热声系统的工程优化设计

介绍了热声系统无因次化的工程优化设计数学模型,描述了热声系统的优化算法.对声驱动的热声制冷机和热声发动机两种典型的热声系统的板叠,进行了优化设计计算,得到了两系统中热声板叠的性能和效率曲线,并对影响热声系统性能或效率的因素进行了分析与讨论,优化确定了板叠的结构参数,为热声系统的工程优化设计和性能预测提供了一种有效的方法.     

热声系统内交变流动特性的数值模拟

对热声系统中交变流动的声场与流场分布进行了数值模拟,得到了热声谐振管和回热器(板叠)内的压力和速度分布及二者之间的相位关系.数值模拟表明:在谐振管内,在模拟的边界条件下,径向速度分布出现"环形效应",流动分为核心区的完全湍流流动和湍流边界层内的粘性流动;对于水力半径和粘性渗透层深度相当的热声板叠,其内速度分布逐步出现"环形效应",流动介于层流和湍流的过渡区,为过渡态流动,在流道的大部分区域压力和速度振荡的相位差趋向于π/2;对于水力半径和粘性渗透层深度之比较小的热声回热器,其内交变流动的流动特性与稳态流动的相似,速度的径向分布为抛物线形,类似于定常流动的层流速度分布.     

丝网板叠型驻波热声发动机的工作特性研究

基于线性热声理论设计并搭建了一台丝网型驻波热声发动机,采用不同目数的不锈钢丝网进行试验,考察了丝网板叠几何参数和工作压力对热声发动机工作特性的影响,实验结果和线性热声理论计算结果吻合度较好。实验发现,高目数丝网板叠更容易使系统起振,在实验范围内热声发动机采用不同板叠时的最小起振温度均发生在小充气压力下;在不同的充气压力下,存在最优目数的丝网使得发动机性能最佳。对该台热声发动机而言,最佳的丝网水利半径应为热渗透深度的4.5倍左右。     

驻波热声发动机板叠温度分布的红外观察

为了深入研究热声板叠中的能量流动和分布,采用红外热像仪对自行设计搭建的驻波热声发动机板叠进行了温度场观测,重点分析了起消振过程中板叠的轴向和径向温度分布变化.实验结果表明:在起振时,板叠轴向中部的无量纲温度会出现突然升高并随之保持平稳.通过分析不同板叠安装角度下的板叠温度分布,首次发现自然对流会使起振前板叠的径向温度分...     

开式循环热声原理研究

稳定的开发流与热声循环的振荡流进行叠加,使开环流既是过程介质又是工作介质直接参与热声循环,从而构成开式热声系统,它具有与传统热声系统不同的热声作用机理。在开发式循环热声系统中,热声板叠中的温度分布和热流分布均发生有意义的改变。开式的循环声系统具有结构简单可靠、成本低和热效率高等特点,因而具有十分广阔的热声研究与应用前景。本文主要介绍了开式循环热声系统的工作机理和其网络模型。     

行波型热声发动机的数值模拟实验

首次采用有限元法(FEM),对行波型热声发动机实验系统进行了数值模拟,以线性热声理论作为计算模型,且与实验系统具有相同的几何结构和运行工况,同时采用有限元方法中的加权余量法对计算模型进行求解,通过自主编写的MATLAB计算程序,对热声系统进行一系列的迭代计算,计算结果成功观测到了行波型热声发动机系统内复杂的声场分布特性和流场特性。计算结果与实验结果的对比验证了有限元方法对行波型热声发动机模拟的有效性。     

风力机叶片气动噪声风洞试验及数值计算

风力机叶片在运行时会产生明显的气动噪声。采用声学风洞开展NACA0012翼型气动噪声试验,获得不同风速下的气动噪声特征。建立基于大涡模拟的数值计算模型,进行升阻力系数对比验证和网格无关性分析。根据流场模拟结果和FW-H方程计算攻角为5°时风速10、15、20 m/s的叶片声压级,计算结果和声学风洞实测的声压级频谱整体趋势较吻合。进一步地,通过数值模拟对比研究不同叶片尺寸对流场和气动噪声的影响。根据不同风速下非定常流场的涡量云图,叶片流动分离点随风速增加而后移,旋涡尺度逐渐变小;同风速下,大尺寸叶片的分离涡更大一些,且涡核间距较大。根据数值模拟得到的不同尺寸叶片的声压级频谱图,叶片尺寸增大导致各频率声压级均有不同程度的提升,且频谱图中的声压级峰值向更低频移动。研究成果对于叶片气动噪声分析和声环境评估具有借鉴意义。     

回热器的热声指标

在热声谐振管中,回热管的结构尺寸对于热声谐振管的性能起着关键的作用。本文通过分析得出了采用板叠结构的回热器的有源网络模型,并在此基础上提出了评价回热器性能的指标;输出端放空时的输入阻抗,输出端封闭时的输入阻抗,输出端放空时的正向流放大倍数,以此为基础可以进行热声制冷机的整机优化匹配设计。     

回热器填料热声特性研究--网络模型算法的应用和验证

采用网络模型计算热声热机系统的输出声功率。对不同回热器填料以及对同种回热器在不同间距和不同振荡压力比条件下进行了数值计算，计算结果表明：在其它相同条件下，针束型回热器热机系统输出声功率比板叠回热器热机高。     

凹槽结构对冲击射流流场和声场特性的影响研究EI北大核心CSCD

采用数值模拟和试验研究相结合的方法探究了开槽斜板对射流冲击噪声及壁面横向射流尾迹的影响,并分析了其降噪机理。试验方面,采用PIV技术和远场传声器弧阵列在半消声室内测量了冲击射流流场和声场特性,数值模拟则采用分离涡模拟方法(detached-eddy simulation,DES)和FW-H声学比拟法相结合的混合方法,数值结果与流场/声场试验测量结果吻合较好。研究发现:冲击斜板的存在增加了冲击射流流场上游方向的声辐射;所有压比下,斜板表面凹槽结构都能够明显抑制横向流动,但只在NPR>2.5时,开槽斜板才能较好的抑制冲击射流噪声;开槽斜板主要是降低2500 Hz附近的纯音幅值,对3500~4500 Hz内的多个纯音基本不产生影响,因为凹槽结构会耗散掉冲击射流滞止区内的旋涡对,但不会影响射流剪切层涡脱落频率(3750 Hz)及该频率附近的纯音;开槽斜板对横向流动的抑制效果高达46%,且不同槽宽、槽深的开槽斜板均能够有效控制冲击射流横向流动尾迹。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to