漂白体系在织物洗涤剂中的消毒杀菌作用

现在,各国的洗衣温度越来越普遍地低于60℃。这对洗衣过程中如何改善消毒杀菌性能提出了更高的技术要求。细菌和真菌可以在低于60℃的洗涤温度下存活,并可能导致在洗衣机槽内成衣物织物上形成臭味,甚至导致人类受到细菌感染。本文通过对漂白活化剂TAED（四乙酰乙二胺）和HDOBA（4-癸讯耀苯甲酸）或者二者复配在洗农粉中与过碳酸钠（SPC）一起使用的效果进行研究,来了解其对细菌、酵母菌和真菌的杀菌作用。结论是：在实验室悬浮液测试应用中,憎水漂白活化剂DOBA在所有选定的微生物中的表现都要超过TAED,尤其是对白色念珠菌和红色毛癣菌的作用更为明显。在洗衣粉中如使用DOBA与TAED二者的复配物,同时与过碳酸钠（SPC）一起使用,则表现出更强的增效作用,因此对致病微生物显示出了强大的攻击力。     

四乙酰基乙二胺的合成研究

介绍了漂白活性剂四乙酰基乙二胺（TAED）的性能，应用；害比较了各工艺路线的合成方法及合成条件的基础上，进行优化选择。     

四乙酰乙二胺辅助珍珠漂白的研究

为了加快珍珠的漂白过程,探索了采用四乙酰乙二胺(TAED)作为漂白的活化剂.研究结果表明,TAED对珍珠的漂白具有催化漂白效果,可能是TAED与HOO(-)反应生成乙酸根负离子和二乙酰乙二胺(DAED),反应生成的过乙酸具有比H2O2更强的漂白能力所致,TAED浓度对珍珠表面质量有显著影响.     

微波辐射与助剂对纸浆漂白的活化作用研究

在碱性麦草浆过氧化氢漂白过程中，利用微波加热，对漂白效果与进程都具有一定意义。另外，酰胺助剂TAED的加入，对双氧水漂白具有明显的改善作用，影响其漂白效果的因素有：TAED与双氧水的摩尔比，温度，时间，pH值及双氧水的用量。在一定限度下，漂浆的白度随这些因素的增加而提高。与此同时可降低漂白温度，缩短漂白时间，这就意味着可以减少能耗。降低生产成本。     

杂多酸催化剂合成漂白活化剂TAED

探讨了以乙二胺、乙酸、和乙酸酐作为原料，采用两步法在杂多酸（HSiW)催化剂作用下制备活性漂白剂四乙酰乙二胺（TAED）的合成工艺条件。得出两步法的最佳条件是：乙二胺：乙酸（物质的量）＝1：2．5，反应温度约120℃，反应时间1．5h；乙二胺：乙酸酐（物质的量）＝1：4，反应温度为140℃，反应时间4h。TAED的产率与杂多酸催化剂性能的好坏有较紧密的关系。     

漂白活化剂四乙酰乙二胺的制备

本文论述了以乙二胺、乙酸和乙酸酐为原料，采用两步同釜连续制备工艺，分别在１２０℃和１４０℃温度下，制备漂白活化剂四乙酰乙二胺（ＴＡＥＤ）的方法     

开发节能型漂白活化剂

针对节能减排,印染行业必需在工艺改革、助剂和染料选用方面达到此一目标.用漂白活化荆进行纺织品漂白是对传统双氧水漂白的一个重大革新,能降低热漂温度或缩短冷轧堆练漂的堆置时间,并提高产品质量.本文对国内外正在开发和已开发的漂白活化刺TAED、NBOS、TBCC、THCTS和BAN的合成过程,活化原理及相互之间的性能对比,以及存在问题进行了详细分析.     

制浆漂白技术新进展

讨论了制浆漂白技术新进展,包括：深度脱木素蒸煮、氧脱木素、ECF无元素氯漂白）、TCF（全无氟漂白）、生物漂白。     

过氧化氢和氯酸钠在纸浆漂白的应用

2001年漂白化学在造纸工业中的应用出现明显的衰退，正开始在全球起着不良影响，而漂白化学品的消耗也开始趋向疲软。每个区域氯酸钠（用于生产ClO2）和H202市场均产生着相当大的变化。     

节能型氧漂活化剂的开发应用

节能减排是当前基本国策,印染行业必需在工艺改革,染化料选用方面达到此一目标。用氧污活化剂进行纺织品漂白是对传统双氧水漂白的一个重大革新,能降低热漂温度或缩短二今轧堆练漂的堆置时间,并提高产品质量。本文对国内外正在开发和已开发的氧漂活化剂TAED,NBOS,TBCC,THCTS和BAN的合成过程,活化原理及相互性能比较并与传统氧漂工艺比较,以及存在问题分析。     

Colza oil bleaching through optimized acid activation of bentonite. A comparative study

The acid activation of an Algerian bentonite was investigated using a factorial 3³ experiment design in order to improve the bleaching capacity in the colza oil processing. Optimized acid treatment of this bentonite gave rise to an effective bleaching earth in colza oil treatment. The 80 °C temperature value was regarded as being convenient in this study. For this purpose, the effects at 80 °C of three key parameters were investigated, namely the effects of the acid concentration in aqueous solution, the contact time and the clay to acid (S/L) ratio upon the clay effectiveness, regarded as the response function to be prone to modeling, simulation and optimization. The results showed that the acid concentration displays a stronger individual effect, as compared to the other parameters. In optimal activation conditions (acid concentration 31%, contact time 10 h and solid to liquid ratio 320 g/L), the highest bleaching capacity was found to be 99%. Comparison of the bleaching capacity from our bentonite shows that similar performances require less acid activated bentonite than any other bentonite. The acid acid-activated bentonite displayed also even higher color and chlorophyll removal than both the Tonsil and Maghnia standards, for similar bleaching earth amounts. The recommended features for the colza oil were obtained using only 1 wt.% of acid-activated bentonite, as compared to the Tonsil and Maghnia standard (1.2–1.4 and 2 wt.%, respectively). The model adequacy was also verified through additional bleaching experiment within the fixed parameters ranges, and was discussed.     

Regeneration of a spent bleaching earth and its reuse in the refining of an edible oil

A spent bleaching earth from an edible oil refinery has been regenerated by thermal processing followed by washing with a solution of hydrochloric acid. Optimal regeneration conditions have been controlled by decolorization tests of a degummed and neutralized crude edible oil. Optimal values (temperature: 500 °C, carbonization time: 1 h, HCl concentration: 1 M ) gave a material as efficient as a virgin bleaching earth. The percentage uptake of chlorophyll derivatives and β‐carotenoids calculated at 410 and 460 nm, are respectively 92.8 and 95% for an oil processed by the regenerated spent bleaching earth, against 77.4 and 92.7% for the same oil processed by a commercial virgin bleaching earth. The results obtained after decolorization of an edible oil with a regenerated spent bleaching earth indicate that during the process, the resultant oil did not undergo any changes in the iodine value, the free fatty acid content and the saponification value. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Decolorisation of crude palm oil by acid-activated spent bleaching earth

Regeneration of spent bleaching earth by acid activation and heat treatment has been investigated. Spent bleaching earth was activated by H₂SO₄ of various concentrations (1–40%) and heat treated at 120°C–350°C. The experimental results indicate that treatment of spent bleaching earth with 10% H₂SO₄ at 350°C produced a material which was most effective in removing coloured pigments from crude palm oil. Subsequent experiments were conducted using this particular acid-treated spent bleaching earth. Various parameters which affect the sorption process were studied. They include initial crude palm oil concentration, sorbent dosage and temperature. Applicability of both the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms to the acid-treated spent bleaching earth–palm oil hexane miscella system indicates that both physiosorption and chemisorption were involved in the sorption process. Measurements of various quality parameters of bleached and crude palm oils were carried out. They include Lovibond Colour index, carotene content, peroxide value, free fatty acid, fatty acid composition and iodine value. The results show that the bleached palm oil retained good oil quality after the decolorisation process using 10% acid-treated spent bleaching earth with a Lovibond Colour of 6·4. © 1998 SCI     

A low cost adsorbent from spent bleaching earth. I—the selection of an activation procedure

The conversion of a spent filter cake from the edible oil industry to a heterogeneous clay-carbon adsorbent is reported. Chemical and physical activation procedures have been applied and the resulting materials screened by carbon content and aqueous phenol uptake. Full adsorption isotherms are plotted for sorbents with high phenol capacities and their adsorptive behaviour is modelled to the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms.     

Statistical design of experiments of acid activation of smectite clay from Serbia and its bleaching capacity

BACKGROUND: Serbian smectite clay has been activated using a response surface method with central composite design. Because, among the criteria of an edible oil, colour is the most important factor in the commercial value of the oil, and since the colour is due to the presence of pigments such as β‐carotene in the crude oil, acid‐activated clay was used for decolourisation of soybean oil. RESULTS: The effects of five parameters, namely, temperature, time, acid strength, solid/liquid ratio and stirring speed, on the process of acid activation of the clay and its bleaching capacity were determined using a statistical model. The results indicated that all parameters were significant factors in the bleaching capacity of acid‐activated clay, and a quadratic polynomial equation for bleaching capacity was obtained by multiple regression analysis. The optimal bleaching capacity was estimated to be 96.61% for an experimental run under the following conditions: activation temperature 80 °C, HCl concentration 4.78 mol L^?1, stirring speed 450 rpm, solid/liquid ratio 1:4.5 and activation time 2.81 h. CONCLUSIONS: The central composite design, regression analysis and response surface method were effective in identifying the optimal conditions for bleaching capacity of acid‐activated smectite. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Factors determining the steradiene formation in bleaching and deodorisation

Steradienes are steroidal hydrocarbons formed by a sterol dehydration reaction during the vegetable oil refining process. The influence of the bleaching and deodorisation process conditions on the formation of steradienes was studied by use of mathematical model equations. During the bleaching process steradienes are formed due to a dehydration catalysed by the acid‐activated bleaching earth. By increasing the bleaching temperature from 90 to 110 °C a gradual increase in the steradiene concentration from 5.1 to 22.3 ppm was observed. The steradiene content linearly increased with increasing bleaching earth concentration and increasing degree of acid activation. Steradiene formation was also observed at elevated temperatures applied during the deodorisation. Steradienes were distilled during deodorisation and recovered in the deodoriser distillate. Depending on the deodorisation temperature 0.046—1.06% of the free sterols were dehydrated, resulting in the formation of steradienes.     

低卡伯值麦草浆无氯漂白的研究

采用麦草硫酸盐法(KP法)一级蒸煮深度脱木素技术,制取低卡伯值麦草浆,并对其进行两种不同方式的无氯漂白。结果表明:AQ(PN)P流程可将浆料漂至白度86.2%(SBD),粘度为938mL/g。QZEYP流程能漂至86.9%(SBD),粘度为851mL/g。无氯漂白的粘度和白度稳定性均优于CEH三段漂。预处理对保护浆料有着重要作用。在过氧化氢漂白中,高温高压是脱木素和提高白度的必要条件。臭氧漂白是一种重要又经济的无氯漂白方法。     

珍珠漂白机理研究

报导了珍珠漂白的配方及工艺条件。根据珍珠的组成、结构以及处理的工艺方法,对珍珠水煮、漂白的机理进行了分析研究。     

一类新型低温氧漂促进剂AOBS促漂性能的研究

对合成的一类新型低温氧漂促进剂烷酰氧苯磺酸盐（ＡＯＢＳ）的促漂性能进行了试验。考察了过硼酸钠（ＰＢ）／ＡＯＢＳ对模拟可漂性物质亚甲兰的漂白效果,研究了时间、ｐＨ范围,漂白剂及漂白促进剂浓度对亚甲兰漂白力的影响,得到了对亚甲兰漂白反应的动力学方程,还对普通碳黑污市和特制茶污布进行了去污／漂白试验。实验结果表明,由壬酸,癸酸和椰油酸衍生的ＡＯＢＳ均有很好的低温促漂作用,加入０．０７５％ＰＢ和０．０１５     

NCB活性氧助剂在洗衣粉中的应用

从产品的热稳定性、复配后稳定性、坯布的清洗效果、彩布的清洗效果和杀菌效果5个方面对NCB活性氧助剂和传统的固体漂白剂过碳酸钠进行了对比研究。结果表明,NCB活性氧助剂3 h的分解率为5.43%,好于包衣过碳酸钠的分解率78.38%;复配10%的NCB洗衣粉,常温分解率为13.0%,好于过碳酸钠的72.5%;以1∶10质量比向洗衣粉中添加NCB对白棉坯布的白度保持率达106%,高于过碳酸钠的103.3%,对彩布的清洗效果优于过碳酸钠;杀菌效果与相同添加量的过碳酸钠相当。