Optimizing active and passive magnetic shields in induction heating by a genetic algorithm

This paper presents a method for designing optimal passive and active shields for axisymmetric induction heaters. Such shields are needed to protect human operators and external electronic equipment from stray magnetic fields. The method uses a genetic algorithm (GA) to minimize an objective function. This function reduces the magnetic field in the target area, the power dissipation in the active and passive shields, and the influence of the shields on the heating process. The GA returns the position and height of the passive shield, the optimal current for the active shield, and the number of turns of all coils. The paper describes two optimization modes: 1) optimization of only the active shield with fixed passive shield and 2) global optimization of both active and passive shields. Several passive shields are studied: electrically conductive shields and both electrically and magnetically conductive shields. The field reduction depends on the optimization mode and the passive shield properties, but always exceeds 25 dB for combined active and passive shields. Finally, the paper compares the results of the simulations to experimental measurements.     

一种圆鞍形磁屏蔽线圈的设计与性能研究

以毕奥-萨伐尔定律为基础,推导了一种圆鞍形线圈在空间任意点处的磁场分布表达式,优化了一种线圈结构,证明了圆鞍形线圈可以产生一定区域的稳恒磁场,并定量地给出了线圈内部磁场的空间分布情况。所设计线圈产生的磁场中,1%均匀度的磁场均匀区占轴上区域的28%,0.1%均匀度的磁场均匀区占轴上区域的10%;在1 mA的电流下,单圈线圈最大磁场补偿值为15 nT,相对偏差量不超过0.14 nT,验证了所推导表达式的正确性,为多维磁场补偿系统设计与研究提供了理论依据和参考。     

Simple method to realize the zero-field transition temperature of a superconductive fixed point

Transition temperatures of superconductive fixed points are extremely sensitive to ambient magnetic fields. Careful magnetic shielding, either active or passive, is required to obtain the standard zero-field condition. Application of an open shield simplifies the task by reducing the requirement of field compensation to only one dimension and by removing the uncertainty about the field inside a completely closed shield.     

两类鞍形线圈产生磁场均匀性效能的研究

以毕奥-萨伐尔定律在笛卡尔直角坐标下对两种鞍形匀场线圈进行数学建模,通过对两种轴对称线圈单组的数值分析得出线圈系统在径向磁场分布的一般特征,在理论计算获得线圈最佳结构下利用Matlab优化结构参数。对比了这两类鞍形线圈在轴上和空间立方体的磁场均匀区大小及与中心磁场的相对偏差。并给出了这两种线圈磁场相对偏差ε≤1%的有效匀场空间区域,为主动屏蔽系统的线圈类型选择提供了参考依据。     

磁势自平衡回馈补偿式直流传感器特性研究

在磁势自平衡回馈补偿式直流传感器中,检测补偿回路对系统的精度有很大影响。检测回路利用一对铁芯和线圈对一次被测电流和二次平衡电流磁势之差进行检测。根据铁芯近似矩形磁化曲线在分析其磁通变化的基础上,对检测回路进行了理论研究,给出了检测灵敏度的计算表达式。通过分析表达式,认为通过增大激励电压和总电流,提高取样电阻,增加铁芯材料相对磁导率、检测绕组匝数,增大铁芯截面积,减小平均等效磁路长度可以提高检测灵敏度,这些措施在实验中得到了验证,灵敏度最高达到了124mV／AT。根据磁势自平衡回馈补偿式直流传感机理,设计了实验样机,实验结果证明了这种新理论的正确性。     

矩形线圈和圆形线圈屏蔽环境磁场的效能比较研究

研究了用3组轴线相互垂直的线圈组成的磁场屏蔽系统。通过毕奥-萨伐尔定律并借助Matlab软件,分 析比较了矩形线圈和圆形线圈两种屏蔽系统的磁场分布情况。实验数据表明矩形线圈屏蔽系统的性能要略优于圆形线圈屏蔽系统。其结论可应用与原子陀螺、电子显微镜等器件的设计中。     

A Ferromagnetic Shimming Method for NMR/MRI Magnets Adopting Two Consecutive Optimization Techniques: Linear?Programming and Evolution Strategy

Shimming is very important for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magnets because image resolution is highly dependent on the homogeneity of the magnetic field. There are two types of shimming: active and passive. Active shimming is done using coils with adjustable current. Passive shimming involves pieces of steel with good magnetic qualities. The steel pieces are placed near a superconducting magnet. They are magnetized and produce their own magnetic field. Additional magnetic fields (produced by coils or steel) add to the original magnetic field of the superconducting magnet in such a way that the total field becomes more homogeneous. In this paper, we developed a passive shimming method adopting consecutive optimization techniques, i.e., linear programming (LP) and evolution strategy (ES). The LP is relatively fast and mostly guarantees a global minimum for a linear problem, whereas the ES is easy to formulate and can digitize design variables. So we suggested an optimization method combining both the LP and the ES consecutively for passive shimming of NMR magnets.     

Proposal of DC shield reactor type superconducting fault current limiter

Saturated DC reactor type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) had been proposed two years ago. It was classified to rectifier type SFCL. The changing inductance value with the operating mode has superior characteristics to reduce voltage sag during step increase of the load current. But it has the disadvantage of its weight. In this paper, rectifier type SFCL with shielded reactor has been proposed. The reactor which has superconducting ring or tube inside its winding is substituted to the DC link of the rectifier. The configuration looks like an air core transformer with secondary short winding. When the current through the bulk shield-ring reaches to a certain level, the flux penetrates to the shield body and finite impedance appears in the primary winding. In other words, when the surface flux density exceeds its critical flux density, the flux penetrates into the bulk superconductor, and increases equivalent inductance. The equivalent transient resistance of the shield was represented as a function of exponential of the time. Using this equivalent transient resistance, the transient impedance was expressed. The transient wave analysis using EMTDC (electro-magnetic transients in DC systems) has been described. Simulated waveforms are shown considering the source inductance, the leakage inductance, the coupling coefficient and the forward voltage drop of the semiconductor. And voltage sag was also investigated with 50% step load increase.Preliminary design was also performed. The coil size and number of turns are designed to obtain adequate inductance for the current limitation, and the central magnetic field of the coils are calculated. There is optimal aspect ratio to minimize the magnetic field with restriction in outer diameter of the coil.     

EAST超导托卡马克冷屏的结构设计及受热分析

EAST是一个拥有全超导磁体系统的托卡马克实验装置.为有效减少来自真空室和外真空杜瓦的辐射热以及支撑的传导热等各项热负荷,超导纵场磁体和极向场磁体被约80 K的真空室冷屏(内冷屏)和外真空杜瓦冷屏(外冷屏)所包容,从而保证磁体运行的稳定可靠.运用大型有限元分析程序ANSYS和FLUENT,对冷屏的受热状况进行了数值分析,为其结构设计和低温制冷方案的制定提供可靠的理论依据.     

Test Coils Made of Tl-1223 Tapes

Silver sheathed Tl-1223 tapes were prepared by a powder-in-tube process. The critical current density of short samples was 18 kA/cm² at 77 K. Longer tapes up to 1.2 m, prepared by sequential pressing, had a critical current density of 12 kA/cm². From these tapes we have wound two coils. A solenoid coil with 5 windings was made of 8 tapes with a total length of 4.5 m. At 77 K the critical current of the coil was 23 A in the self generated magnetic field (18 Gauss at the centre of the coil). Using an iron yoke the critical current remained at 22 A while the generated magnetic field increased to 120 Gauss. A pancake coil with 15 windings, made of 5 tapes with a total length of 5 m, generated a magnetic field of 149 Gauss at the critical current of 12 A. From measurements of the critical current density of our tapes in applied magnetic fields, we conclude that coils made of Tl-1223 tapes can be used to generate higher magnetic fields at 77 K.     

Magnetic field shielding concepts for power transmission lines

High current carrying cables used in power transmission lines create strong magnetic fields in their vicinity. For ac lines at 50-60 Hz, the magnetic field is quasi-static and hence uncoupled from the electric field. Shielding of such low frequency magnetic fields is a challenge. In this paper, finite element modeling is used to study the effect of various shield geometries and shield materials around a current carrying wire. Two-dimensional analysis is sufficient for this problem because the cables are very long compared to the wire diameters. Shielding effectiveness, defined as the difference in the magnetic field intensity with and without the shield, is presented. It is concluded that a partial shield is the optimal design for shielding the region below the cable. To achieve this, the shield gap must be oriented above the high current wire     

原油含水率检测线圈传感器的优化

为了提高电磁电导法管外测量原油含水率线圈传感器的灵敏度,对影响灵敏度的关键参数--线圈传 感器的距离进行了优化设计。在保持最优频率和电流强度不变的情况下,首先,使用ANSYS进行电磁仿真,通过比较发射线圈和屏蔽线圈在管道内部产生的磁场强度大小确定了两线圈之间的最优距离为0.6 m;然后,利用 MATLAB从0. 1 m到1 m对接收线圈上的电压进行了数据计算,结果表明0. 6 m处的电压值最大,最优距离使原油 含水率的有用信号从0.1 m或1 m的0.03 μV提高到了0.6m的1.27 μV,使传感器的灵敏度提高了41倍;最后, 实际测试了两线圈距离从0.1 m至1 m接收线圈上多点电压值,实验结果表明0. 6 m处的电压值最大,进一步证明了 0. 6 m为两个线圈间的最优距离。     

The effect of shaking on magnetic shields

The increase of the shielding factor due to shaking was measured in a scale model for a magnetically shielded room. The increase was found to be 7 dB for a single-layer square cylinder biased by the Earth's magnetic field. The shielding factor of a large-volume three-layer Mumetal^®room was estimated to increase by a factor of 30, thus confirming the feasibility of shaking in magnetic shields. The shaking parameters, amplitude, and frequency are not critical according to the experiments. Winding the shaking coils along the edges of the cubic shield leads to minimum disturbances inside the cube, and the winding can also be applied to demagnetize the shield by an alternating field of 25 A/m, 50 Hz. The relative incremental permeability of Mumetal was studied as a function of the shaking and biasing fields. The permeability was found to increase considerably by shaking and by decreasing the biasing field. With zero biasing and with shaking field of Hs= 5 A/m root mean square (rms), 50 Hz, the permeability reached its maximum value of 89 000, which is sevenfold the value without shaking.     

永磁磁共振系统盘式梯度线圈的设计

针对永磁磁共振成像系统极板的形状,提出了一种平面圆盘式梯度线圈的设计方法.将电流密度在极坐标下进行傅立叶级数展开,根据误差平方和建立目标函数,使目标函数最小化,得到电流密度的表达式.应用流函数技术离散电流密度,得到线圈的绕线形式.利用Biot-Savart积分方程计算线圈绕线产生的梯度磁场来验证所设计方法的正确性.结果表明,利用该方法设计的线圈可以产生成像所需要的线性度很好的磁场.该方法也可以用于双平面盘式自屏蔽梯度线圈的设计.     

Magnetic-field calculation for a high-temperature superconducting cryogenic current comparator

The problem considered in this paper arises in the design of a high-temperature superconducting cryogenic current comparator (CCC). The CCC consists of two currents flowing in opposite directions inside a toroidal superconducting shield. The shield has a radial cut, necessary for the measurement of the current ratio, but causing an error in the obtained ratio. The problem of interest is the dependence of the error on the geometric parameters of the device: the major and minor radii of the shield, the cut width, the material thickness, and the location of the currents. In the first part of the paper, a toroidal shield with an infinitesimal cut is considered and analytic expressions are derived for the magnetic field and the surface-current distribution. In the second part, a cut of finite width is introduced. Since all the perturbing currents are present in the narrow region around the cut, a shield of cylindrical shape is assumed. Expressions are derived for the flux through the cut and the magnetic field around the cut. Analytical results are in good agreement with the numerical results obtained by a finite-element method. In the final part, the expression for the ratio error is derived, which shows that in order to minimize the error, currents should be concentrated around the shield axis, the major radius of the shield should be maximized and the bore radius minimized. The error depends logarithmically on the cut width.     

Development of a turbo-molecular pump with a magnetic shield function

To safely use turbo-molecular pumps (TMPs) in a magnetic field, it is necessary to reduce the eddy current induced in a rotating rotor. Instead of adding a magnetic shield facility to the TMPs available in markets, we developed a TMP with a magnetic shield function by replacing the housing material of the TMP with a ferromagnetic substrate SUS430. Before and after machining, the SUS430 was vacuum-fired at 700 °C for 10 h in order to attain a good vacuum quality and recover its high magnetic permeability. The magnetic shield efficiency of the TMP with SUS430 housing was then examined. When a perpendicular magnetic field of 9 mT was applied, the field inside the TMP was reduced to less than 0.3 mT. Next, we confirmed that the developed TMP shows good performance in achieving an ultrahigh vacuum in magnetic fields of up to 9 mT. The limit of the magnetic shield efficiency for the developed TMP is also discussed.     

Application of flux trapping in hard superconductors to magnetic shielding and magnetic levitation

A thermally switched magnetic shield which can both shield against and trap magnetic fields is described. The shield, consisting of a Nb---Ti sheet, can trap stably fields of up to 0.3T, and shield against fields of up to 0.35 ± 0.05T, when the in superconducting state It provides large attenuation of alternating magnetic fields in the presence of a steady trapped field. It is shown to significantly reduce the eddy current damping of the mechanical vibration of a superconducting sample in a magnetic field, by shielding nearby normal metal surfaces. A specific application to magnetic levitation of gravitational radiation antennae is discussed.     

Design of Power Supplies for the Pulsed High Magnetic Field Facility at HUST

Two types of pulsed power supply, a modular 12 MJ/25 kV capacitor bank and a 100 MVA flywheel pulsed generator, are under construction for the pulsed high magnetic field facility at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) in Wuhan, China. The capacitor bank consists of 11 independent 1 MJ modules with a short circuit current of 40 kA each and 2 independent 0.5 MJ modules for 50 kA each. The bank is used to energize coils for magnetic fields in the 50–80 T range with pulse duration from 15 to 200 ms. The pulsed flywheel-alternator is used to energize a 50 T/100 ms long-pulse magnet via two 12-pulse power converter modules. Each converter module is designed to operate in the 95 to 66 Hz frequency operation range of the generator and can provide a no-load voltage of 4.6 kV and a full-load voltage of 3.4 kV at the rated current of 20 kA. In this paper the design of these two types of power supply is presented.     

Superferric quadrupoles for FAIR Super FRS energy buncher

The quadrupole magnets for FAIR Super FRS energy buncher have large usable aperture, high magnetic pole-tip field and high gradient field quality. The iron-dominated magnets with superconducting coils have to be used in this application. The NbTi coil, laminated iron, and support structure of about 22 tons is immersed in liquid helium. The 4.5 K helium chamber is completely covered with a thermal shield cooled by helium at 50–80 K on its outer and inner surface. The helium chamber and thermal shield is enclosed in a vacuum shell.The paper presents design details of the long quadrupole. Coupled thermal, magnetic and structural analysis was carried out to design the magnet iron, magnet coil, helium vessel and support links and ensure the required gradient field quality is achieved. The paper also presents the design of support links and outer vacuum chamber.     

电磁流量计矩形与鞍状线圈磁场的数值仿真

讨论了电磁流量计矩形和鞍状线圈所产生磁感应强度的分布情况。运用毕奥-萨伐尔定律和叠加原理,通过数值仿真得到励磁线圈在测量管道内电极横截面上的磁场分布情况。提出磁感应强度的方向平行程度和大小均匀程度2个指标,并用其来判别感应磁场分布的均匀程度。依据以上2个指标,分别对不同尺寸的矩形和鞍状励磁线圈所产生的感应磁场进行计算分析和优化。