二氧化碳的充装系数

从气体Ｐ－Ｖ－Ｔ性质论证了钢瓶的充装系数对于压力的影响，从而得出：严格控制液体二氧化碳的充装系数是确保二氧化碳钢瓶充装，贮存，运输及使用安全的关键。     

调整充装系数是液体二氧化碳生产和消费的重要安全手段

本文说明了调整液体CO_2钢瓶充装系数的重要性,并从钢瓶状况和钢瓶内压变化关系论证了钢瓶应遵循的充装系数。     

二氧化碳气瓶充装设备

本文讲述了二氧化碳气体性质及二氧化碳气瓶充装系统。     

调整充装系数确保液氯钢瓶的安全

本文从钢瓶状况和钢瓶内压变化的关系论证了钢瓶充装系数应随外界条件变化而调整。     

液氯钢瓶过量充装的危险性

分析了液氯钢瓶过量充装的危险性的原因，并根据液氯钢瓶的有关特性数据和计算液化气体温度升高后产生压力增大值的经验公式，对充满液氯的钢瓶受环境温度影响（从２０℃上升到３０℃时）发生爆炸瞬间所承受的内压力值进行了计算，从而得出：严格控制液氯钢瓶的充装系数是确保液氯钢瓶充装、贮存、运输及使用安全的关键。     

液化石油气球罐充装系数及其对应的液面高度的解

充装系数关系到液化石油气球罐的安全运行，是必须严格控制的一个重要指标。利用工程中充装系数的实际取值区域及其对应的液面高度解的区域，依据二者之间的关系式，用代数法直接计算液面高度，并给出常用标准球罐系列的充装系数和液面高度的实用对应表。     

液化石油气球罐充装系数及其对应的液面高度的解

充装系数关系到液化石油气球罐的安全运行,是必须严格控制的一个重要指标。利用工程中充装系数的实际取值区域及其对应的液面高度解的区域,依据二者之间的关系式,用代数法直接计算液面高度,并给出常用标准球罐系列的充装系数和液面高度的实用对应表。     

液氯生产和充装中的安全要点

叙述了液氯生产和输送过程中的安全注意事项,包括严格控制原料氯中氢含量和生产系统中三氯化氮的含量,对设备管道要加强检修,强调要按照规范检验和使用钢瓶。     

COMMENTS CONCERNING A SIMPLE EQUATION OF STATE OF THE VAN DER WAALS FORM

When the Carnahan-Starling equation of state for hard spheres is combined with a simple attractive term, the molecular size parameter b for argon (as obtained from critical data) is much closer to the “correct” value than that obtained from the empirical Redlich-Kwong equation

For the critical isotherm for argon, the best simple form of the attractive term lies between the two common forms, proposed by van der Waals and by Redlich. At constant temperature, the attractive contribution to the compressibility factor is proportional to (v + 0.2b)^-1 where v is the molar volume. This proportionality is in agreement with results for a square-well fluid recently reported by Sandier.     

COMMENTS CONCERNING A SIMPLE EQUATION OF STATE OF THE VAN DER WAALS FORM

When the Carnahan-Starling equation of state for hard spheres is combined with a simple attractive term, the molecular size parameter b for argon (as obtained from critical data) is much closer to the “correct” value than that obtained from the empirical Redlich-Kwong equation

For the critical isotherm for argon, the best simple form of the attractive term lies between the two common forms, proposed by van der Waals and by Redlich. At constant temperature, the attractive contribution to the compressibility factor is proportional to (v + 0.2b)^?1 where v is the molar volume. This proportionality is in agreement with results for a square-well fluid recently reported by Sandier.     

Molecular thermodynamics of precipitation

Using a simple theory for fluids and a simple theory for a solid, it is possible to construct a semi-quantitative corresponding-states phase diagram where a reduced temperature is plotted as a function of a reduced density. The reducing parameters are molecular size (σ³) and molecular potential energy (/k_B); the phase diagram includes both low-density and high-density fluid regions and the solid region. These calculations apply to a pure substance or, of more interest, to a solute dissolved in a continuous solvent. The qualitative nature of the phase diagram depends strongly on the range of attractive intermolecular forces as indicated by an exponential parameter n; when coordination number z=8 and n is about 6, we obtain the usual phase diagram where the fluid–solid region lies to the right of the fluid–fluid coexistence curve. But when n is about 7 or 8, the fluid–solid region lies above the fluid–fluid coexistence curve. Applications are discussed for aqueous solutions of a colloid or a globular protein that may also contain a salt or a polymer to induce precipitation.     

The generalized van der Waals partition function as a basis for excess free energy models

The important insight of J. D. van der Waals in developing the equation of state that bears his name was the analysis of the separate contributions of the attractive and hard-core repulsive interactions to the equation of state. This insight led him to important advances in understanding fluids and their phase transitions. This same separation of attractive and hard core interactions have been used in statistical mechanics in the form of perturbation theory, and also as here in a form referred to as the Generalized van der Waals partition function. This partition function has been used in the literature to understand the assumptions that underlie equations of state, and to develop equations with a better theoretical basis. Here, we demonstrate how the generalized van der Waals partition function can be used to elucidate the assumptions inherent in all of the commonly used correlative activity coefficient models.     

Surface tension of Nanofluid-type fuels containing suspended nanomaterials

ABSTRACT: The surface tension of ethanol and n-decane based nanofluid fuels containing suspended aluminum (Al), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and boron (B) nanoparticles as well as dispersible multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were measured using the pendant drop method by solving the Young-Laplace equation. The effects of nanoparticle concentration, size and the presence of a dispersing agent (surfactant) on surface tension were determined. The results show that surface tension increases both with particle concentration (above a critical concentration) and particle size for all cases. This is because the Van der Waals force between particles at the liquid/gas interface increases surface free energy and thus increases surface tension. At low particle concentrations, however, addition of particles has little influence on surface tension because of the large distance between particles. An exception is when a surfactant was used or when (MWCNTs) was involved. For such cases, the surface tension decreases compared to the pure base fluid. The hypothesis is the polymer groups attached to (MWCNTs) and the surfactant layer between a particle and the surround fluid increases the electrostatic force between particles and thus reduce surface energy and surface tension.     

填充系数对聚氨酯泡沫塑料力学性能的影响

考察了填充系数对力学性能的影响,包括表面硬度、冲击强度和弯曲强度。按产生填充系统的不同方式,提出了体积填充系数和质量填充系数的新概念。发现体积填充系数和质量填充系数对力学性能有截然不同的作用行为,体积填充系数约为３时,冲击强度和弯曲强度有最大值;质量充系数增加时,力学性能线性增加。     

A NEW CORRELATION FOR THE PARAMETERS IN A VAN DER WAALS-TYPE EQUATION OF STATE FOR SIMPLE LIQUIDS

We present a new method based on a corresponding-states approach to evaluate the equation-of-state parameters of a van der Waals-type equation of state which is valid for simple, non-polar molecules, both spherical and non-spherical, and their mixtures. The proposed method, which has been tried on fourteen liquids, predicts well pure component liquid molar volumes over a large temperature range. The method's predictive capability of the excess thermodynamic functions (G^E, H^E, and V^E) has also been tested on fourteen liquid mixtures and the results compare favorably with those of other more sophisticated treatments.     

海上低渗油田注CO2开发可行性探索

海上油田低品质、难动用储量所占比例逐渐增加,其中低渗透油藏储量已达20％,如何动用开发低渗透油田储量对海上石油而言是一个艰巨的挑战.针对海上低渗油田W-6开展了注CO2气体开发的可行性研究.通过与二氧化碳驱筛选标准对比,认为W-6油田的油藏地质条件基本符合二氧化碳驱筛选标准.在此基础上对W-6油田的流体相态进行模拟研究,为数值模拟组分模型提供了流体状态方程,之后通过数值模拟方法对注气井位、转注气时机、注气方式及混相可能性进行了研究,最后的优化注气方案表明,W-6油田注CO2后虽然不能达到混相,但仍能提高采收率6.1％.     

The Exfoliation of Graphite Particles in the Vibratory Disk Mill

The exfoliation of graphite particles during the treatment in the vibratory disk mill containing commercial sugar was investigated. During the collision of the grinding ring with the grinding chamber wall an intensive stressing of graphite takes place. After treatment in the mill, the resulting dark paste was solved in water and subjected to 10 min sonication. The suspension was centrifuged to remove the not exfoliated multilayered particles. Analysis of Raman spectra shows the presence of graphite sheets in suspension. The represented method of exfoliation is environmentally friendly and scalable.