降膜蒸发冷凝器建模及仿真

为详细分析降膜蒸发冷凝器传热传质规律,本文将冷凝器等效为所有单管组成的网络,每根单管离散为多个微元,建立了带增膜板的蒸发冷凝器稳态传热传质微元数学模型,并引入了一个新的无量纲准则数Xr,以反映水膜厚度对空气和水膜间传热传质的影响。通过VS 2010软件编程,采用双点弦截法迭代计算,模拟并分析了顺排和叉排结构管束的蒸发冷凝器管外水膜温度、空气温度、空气湿度和管内热流体温度的变化规律。仿真软件能反映并能预测多种结构降膜蒸发冷凝器的性能,为冷凝器的优化提供仿真依据。     

高效水冷冷凝器的研究

与传统的冷凝器进行比较,高效冷凝器壳体内设有挡液板,强制冷凝下来的液体沿壳体内壁流动,并通过挡液板把换热管纵向进行分割,从而使换热管在整个换热过程中均能有效维持在薄液膜冷凝的高效换热工况,降低了整个换热管的平均液膜厚度。     

蒸发式冷凝器发展和应用

本文介绍了冷凝器型式特点及应用现状，比较了不同型式的冷凝器，着重阐述了蒸发式冷凝器的结构、原理及其优点，分析了蒸发式冷凝器的发展及应用现状，总结了蒸发式冷凝器使用中存在的问题并提出了解决问题的方法，展望了蒸发式冷凝器的发展方向和应用前景。     

冷凝器中的镍白铜管泄漏分析

对镍白铜管的材质、显微组织及其腐蚀产物进行了分析，结果表明，由于管内壁粘附有一层碳膜，并与基体形成了微电池，在浓缩的长江水中，促进了腐蚀作用，导致冷凝器管早期泄漏。提出了改进措施后，避免了冷凝管的早期失效。     

板式蒸发式冷凝器的性能实验

对板式蒸发式冷凝器进行的性能测试结果表明,在一定的结构形式下,存在最佳的入口风速和喷淋密度。同时根据实验结果拟合出板外水膜一空气间的传质系数关系式。另外,对基于同一蒸气压缩式制冷机组的水平管式和板式蒸发式冷凝器性能进行试验对比。结果表明,在测试条件下,采用板式蒸发式冷凝器的空调冷凝系统能效比提高了2．01％～3．1％,热流密度提高了20％～26％;与管式蒸发式冷凝器相比,板式蒸发式冷凝器换热器体积有所减小,而风机阻力和水泵功率略有增加。     

蒸发式冷凝器和水冷式冷凝器的能耗比较及经济性分析

本文分析了蒸发式冷凝器和水冷式冷凝器在同一冷凝温度下对应于相同冷凝负荷的能耗量。并用实例比较了蒸发式冷凝器、立式水冷式冷凝器和卧式水冷式冷凝器各自对应于900kW冷凝负荷的能耗量和初投资。比较的结果说明了蒸发式冷凝器比水冷式节能，也显示了卧式水冷式冷凝器不管在节省初投资和节能方面，均优于立式水冷式。     

汽车空调冷凝器腐蚀试验的表征与评价

介绍了汽车空调冷凝器的腐蚀试验程度及方法，对试验后的冷凝器进行了密封性检查，并用光学显微镜和扫描电镜检测和分析了材料的显微结构，焊接质量，腐蚀性质及其腐蚀深度等。通过对冷凝器的宏微观检查与表征，评价了冷凝器质量的优劣，提出了改进措施与建议。     

冷凝器流程布置方案的研究与探讨

基于传热单元法，建立了冷凝器的稳态分布参数模型。经与前人的实验研究结果进行对比，数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好。运用该模型详细分析了六种不同流程布置的二排管冷凝器的换热和流动特性。研究结果表明：单回路冷凝器中，逆流布置换热最好，错流其次，顺流最差；对任一流程布置的冷凝器，当风量不变时，必然存在一最佳冷媒流量使冷凝器性能达到最佳；当冷媒流量保持不变时，也相应存在一个最佳风量，使冷凝器性能最佳。冷凝器流路布置中，重力的影响不可忽略。针对单回路冷凝器进出口总压降过大，沿程压降、热阻及换热系数分布不均匀，提出了一些实用性的分流原则，如双“N”流路，相变点分流等并进行了深入细致的讨论。该研究方法为冷凝器流程布置的优化设计提供了理论基础和指导方向。     

氨制冷装置用蒸发式冷凝器的实际能耗研究

理论上，蒸发式冷凝器的循环水量小于水冷式冷凝器的10％，因而采用蒸发式冷凝器更加节能。针对不同品牌的蒸发式冷凝器和水冷式冷凝器两种类型的典型产品，对能耗进行了理论计算、产品选型计算和现场测试比较分析。结果表明，蒸发式冷凝器单位排热量能耗的理论计算值、产品选型值和实际运行值差别不大。产品选型中，在相同的排热量下选用不同典型品牌的蒸发式冷凝器，能耗差异很大，如B品牌蒸发式冷凝器的平均能耗约为A品牌平均能耗的2倍。根据实际运行测试，三种典型品牌蒸发式冷凝器的平均能耗约为立式水冷式冷凝器系统的32％，约为卧式水冷式的47％。     

丝管式冷凝器周围空气温度分布的实验研究及仿真

用化学试剂TiCl4对丝管式冷凝器周围空气的流动进行了可视化研究。实验结果表明，丝管式冷凝器周围空气的流动属于紊流。据此，建立了计算冷凝器周围空气温度的数学模型，采用数值模拟的方法，对稳定状态下冷凝器周围空气的温度进行了仿真，并与实验数据进行了对比，验证了所建立数学模型的正确性。这个新模型对冷凝器的优化设计提高设计精度具有一定的指导价值。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from