RH真空精炼循环流动特性的水模型研究

以某RH精炼装置为原型,基于相似原理建立了1:7的水模型,对RH精炼过程钢液循环流动行为进行研究.考察了提升气体流量、浸渍管插入深度对RH内循环流量和混匀时间的影响规律,分析了循环流量和混匀时间的关系.     

RH处理IF钢工艺优化工业试验研究

针对攀钢IF钢RH处理过程终点碳含量偏高及不稳定的问题,对IF钢生产工艺过程进行了跟踪调查,通过对转炉终点、过程钢液氧活度、过程钢包渣成分和氧化性、脱碳处理时间等工艺过程的优化控制,进行了RH处理IF钢工艺优化工业试验研究。结果表明,RH处理IF钢出站钢液碳含量的波动范围小。增加碳粉加入量,脱碳后钢液氧活度控制在121×10-6~318×10-6,平均为230.1×10-6,较原工艺降低了约120×10-6,钢的纯净度有所改善。采用高碱度精炼渣调渣剂调整钢包渣成分,RH处理过程钢包渣中CaO含量提高,Al2O3含量下降,RH插入管在处理过程的粘渣得到明显缓解。     

RH精炼过程中气液两相流动及混匀现象的模拟研究EI北大核心CSCD

利用水模型与数值模拟相结合的方法,对Ruhrstahl-Heraeus(RH)精炼过程中的多相流体流动及混匀现象进行模拟研究。根据相似原理建立与实际210 t RH精炼装置几何相似比为1:5的水模型,采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术获取水模型中心截面处流场分布。数值模拟采用多相流模型(VOF)和离散相模型(DPM)相耦合的计算方法,湍流模型分别选用k-e模型和大涡模拟(LES)模型。对比测量值与计算值,结果表明2种湍流模型均能较好地预测RH内流场分布;而采用LES模拟能够获得RH内瞬态的速度分布及漩涡的产生和耗散过程。测量并计算了水模型钢包内整体的混匀时间分布,结果表明上升管附近区域的混匀时间大于下降管附近区域的混匀时间。开发了气泡膨胀的数学模型,并将其用于钢液-氩气体系的模拟计算,结果表明气泡膨胀过程对钢液流动的影响显著。     

高品质IF钢碳含量控制关键技术研究

针对攀钢某厂超低碳钢生产过程中存在的RH深脱碳能力弱、脱碳结束到钢液连铸过程增碳严重的问题,通过RH脱碳工艺参数进行优化,无碳钢包技术的综合应用,使IF钢成品的碳碳量得到了有效控制。     

钢液RH精炼过程中的喷粉脱硫

简要介绍了钢液RH喷粉脱硫的有关方法,分析和综述了相应的粉剂、传质研究及动力学模型等。指出：以冶金反应工程学的观点、原理和方法深入研究钢液RH精炼喷粉脱硫过程无疑具有理论意义和实践价值。     

LATS法-经济简洁的钢水精炼工艺

详细介绍以插入钢包透气砖上方钢液的浸渍罩为特征的,在底吹氩下形成氩气保护的少渣、无渣钢液面,进行添加合金或加铝吹氧升温实现钢液精炼的经济简洁的LATS精炼装置的设备和工艺情况。实绩表明,该精炼工艺投资少,操作简便,具备与RH、LF等精炼设备同等的升温、合金微调、底吹氩等精炼作业手段。     

RH脱碳工艺探讨

简要介绍了RH精炼脱碳的原理、动力学条件,探讨了生产实践中提高深脱碳和快速脱碳的方法,以期生产极低碳含量的钢。     

钢液RH精炼中喷粉脱硫的动力学

考察和分析了钢液ＲＨ喷粉脱硫过程及机理,探讨了该过程的速率,基于双重阻力传质理论和体系内的质量衡算,建立了ＲＨ喷粉脱硫动力学模型,确定了模型各有关参数,包括各传质系数和钢液内参与脱硫反应的粉量等。以该模型对３００ｔＲＨ装置内设定的不同初始硫含量和喷粉量下喷吹石灰基粉剂脱硫作了计算和模拟,相应的钢液环流量和喷粉速率分别取为１００ｔ／ｍｉｎ和１５０ｋｇ／ｍｉｎ;设定的初始硫含量和喷粉量分别为７０,６０     

真空脱碳过程的数学模拟研究

基于质量守恒和动量守恒,结合脱碳动力学条件建立了真空脱气（VD）过程中钢液流动和脱碳过程相耦合的数学模型,利用该模型可以对不同工艺条件下的VD脱碳过程进行模拟研究,模拟结果表明,VD脱碳过程主要是依靠钢液内部的CO气泡脱碳;Ar气泡脱碳以及钢液自由表面的脱碳贡献相对较小。     

转炉极低碳钢的冶炼技术

本文根据电工钢、搪瓷板等产品含碳量<0.01％的要求,介绍了转炉生产极低碳钢的工艺技术。主要是利用炉后RH装置进行真空脱碳的技术,包括辅助浸渍管法,强化包内钢液搅拌法,增大环流量法和增加环流量的气密封法等,最后对宝钢RH装置的改造提出了建议。     

ZGMn13Cr2钢水韧处理中的脱碳行为

研究了不同水韧条件下ZGMn13Cr2钢的脱碳行为,分析了实际脱碳深度与理论计算之间的关系,并对传统的计算模型进行了修正。结果表明,水韧处理加热温度越高,保温时间越长,脱碳越严重。当加热温度为1000 ℃时,实际脱碳深度与理论脱碳深度相似;加热温度为1050 ℃和1100 ℃时,由于氧化反应的加剧以及碳化物的作用,实际脱碳深度大于理论脱碳深度,传统的计算模型不再适用,采用修正的计算模型能对ZGMn13Cr2钢水韧处理中的脱碳深度起到一定的预测作用。     

不锈钢冶炼用AOD炉内的射流行为和流体流动

在分析氩一氧脱碳（AOD）炉内侧吹射流行为特征的基础上,建立了描述AOD炉内三维流动的数学模型,考察了喷吹气体流量和喷枪布置对AOD熔池内湍流场的影响规律．结果表明,供气强度对AOD炉内射流流股轨迹和钢液流动产生明显影响;多枪喷吹,使熔池中流场和湍动能分布变得更加合理．计算结果与物理模型的观测结果吻合．     

FIB-SEM Sectioning Study of Decarburization Products in the Microstructure of HVOF-Sprayed WC-Co Coatings

The thermal dissolution and decarburization of WC-based powders that occur in various spray processes are a widely studied phenomenon, and mechanisms that describe its development have been proposed. However, the exact formation mechanism of decarburization products such as metallic W is not yet established. A WC-17Co coating is sprayed intentionally at an exceedingly long spray distance to exaggerate the decarburization effects. Progressive xenon plasma ion milling of the examined surface has revealed microstructural features that would have been smeared away by conventional polishing. Serial sectioning provided insights on the three-dimensional structure of the decarburization products. Metallic W has been found to form a shell around small splats that did not deform significantly upon impact, suggesting that its crystallization occurs during the in-flight stage of the particles. W₂C crystals are more prominent on WC faces that are in close proximity with splat boundaries indicating an accelerated decarburization in such sites. Porosity can be clearly categorized in imperfect intersplat contact and oxidation-generated gases via its shape.     

Effect of flame conditions on abrasive wear performance of HVOF sprayed nanostructured WC-12Co coatings

Nanostructured WC-12Co coatings were deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying with an agglomerated powder. The effect of flame conditions on the microstructure of the nanostructured coatings was investigated. The wear properties of the coatings were characterized using a dry rubber-wheel wear test. The results show that the nanostructured WC-Co coatings consist of WC, W2C, W and an amorphous binder phase. The microstructure of the coating is significantly influenced by the ratio of oxygen flow to fuel flow. Under the lower ratio of oxygen/fuel flow, the nanostructured coating presents a relative dense microstructure and severe decarburization of WC phase occurs during spraying. With increasing ratio of oxygen/fuel flow, the bonding of WC particles in the coating becomes loose resulting from the original structure of feedstock and the decarburization of WC becomes less owing to limited heating to the powder. Both the decarburization of WC particles in spraying and the bonding among WC particles in the coatings affect the wear performance. The examination of the worn surfaces of the nanostructured coatings reveals that the dominant wear mechanisms would be spalling from the interface of WCCo splats when spray particles undergo a limited melting. While the melting state of the spray particles is improved,the dominant wear mechanisms become the plastic deformation and plowing of the matrix and spalling of WC particles from the matrix.     

Propylene flow,microstructure and performance of WC–12Co coatings using a gas-fuel HVOF spray process

Five WC–12Co coatings were deposited by a high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) system using constant oxygen flow and varying propylene flow. The phase composition, microstructure, as well as abrasive and sliding wear performance of the as-sprayed coatings were investigated. The degree of tungsten carbide (WC) decarburization in the as-sprayed coatings increases while the coating porosity decreases with the increase of the propylene flow. The coating hardness, fracture toughness, resistance to abrasive and sliding wear increases with the increase of the propylene flow, reaches maximum and then decreases. At the low flow of the propylene, relatively loose coating microstructure is formed, which leads to fracturing and pulling off the WC particles during abrasive and sliding wear process. Herewith, at the high flow of the propylene, the high degree of the WC decarburization and high brittleness of the coating leads to micro-cutting during abrasive wear as well as to cracking and delamination of the coating in the sliding wear process.     

国内外脱碳层深度测定方法标准综述

介绍了钢的脱碳产生机理和类型,国内外脱碳层深度测定方法标准,国家标准的变迁历程,研析和比较各种测定方法原理、特点和差异,介绍典型钢种的金相测定方法,提出规范有效脱碳层的测定方法,解决轴承钢、高速钢和钢轨用钢的脱碳层测定难题,有助于理解实施国内外脱碳层测定方法标准,方便国际钢铁贸易交流,推动钢的脱碳层控制和测试技术的发展与进步。     

低温爆炸喷涂WC涂层的理论与试验研究

为解决爆炸喷涂过程中WC颗粒由于高温导致的脱碳问题,本文设计了一种带有拉瓦尔喷管的爆炸喷涂装置,利用该装置进行了爆炸喷涂WC涂层的理论和试验研究。基于等熵流的数值计算结果表明,喷管可以有效降低载气的温度,并可将WC颗粒加速至1000m/s以上。利用压力传感器测试了喷管入口和出口处的压力,计算了气流马赫数。在喷管出口处采用激光遮挡法测试了粒子的速度,测试结果与理论计算结果具有较好的一致性。采用扫描电镜、金相显微镜和XRD对碳化钨颗粒、涂层进行了表征,结果表明喷管的使用可以有效避免脱碳现象。该研究为解决爆炸喷涂碳化钨过程中的脱碳问题提供了一种新思路。     

Effects of non-metallic inclusions on the initiation of pitting corrosion in 11% Cr ferritic stainless steel examined by micro-droplet cell

This paper explores the effects of non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) on the initiation of pitting corrosion in type 409L stainless steels refined by the argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) and vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD) processes. The dominant NMIs in the AOD and VOD samples were (Ti, Ca)-oxides and Ti-nitrides, respectively. In-situ electrochemical noise (EN) and micro-electrochemical analyses were conducted to investigate quantitatively the inherent effects of the NMIs on the pitting corrosion of the alloys. Pitting corrosion was initiated mostly around the (Ti, Ca)-oxides in the AOD samples, while little such corrosion occurred around the Ti-nitrides in the VOD samples. In addition, the pitting resistance of the AOD samples increased with increasing Ti content and decreasing Ca content in the (Ti, Ca)-oxides.     

Measurement of decarburisation of steel rods with an electromagnetic sensor using an analytical model

This paper presents the measurement of decarburization of steel rods with an electromagnetic sensor using an analytical model both in online and offline scenarios. Loss of carbon (decarburization) at the steel surface can have a significantly detrimental effect on mechanical properties of products, since hardness, fatigue, strength and wear properties are strongly dependent on carbon content. Currently, measurement of decarburization is by destructive methods, such as metallographic observation or hardness tests on a sample cross-section after processing. A non-destructive EM method is proposed in this paper. An analytical solution for the inductance of a circular air-cored coil encircling a steel rod is deduced and further a simplified model is obtained which shows that for both online and offline cases, the thickness of the decarburisation layer is proportional to the inductance difference with and without decarburisation. Using this simplified model, decarburisation thickness can be obtained. The results have been verified by both finite element models and metallographic observations.