加速度场对流预混火焰影响的理论计算

建立了大加速度场中的层流预混火焰的一维模型,并应用改进的克莱法就加速度场对层流预混火焰传播速度及火焰面结构的影响以丙烷和空气的预混气为例进行了理论计算通过分析计算讨论了加速度对火焰传播速度,火焰面和密度分布及化学反应速度的影响及产生原因,为大加速度 场中的燃烧试验提供了一定的理论指导。     

Influence of obstacle-produced turbulence on development of premixed flames

An investigation into influence of obstructions on premixed flame propagation has been carried out in a semi-open tube. It is found that there exists flame acceleration and rising overpressure along the path of flame due to obstacles. According to the magnitude of flame speeds, the propagation of flame in the tube can be classified into three regimes: the quenching, the choking and the detonation regimes. In premixed flames near the flammability limits, the flame is observed first to accelerate and then to quench itself after propagating past a certain number of obstacles. In the choking regime, the maximum flame speeds are somewhat below the combustion product sound speeds, and insensitive to the blockage ratio. In the more sensitive mixtures, the transition to detonation (DDT) occurs when the equivalence ratio increases. The transition is not observed for the less sensitive mixtures. The dependence of overpressure on blockage ratio is not monotonous. Furthermore, a numerical study of flame acceleration     

Effects of H_2/CO/CH_4 syngas composition variation on the NO_x and CO emission characteristics in a partially-premixed gas turbine combustor

This paper reports the effects of variations in the fuel composition of H_2/CO/CH_4 syngas on the characteristics of NO_x and CO emissions in a partially-premixed gas turbine combustor. Combustion tests were conducted on a full range of fuel compositions by varying each component gas from 0% to 100% at heat inputs of 40 and 50 k Wth. Flame temperature, combustor liner temperature, ignition delay time, and flame structure were investigated computationally and experimentally to judge whether they are significant indicators of NO_x and CO formation. The characteristics of and reasons for NO_x and CO emissions were investigated by analyzing the emission mechanisms and relationships among fuel property, equivalence ratio, flame temperature, liner temperature, flame shape. The flame structures were investigated using the following flame visualization methods:(1) time-averaged OH* chemiluminescence and its Abel-deconvolution;(2) direct photography; and(3) instantaneous OH-PLIF. The flame structures were greatly changed by the fuel composition and heat input, and they were subjected to key affecting parameters of the temperatures of the flames and the liners. NO_x and CO emissions also largely varied according to fuel composition and heat input, showing neither linearly nor exponentially clear proportional trends toward the syngas compositions because of the singular conditions. For example, only the 100% CO flame at low load emitted lots of CO, whereas complete combustion was observed in other cases. However, the qualitative observations showed that the root causes of NO_x emission behaviors were flame temperature and flame structure, which were directly related to the residence time in the flame. Various sets of practical test results were obtained, and these results could contribute to the optimal selection of the fuel-feeding condition when fuel is changed from natural gas to syngas in order to minimize NO_x and CO emissions with stable combustion.     

Flame retardancy and its mechanism of polymers flame retarded by DBDPE/Sb2O3

The flammability characterization and thermal composition of polymers flame retarded by decabromodiphenylethane （DBDPE） and antimony trioxide （Sb2O3） were studied by cone calorimeter and thermogravimetry （TG）. The results show that ABS/DBDPE/Sb2O3 has the similar flammability parameters and thermal composition curves to ABS/DBDPO/Sb2O3. It suggests that DBDPE/Sb2O3 has the similar flame retardant behavior to DBDPO/Sb2O3. The heat release rate （HRR） and the effect heat combustion （EHC） curves of polymers flame retarded by DBDPE/Sb2O3 all decrease, but the mass loss rate （MLR） curve slightly increase. It shows that the decrease of HRR is not due to the increase of char formation ratio but the generation of incombustible gases. The major flame retardant mechanism of DBDPE/Sb2O3 is gas phase flame retardant mechanism. Increasing content of Sb2O3 in DBDPE/Sb2O3 can improve the flame retardant property and thermal stability of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Sb2O3 has a good synergistic effect with DBDPE.     

Mechanisms of suppressing cup-burner flame with water vapor

The mechanisms of suppressing a laminar methane-air co-flow diffusion flame formed on a cup burner with water vapor have been studied experimentally and numerically. The methane burned in a steel cup surrounded by a glass chimney. A mist generator produced fine droplets delivered though the glass chimney with air. These droplets were heated into water vapor when they went though the diffuser. The extinguishing limit was obtained by gradually increasing the amount of water vapor to replace the air in the coflowing oxidizer stream. Results showed that the agent concentration required for extinguishment was constant over a wide range of the oxidizer velocity, i.e., a so-called “plateau region”. The measured extinguishing mass fractions of the agents were: (16.7 ± 0.6)% for H₂O, (15.9 ± 0.6)% for CO₂, and (31.9 ± 0.6)% for N₂. The computation used the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) developed by the NIST. The numerical simulations showed that the predicted water vapor extinguishing limits and the flickering frequency were in good agreements with the experimental observations and, more importantly, revealed that the suppression of cup-burner flames occurred via a partial extinction mechanism (in which the flame base drifts downstream and then blows off) rather than the global extinction mechanism of typical counter-flow diffusion flames. And the flame-base oscillation just before the blow-off was the key step for the non-premixed flame extinction in the cup burner. Supported by the China NKBRSF project (Grant No. 2001CB409600)     

Fire behaviour of multiple fires in a mine drift with longitudinal ventilation

The fire behaviour involving multiple fires in a mine drift with longitudinal ventilation was analysed. The conditions and fire phenomena occurring were described. The analysis was based upon experimental data from model-scale fire experiments. A fire involving several fuel items may lead to flames tilted horizontally and filling up the entire cross section, leading to earlier ignition, higher fire growth rates, higher fire spread rate and severe fire behaviour. Longer flame lengths will also result due to decreased air entrainment. A correlation for the continuous flame length was proposed. The results of the analysis will help identifying and preventing potentially dangerous fire situations with several large combustible items distributed along a mine drift.