焙烤用冷冻面团复配添加剂的研制

借助质构分析仪，采用单项和正交的方法，研究了4种面团改良剂对焙烤用冷冻面团抗拉伸特性的影响，结果表明：单甘酯（DMG）0．3％、硬脂酰乳酸钠（SSL）0．3％、硬脂酰乳酸钙（CSL）0．3％、瓜尔豆胶0.8％单项添加时．以及按照DMG：SSL：CSL：瓜尔豆胶=4：3：2：12比例复合添加，冷冻面团的抗拉伸性良好。并以此配合进行了冷冻面团制品的焙烤对照试验，添加改良剂的制品的比体积、表皮颜色、形状、瓤芯质地结构、色泽、平滑度、芯弹柔性和口感都好于对照制品。     

不同改良剂对冷冻面团及其蒸制包子品质的影响

冷冻面团加工技术是重要的发酵面制品保鲜技术之一，它实现了面团制作和蒸制的分离。包子在我国的饮食文化中占据非常重要的地位，目前其工业化生产主要采用冷冻面团法，然而，冷冻过程会对面筋网络结构、酵母活力及其品质等产生不良影响。本文研究黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、硬脂酰乳酸钠和双乙酰酒石酸单(双)甘油酯4种改良剂对冷冻面团及其蒸制包子流变、比容、高径比、质构和感官品质的影响。在单因素实验基础上，利用响应面法优化改良剂复配工艺，得到适合制作冷冻面团包子的最佳改良剂复合配方。试验结果表明:在单因素实验中，当改良剂最适添加量分别为黄原胶0.1%、瓜尔豆胶0.1%、硬脂酰乳酸钠0.2%和双乙酰酒石酸单(双)甘油酯0.3%时，冷冻面团包子综合品质得到明显改善。同时，基于冷冻面团包子的感官评分进行响应面优化，获得最优的复合改良剂配方为黄原胶0.1%、瓜尔豆胶0.11%、硬脂酰乳酸钠0.28%和双乙酰酒石酸单(双)甘油酯0.35%。     

面粉品质改良试验分析

通过在面粉中添加单因子酶制剂及Vc对面团流变学特性的影响分析和馒头品质改良试验分析,采用蒸制馒头的正交实验方法,筛选出更为适宜的馒头粉改良剂复配方案.     

食品添加剂对冷冻面团面包品质的影响

采用快速发酵法制作冷冻面团面包,研究了酵母、海藻糖、抗冻改良剂(F-99)和硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)等添加剂对冷冻面团面包质构和感官品质的影响,通过单因素和正交试验,优化确定了不同添加剂的最佳添加量。结果表明:添加适量的酵母、海藻糖、F-99和SSL等添加剂能提高面包弹性、降低硬度等,4种添加剂添加量对冷冻面团面包品质影响顺序为:海藻糖SSL酵母F-99。最佳添加剂配方为:酵母1.8%,海藻糖5%,F-99 6%,SSL 0.4%,制作的冷冻面团面包水分含量42%、比容5.1m L/g、酸度4.4o T、硬度3.13N、弹性11.93mm、胶黏性2.5N、咀嚼性29.88m J,面包质量符合国家规定标准,硬度、弹性等指标明显优于对照制品。     

复配品质改良剂对南方馒头冷冻面团冻藏品质的影响

为提升和改善冷冻面团南方馒头的品质,分析冻藏过程中复配品质改良剂(海藻糖添加量4%、磷酸二氢钠添加量0.15%、黄原胶添加量0.05%、羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.04%)对冷冻面团南方馒头比容、硬度、感官品质的影响,并从面团拉伸特性、动态流变特性、微观结构、蛋白质二级结构等方面探究复配品质改良剂在南方馒头冷冻面团中的作用机理。结果表明:冻藏过程中,冰晶会对淀粉颗粒、面筋蛋白及网络结构造成伤害,导致面团品质下降。复配品质改良剂可以保护面团中的面筋结构,减少面筋蛋白二级结构的变化,进而延缓弹性模量和黏性模量的降低速度,改善面团最大拉伸阻力和延伸度劣变,提升南方馒头硬度、比容和感官品质等品质,保持南方馒头松软的风味。     

沙蒿胶提高冷冻面团抗冻性及其抗冻机理的探讨

本文主要研究了沙蒿胶对冷冻面团品质的影响，并将其作用效果与刺槐豆胶进行了比较。采用拉伸仪、差示扫描量热仪、扫描电镜分别测定了空白面团（未添加任何胶体的冷冻面团）和添加沙蒿胶面团在冷冻储藏1、2、3、4w后抗拉伸性能、可冻结水含量以及微观结构的变化，同时比较了添加沙蒿胶和刺槐豆胶后上述参数的不同。结果表明：（1）随着冷冻储藏时间延长，面团的抗拉伸阻力逐渐减小，而面团的延伸性却逐渐增：赶；当冷冻储藏时间相同时，添加沙蒿胶面团的抗拉伸阻力最大，其次是添加刺槐豆胶面团的抗拉伸阻力，最差的是空白面团的抗拉伸阻力；相对应添加沙蒿胶面团的延伸性最小，其次是添加刺槐豆胶面团的延伸性，最大的是空白面团的延伸性。（2）随着冷冻储藏时间延长，面团可冻结水含量逐渐增大；在同～冷冻储藏时间时，含沙蒿胶和刺槐豆胶面团中的熔化焓均小于空白面团，其中含刺槐豆胶面团的熔化焓最小，但在冷冻储藏4w时，两者基本相同。（3）冷冻储藏2w后，含沙蒿胶和刺槐豆胶面团中面筋蛋白胶束的破坏程度均减小，而沙蒿胶的作用效果明显强于刺槐豆胶。     

复合添加剂改善面包冷冻面团质量的试验研究

冷冻面团的出现为面食制品和主食的工业化、标准化、连锁化生产创造了条件，但是冷冻面团在应用过程中会出现各种各样的问题。本文全面分析了影响冷冻面团流变学特性的主要因素，研究了酶制剂、硬酯酰乳酸钙钠、谷朊粉、维生素C、磷酸盐时冷冻面团流变学特性的影响，通过正交试验确定了复合冷冻面团品质改良剂的最佳配比，大大改善了冷冻面团的流变学特性，使其烘焙的面包品质大大提高。     

不同改良剂对添加麸皮小麦粉面团的流变特性影响

为了探讨小麦粉改良剂对含麸皮小麦粉品质的影响,以添加麸皮的小麦粉(小麦粉88.5%,燕麦麸10.20%,小麦麸1.39%)为原料,在其中分别加入不同比例的谷朊粉、硬脂酰乳酸钠-钙(SSL-CSL)、沙蒿胶和瓜尔豆胶,用粉质仪和拉伸仪研究其对面团流变学特性的影响;在此基础上,采用正交试验,利用综合加权评分法进一步研究复合改良剂对添加麸皮小麦粉品质的影响。结果表明,不同改良剂能够改善面团流变性,复合改良剂的最优添加量为:SSL-CSL 0.5%、谷朊粉5%、沙蒿胶1.5%、瓜尔豆胶0.7%,其中对面团流变特性影响最大的是SSL-CSL,其次是谷朊粉和沙蒿胶,瓜尔豆胶影响最弱,此时小麦具有良好的粉质和拉伸特性。研究表明添加一定量的小麦粉改良剂能够显著改善该种小麦粉的品质和加工特性。     

预醒发酵子冷冻面团馒头发酵工艺的优化研究

为了确定酵子冷冻面团馒头最佳发酵工艺,首先研究了预醒发时间对冷冻面团馒头品质的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,选取酵子添加量、加水量、发酵温度、发酵时间进行了4因素3水平的正交试验,确定了酵子冷冻面团馒头的最佳发酵工艺。结果表明:预醒发时间60 min时,冷冻面团的外观较好,成品馒头的感官总分最高;各因素对馒头感官品质的影响顺序为:发酵时间>加水量>发酵温度>酵子添加量,酵子冷冻面团馒头的最佳发酵工艺为:酵子添加量8 g、加水量50 m L、发酵温度35℃、发酵时间135 min。对照试验中,酵子冷冻面团馒头感官总分比酵母冷冻面团馒头高,酵子冷冻面团馒头与新鲜馒头相比,新鲜馒头感官总分较高。     

利用核磁共振技术研究添加剂对面团持水性的影响

本实验利用核磁共振技术探讨变性玉米淀粉、馒头改良剂和蔗糖脂肪酸酯(SE)对馒头面团形成过程的影响,并将核磁共振仪测定结果与TA质构仪测定结果相比较,确定三种面团改良剂的最优复配比例.通过正交试验得出,变性玉米淀粉:面粉为4:46,馒头改良剂添加量为0.5%,蔗糖脂肪酸酯添加量为0.5%时,面团的自旋-自旋弛豫时间较低,质子信号幅度较大,面团黏聚性好、硬度小、黏度适中,此时面团中的水分自由度较低,面团面筋充分形成,面团持水性和面团质构都达到最佳的状态.     

复合改良剂对面团流变学特性影响

将硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)、瓜尔豆胶、L-抗坏血酸(VC)等改良剂按一定比例直接加入小麦面粉中并混合均匀,通过正交试验分析各种改良剂对面团粉质特性及拉伸特性影响。方差分析结果表明,硬脂酰乳酸钠添加量为0.7%、瓜尔豆胶添加量为0.2%、L-抗坏血酸添加量为0.012%时,面团稳定时间、拉伸力及拉伸面积均显著改善。稳定时间由3.6min提高到11.7min(P＜0.01),拉伸力由102.90g提高到190.96g(P＜0.05),拉伸面积由1884.9g·mm提高到2684.1g·mm(P＜0.05)。复合改良剂加入面粉能很好的改善面团流变学性质。     

改良剂对冷冻面团品质影响的研究进展

冷冻面团被广泛应用于食品工业中,但冻藏过程中会出现面团性质变劣、发酵能力降低等问题。冷冻面团改良剂是解决这些问题的重要方法。目前常用的改良剂有多糖、乳化剂、蛋白质及其他类等。文章阐述了目前冷冻面团技术应用过程中存在的主要问题及其影响因素,综述了不同改良剂对冷冻面团品质影响的作用机理和应用效果,并展望了改良剂的研究与发展趋势。     

三种面粉改良剂对面团粉质特性影响研究

借鉴面条、面包对面粉品质指标要求,研究三种面粉改良剂(变性淀粉,多聚磷酸钠和硬脂酰乳酸钠)对面团稳定时间和弱化度影响,在对各个因素进行研究基础上,运用正交试验方法获得各添加剂最佳添加条件,以改善面团粉质特性。     

Utilization of dairy byproduct proteins, surfactants, and enzymes in frozen dough

Use of natural additives is gaining popularity among the masses as they are becoming more conscious about their diet and health. Frozen dough products are one of the recent examples of value-added cereal products which face stability problems during extended storage periods of times. Dairy whey proteins, surfactants, and certain enzymes are considered important natural additives which could be used to control the water redistribution problem in the dough structure during the storage condition. They interact with the starch and gluten network in a dough system and thus behave as dough improvers and strengtheners. These natural additives not only help to bind extra moisture but also to improve texture and sensory attributes in frozen dough bakery products.     

甜玉米粉对面团流变学特性、微观结构及汉堡包品质的影响

采用粉质仪、拉伸仪、糊化黏度仪、扫描电镜、质构仪等分析手段探讨玉米粉按一定比例添加到高筋粉中对面团流变学特性（粉质特性、拉伸特性、糊化特性）、面团微观结构及汉堡烘焙特性的影响。结果表明,随着甜玉米粉添加量的增加,面团吸水率、弱化度增加;面团形成时间、稳定时间和粉质评价值降低;面团的R5阻力、最大拉伸阻力、拉伸长度、拉伸能量降低;糊化温度与糊化温程升高,糊化时间延长,最高糊化黏度降低;面团的微观结构逐渐发生破坏;复合面粉所制汉堡比容下降,感官评分及硬度、弹性、咀嚼性等物性指标均无较大的变化。当添加量过多时需同时配合使用面粉改良剂。     

耐冻藏酵母冷冻生包子生产工艺

将筛选出的一株耐冻藏酵母菌应用到冷冻生包子生产中,探讨酵母添加量对面团品质的影响及品质改良剂和醒发条件对包子生产工艺的影响。以质构、感官评分、比容、高径比为主要指标,通过单因素正交试验和响应面试验进行考察,确定冷冻生包子的最佳生产工艺。结果表明,酵母添加量1.2%时,硬度、弹性、体积最佳,面团的品质最好;品质改良剂的最佳配比为硬脂酰乳酸钠添加量0.2%、卡拉胶添加量0.7%、瓜尔豆胶添加量0.6%;醒发的最优工艺条件为温度43℃,湿度70%,时间40 min。     

Effect of modified whey protein concentrates on empirical and fundamental dynamic mechanical properties of frozen dough

Dairy byproduct proteins are considered natural functional additives having the ability to interact with the starch and gluten network in a dough system and thus behave as dough improvers. Native whey proteins have negative effect in bread making so whey protein concentrates modified to increase viscosity in solution (mWPC) might overcome undesirable weakening of the gluten network which usually occurs in frozen dough products during prolonged times in frozen storage. The objective of this research project was to determine the effect of mWPC on empirical and fundamental dynamic rheological properties of wheat flour dough. The results for empirical rheological studies showed that addition of mWPC had significant effects on mixographic parameters and also increased values of mixing time and peak height percentage. The results for the fundamental mechanical properties of the frozen dough revealed an increase in the values of G′ with the increase in the frequency, along with an upward trend with increasing temperature, but the highest values were obtained after cooling. Addition of mWPC in the dough treatments induced softening in the dough system, as shown by the decrease in the values of the viscoelastic moduli. Rheological and textural changes in the bakery products made from frozen dough could be imparted by the incorporation of modified whey protein concentrates as dough improvers.     

An approach to studying the effect of different bread improvers on the staling of pre-baked frozen bread

The usefulness of different bread improvers (-amylase, sourdough, -carrageenan, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) in an interrupted baking process was evaluated by using a differential scanning calorimeter as an oven. The thermal transitions of the wheat starch produced during the part-baking process, frozen storage at –18 °C, finish baking and aging of the baked dough at 4 °C were registered. The thermal properties of wheat starch during gelatinisation measured by differential scanning calorimetry were slightly affected by the dough formulation: only the peak temperature and the onset temperature underwent an increase, whereas the gelatinisation enthalpy decreased. The presence of the bread improvers minimised the negative effect of the frozen storage observed in the control sample, which showed an increase in the retrogradation temperature range. Concerning the aging of the baked dough after freezing and re-baking, all the improvers decreased the retrogradation enthalpy of the amylopectin, retarding the staling. Bread improvers can act effectively in the interrupted baking processes with frozen storage of the part-baked breads.     

Improvements of Modified Wheat Protein Disulfide Isomerases with Chaperone Activity Only on the Processing Quality of Flour

Wheat protein disulfide isomerase (wPDI) with oxidoreductase activity, isomerase activity, and chaperone activity catalyzes the formation of disulfide bonds in gluten in vitro; the addition of wild-type wPDI weakened yet the flour processing quality. To develop the potential flour improvers from wPDI, the modified wPDIs were prepared by the biological or chemical method, and their effects on the processing quality of flour in connection with bread making were investigated by farinograph, texture profile analysis, electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, and scanning electron microscopy. A truncated protein of wPDI, fragment AB with oxidoreductase, and isomerase activities only was firstly confirmed to exert deteriorative effects similar to wPDI on the dough and bread quality. Then other two modified wPDIs, mPDI and aPDI, were prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and alkylation, respectively. Both mPDI and aPDI considerably retained the chaperone activity of wPDI but completely lost oxidoreductase and isomerase activities. After adding the appropriate amount of mPDI or aPDI, the stability time of dough was significantly prolonged from 3.60 to 4.15 or 4.13 min, respectively. The enhanced gluten network matrix and decreased hardness and chewiness of bread further suggested that dough was strengthened by the treatment of mPDI or aPDI. Moreover, the formation of gluten network was facilitated by the modified wPDIs with chaperone activity only for the increase amount of gluten macropolymer and the decrease content of SDS-soluble gluten. Consequently, mPDI and aPDI are valid candidates of flour improvers in food industry.     

品质改良剂对复合杂粮面包粉流变学特性的影响

以营养优化后的复配杂粮面包粉为原料,选择谷朊粉、硬脂酰乳酸钠（sodium stearoyl lactylate,SSL）、黄原胶及瓜尔豆胶为品质改良剂,通过单因素试验研究4 种品质改良剂对杂粮面包粉流变学特性的影响,在此基础上通过响应面分析试验,以面团综合得分为响应值,得出复合改良剂的最佳配方为：1 000 g杂粮面包粉（杂粮粉占比34%）为基重,谷朊粉3.77%、SSL 0.35%、黄原胶1.08%、瓜尔豆胶0.35%。各因素对杂粮面包粉综合评分的影响大小为：黄原胶添加量＞谷朊粉添加量＞瓜尔豆胶添加量＞SSL添加量。添加复合改良剂后杂粮面包粉的稳定时间由4.7 min上升到14.2 min,形成时间由3.9 min上升到了13.3 min,粉质指数从56上升到192。复配杂粮面包粉流变学特性有很大程度改善,达到制作杂粮面包的粉质要求。