液压油污染及其防护

分析了液压油污染的主要原因和测定方法，提出了液压油污染的防护措施，降低了液压设备的故障发生率。     

旋压封头机液压传动故障的处理与分析

液压传动系统具有许多优点，所以得到了广泛的应用。但液压传动系统出现故障时又很令人挠头：液压传动出现故障的原因不易查找，很难分析和排除。本文仅仅针对再起一个液压传动故障问题的处理和解决，分析了一下原因，望有助于液压系统故障的分析和处理。     

液压系统主要故障分析及对策

通过对液压系统中主要故障特征进行总结，分析了液压系统主要故障产生的原因，并提出了相应的准确分析和判断液压系统故障的方法。     

机床液压平衡系统的分析

文章分析了传统机床液压平衡回路，介绍了现代机床液压平衡回路及元件，分析其特性，并给出液压平衡装置的设计计算方法。     

7000米深海液压系统设计研究

分析了深海液压系统的一些特殊要求，开展了7000m深海液压系统的设计开发，并展望了深海液压系统的发展趋势。     

电液锤液压系统的泄漏分析及控制

电液锤是一种以液压系统驱动的锻造设备，其液压系统是整个设备的核心。该文在分析电液锤液压系统工作特点的基础上，阐述了电液锤液压系统产生泄漏的原因和危害，并提出了相应的对策，消除电液锤液压系统可能的泄漏。     

液压介质的污染及其控制

液压介质受污染是引起液压系统故障的重要原因。介绍了液压介质污染对液压系统的影响，分析了污染的原因，提出了保证液压系统清洁度的对策。     

液压变压器在液压电梯系统中的节能应用

阐述了液压变压器的节能思想及工作原理，提出了一种采用液压变压器的新型液压电梯节能控制系统。对液压电梯上下行工作原理进行了论述，对系统装机功率进行了分析计算，说明采用液压变压器的液压电梯系统，能够实现液压电梯的正常运行，使系统装机功率得到显著降低。     

液压电梯的发展概况

综述国际上液压电梯的发展情况，在阐明其技术特点和控制类型的基础上，分析了液压电梯的国内潜在市场，对国内液压电梯的研制和开发进行了回顾和展望，并指出了液压电梯国产化的前景。     

汽车传动器试验台液压系统的发热与排除

文章分析了传动器试验台的液压系统的工作原理和不足后，通过改进液压系统，减小了液压系统发热，满足了生产对试验台的要求。     

Histochemical and ultrahistochemical localization of heavy metals in calf organs

Cadmium, zinc, selenium, and copper were administered, singly or in combination, orally or subcutaneously. Experiment I included 32 calves of both sexes; six received Cd (two groups), Zn, Cd, and Zn, and Cd and Se (two groups) and one group was a control. In Experiment II (21 bulls), three were given Cd, Cd, and Cu, and Cd and Zn, respectively, and one group was a control. For light microscopy, in Experiment I the highest amounts of silver granules were present in the samples of liver, small intestine, and vesicular gland of all the exposed groups; in Experiment II the most affected organs were liver, kidney, and small intestine. For electron microscopy, in Experiment I, after administration of Cd and Zn, the highest amounts of granules were seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and the lowest amounts were found in glandular cells of the pancreas. Administration of Cd and Se resulted in the presence of large numbers of granules in the nuclei and nucleoli of spermatogonies. In Experiment II, ingestion of Cd and Zn in feed led to the appearance of highest amounts of granules in the nucleoli, nuclei, and cytoplasm of cells in testes, kidneys, and pancreas. Following Cd intake, the highest accumulation of granules was observed in the nucleoli of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules. Combined Cd and Cu produced the highest number of granules in cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and in the nucleoli and nuclei of germinal epithelium.     

Human fetal ductal plate revisited. I. ductal plate expresses NCAM,KIT, MET,PDGFRA, and neuroendocrine antigens (NSE,chromogranin, synaptophysin,and CD56)

Background: The molecular mechanisms of ductal plate (DP) development and differentiation (DD) in human fetal livers (HFLs) are unclear. Materials and Methods: The author immunohistochemically investigated expressions of NCAM, KIT, KIT, PDGFRA, and neuroendocrine antigens in 32 HFLs. Results: The processes of human intrahepatic bile duct (IBD) DD could be categorized into four stages: DP, remodeling DP, remodeled DP, and mature IBD. NCAM was always expressed in DP and remodeling DP, but not in remodeled DP and mature IBD. The biliary elements were positive for cytokeratin (CK)7, 8, 18, and 19. The hepatoblasts were positive for CK8 and CD18, but negative for CK7 and CK19; however, periportal hepatoblasts showed biliary‐type CKs (CK7 and CK19). NCAM was always expressed in DP and remodeling DP, but not in remodeled DP and mature IBD. KIT was occasionally (12/32 cases) expressed in DP and remodeling DP, but not in remodeled DP and mature IBD. NCAM expression was also seen in some hepatoblasts and hematopoietic cells and neurons. KIT was also expressed in some hepatoblasts, hematopoietic cells, and mast cells. MET and PDGFRA were strongly expressed in DP, remodeling DP, remodeled DP, and mature IBD. MET and PDGFRA were also strongly expressed in hepatoblasts and hematopoietic cells. MET and PDGFRA were not expressed in portal mesenchyme, portal veins, sinusoids, and hepatic veins. DP showed immunoreactive chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), and CD56. Expressions of chromogranin and CD56 were infrequently seen in remodeling DP. No expressions of these four neuroendocrine antigens were seen in remodeled DP and mature IBD. The nerve fibers were consistently positive for chromogranin, synaptophysin, NSE, and CD56 in the portal mesenchyme in the stages of remodeling DP, remodeled DP, and mature IBDs. Conclusions: The data suggest that NCAM, KIT/stem cell factor‐signaling, NSE, hepatocyte growth factor/MET signaling, PDGFα/PDGFRA signaling, chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56 play important roles in DD of biliary cells of HFL. They also suggest that the DP cells having neuroendocrine molecules give rise to hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:814–824, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

第十一届全国流体传动与控制学术会议综述

由中国机械工程学会流体传动与控制分会主办,上海交通大学承办的第十一届全国流体传动与控制学术会议于2020年10月31日-11月2日在上海顺利召开。本届会议的主题是“流体传动与控制+人工智能”。会议共收录内容涉及人工智能与数字化、元件与系统、密封、摩擦与润滑等6个方向的论文133篇,邀请杨华勇、焦宗夏等知名专家作大会报告9个,取得了良好效果。围绕会议主题、征文范围及大会报告与会议论文开展综述,并对相关统计数据进行了分析讨论,以供国内学者和工程技术人员研究参考,并为流体传动与控制学科发展及今后举办会议提供借鉴。     

[学科发展]润滑研究进展

过去20余年,薄膜润滑、纳米润滑、极端工况摩擦与润滑、生物润滑、绿色润滑、微量润滑等取得了重要进展。最近10余年,超滑、仿生润滑、智能润滑与监测,以及摩擦学测试技术和模拟仿真技术等研究飞速发展。微观研究已经成为润滑研究的主要手段,面向风力发电机、高铁、深空探测、深海探测、大飞机、超高速飞行器、新能源汽车等领域的润滑与密封和绿色近零排放润滑研究已经成为工业界关注的焦点。超滑作为润滑领域的新型颠覆性技术,逐步显示出其在工业生产和人类日常生活中的应用优势与勃勃发展生机。生物润滑包括人类器官中的摩擦与润滑和仿生学研究,在人类健康生活方面展示出重要作用。极端环境（高温、超低温、真空、高压等）摩擦与润滑,在卫星、火箭、舰艇、核电站及其他国防设施上用途广泛。而智能润滑等新兴领域发展,也将智能化应用到润滑领域,为设备的智能运行和制造提供了新的思路。在此,对润滑领域几个重要发展方向,如超滑、薄膜润滑、纳米润滑、极端工况摩擦与润滑、智能润滑、生物仿生学、绿色摩擦与润滑,以及摩擦学测试方法等方面进行回顾,介绍了国内外同行最新研究进展,并对未来进行了展望。     

智能机床发展现状与技术体系框架

智能机床成为机床装备发展的趋势。在介绍国内外智能机床的研究现状的基础上,分析目前智能机床技术研究的三个问题,提出智能机床的狭义和广义定义;给出智能机床的包括人计机的协同性、整体与局部的协调性、智能的恰当性与无止性、自学习及其能力持续提高性、自治与集中的统一性、结构的开放性和可扩展性、制造和加工的绿色性、智能的贯穿性八个智能技术特征;阐述包括以人为中心的人计机动态交互功能、三个基本功能——执行智能功能、准备智能功能、维护智能功能的智能功能特征,以及功能之间的相互关系;建立八个理论与技术的智能机床技术理论框架,包括人计机一体化融合理论与技术、多源信息的感知理论与技术、智能决策理论与技术、智能执行理论与技术、智能维护理论与技术、智能机床综合能力评价理论与技术、智能机床标准化技术、智能机床支撑技术等,形成了智能机床的技术体系框架,同时指出上述内容将随着技术的进步和应用的深入不断充实和丰富。     

A simplified wet friction clutch test apparatus

A small, economic, test rig to evaluate friction materials and fluids for wet clutch applications has been designed, built and commissioned. In this paper, the construction, operation and performance of the machine are described, and results are presented, for two sets of typical tests. The system is capable of recording data, and torque test track, coefficients of friction, and oil temperature rise, are given.     

Ion mobility mass spectrometry in the omics era: Challenges and opportunities for metabolomics and lipidomics

Researchers worldwide are taking advantage of novel, commercially available, technologies, such as ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), for metabolomics and lipidomics applications in a variety of fields including life, biomedical, and food sciences. IM-MS provides three main technical advantages over traditional LC-MS workflows. Firstly, in addition to mass, IM-MS allows collision cross-section values to be measured for metabolites and lipids, a physicochemical identifier related to the chemical shape of an analyte that increases the confidence of identification. Second, IM-MS increases peak capacity and the signal-to-noise, improving fingerprinting as well as quantification, and better defining the spatial localization of metabolites and lipids in biological and food samples. Third, IM-MS can be coupled with various fragmentation modes, adding new tools to improve structural characterization and molecular annotation. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in IM-MS technologies and approaches utilized to support metabolomics and lipidomics applications and we assess the challenges and opportunities in this growing field.     

The new concepts of measurement error theory

In current measurement theory, there are various logical and philosophical troubles, and the evaluation concepts of measurement error are various and inconsistent among different schools. This paper throws away the shackle of the current measurement theories and concepts, and re-discusses basic measurement concepts. By proving a new measurement error theory that any error is a bias and follows random distribution, this paper points out the misunderstanding of traditional measurement theory, subverts the traditional error category theory, gives out a new interpretation of measurement uncertainty concept, proposes abolishing the concept system of precision, trueness, and accuracy, and thereby achieves the united measurement concept system across all the disciplines, including geodesy, geomatics, metrology, instrumentation, and so on.     

生物轻质高强结构及其在吸能结构中的仿生应用

在长期进化过程中，自然界中的多种动物、植物形成了独特的轻质、高强结构，以此来抵抗外界的复杂冲击载荷，保护自身完整，满足生存需要。生物轻质高强结构的优越性，启发了科研和工程人员采用结构仿生学的方法来对管状和板状两大类吸能结构进行设计优化和改进。对竹子、茎秆/树干、羽轴、骨骼四类管状生物结构和甲虫鞘翅、贝壳、柚子皮、龟壳四类板状生物结构进行综述，阐述了分层、多孔、螺旋、中空等多种结构与轻质高强特性之间的关系。在此基础上，对比和分析了相应的结构元素在单胞管、多胞管、嵌套管、波纹管等管状吸能结构和蜂窝夹芯板、复合材料板、混合结构板等板状吸能机构中起到的作用。进一步对当前仿生吸能领域存在的结构复杂、质量大、缺乏普适性的机理和过渡“桥梁”等问题做出了分析；最后对仿生吸能技术的形式简单化、结构轻量化、理论通用化、“形神兼备”化发展趋势做出展望。     

Assessment of PM-EDM cycle factors influence on machining responses and surface properties of biomaterials: A comprehensive review

Powder mixed-electro discharge machining (PM-EDM) is recently evolving machining technique which can simultaneously remove and modify the machined surface through thermo-electrical process. It is a modified form of EDM in which the conductive powder elements are added in the dielectric liquid to enhance machined surface characteristics and machining responses. The commonly used biomaterials such as 316L stainless steel, Ti-based alloy, Ni–Ti, Mg alloy, and Co–Mo–Cr alloy have excellent mechanical characteristics while the biofunction of these materials are not in satisfactory level. Due to higher hardness, brittleness, and heat resistant natures of the biomaterials, it is very challenging to machine them with conventional machining. Both the system efficiency and modified surface properties depend on the associated electrical and non-electrical factors of PM-EDM cycle. This review focuses on the influence of process factors such as current, pulse duration, tool-polarity, duty cycle, potential voltage, types of liquid, and added powder concentration on performance outputs including material removal and tool wear rate, coating thickness, coarseness, microhardness, coating adhesion bonding, biocompatibility, and resistant to corrosion. This study also discusses influence of various powders on machining and modified surface characteristics of biomaterials. The future research scopes and challenges of PM-EDM process are included in this study thoroughly.