Cu－Al粉末烧结合金内氧化后的组织与性能

通过测定内氧化强化型Ｃｕ－Ａｌ合金的电阻率、耐蚀、耐磨、抗压性能及ＳＥＭ、ＴＥＭ形貌观察，研究了内氧化对合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明：内氧化层中，内氧化物沿晶界呈网状生长，晶内是Ｃｕ基体加弥散分布的氧化物质点。内氧化使基体Ａｌ原子的固溶量减少，降低了合金的电阻车，增加了合金的致密度及弥散强化效果，因而使５％Ａｌ－Ｃｕ粉末烧结合金的耐蚀、耐磨及抗压性能明显提高。     

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOUR OF COPPER COMPACTS AND OF LOOSE POWDER AGGREGATES

Abstract

The relative shrinkage in the radial and in the axial directions of both conventionally pressed copper powder compacts and of loose copper powder aggregates has been determined. Irregular-shaped electrolytic copper powder and flake copper powder were used. The structures of the green and of the sintered compacts and aggregates were examined metallographically. The results led to the tentative conclusion that the theories previously advanced to explain the differences in the axial and radial shrinkage of compacts and aggregates are not correct. The pores of green and sintered compacts of irregular copper powder are not necessarily disc- or lens-shaped, but rather equiaxed, and the observed difference in shrinkage cannot be attributed to the shape of the pores. On the other hand, the ratio of axial to radial shrinkage of irregular-shaped powder and of flake powder aggregates is nearly the same, in spite of the fact that the pores in the flake powder aggregates are much larger in the radial than in the axial direction. The possibility that forces other than surface-tension forces have an influence upon shrinkage behaviour is discussed.     

THE NITRIDING OF SILICON POWDER COMPACTS

Abstract

The reaction-bonding process to prepare silicon nitride by nitriding silicon compacts was studied, and an examination made of the influence of raw material and process variables on the properties of the resulting silicon nitride. The silicon powder grain size and the impurities content were considered as powder variables, and the green density and thermal cycles as process parameters. The examination of green-density effects indicates that, under the experimental conditions, the gas permeation of nitrogen through the silicon compacts was the rate-determining step of the reaction-bonding process. Regarding the effect of nitriding temperature, the final conversion, Si to Si₃N₄, is an increasing function of the temperature in the range 1300–1400°C. As to the composition of silicon nitride obtained, α-phase formation is favoured when oxygen is present as an impurity in silicon powder. Finally, physical, chemical, and thermomechanical tests showed that reaction-bonded silicon nitride has good bending strength (21 kgf/mm²) and can be used in very severe conditions up to 1200°C.     

快速凝固铝锂合金粉末特性对其挤压村组织和性能的影响

采用一种快速冷凝装置研制了Al-2.5Li-1.6Cu-1.2Mg-0.2Zr合金粉末及合金。探讨了合金粉末特性及其对快速凝固铝锂合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。采用片状粉末制备的这种快速凝固铝理合金,具有较好的强塑性综合力学性能。     

机械合金化Cu－5Cr合金的组织性能研究

研究了机械合金化制粉、热静液挤压致密制备的Ｃｕ－５Ｃｒ合金的组织与性能。机械合金化Ｃｕ－５Ｃｒ合金由于细晶强化和弥散强化的作用，具有很高的强度（σｂ≥７５０ＭＰａ），经热处理后，合金具有较高的延伸率（δ≥８％）和导电性（≥６０％ＩＡＣＳ）。材料晶粒达到０．１μｍ级，析出的Ｃｒ粒子达到纳米级。     

EFFECT OF PRODUCTION ROUTE ON THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF A NICKEL-CHROMIUM-COBALT ALLOY

Abstract

Preparation of an extruded nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy of the Nimonic 90 type, using powders, wires, and conventional cast billets as starting materials, resulted in a wide variety of grain sizes and structures. The form of the oxide/carbide and its distribution varied with the production route. The performance of the materials, as assessed by stress-rupture, fatigue, and impact data, also differed considerably. The stability of the grains was directly related to the distribution of the oxides/carbides and was therefore interrelated to the stress-rupture properties. Fatigue properties were sensitive to a fine general distribution of oxides/carbides and impact properties were sensitive to an intergranular distribution. With the best structure, of a fibrous nature, it was possible to achieve an attractive combination of stress-rupture, fatigue, and impact properties—the last being unusually high.     

雾化NdFeB合金粉末的组织结构与磁性能

用８ＭＰａ的Ａｒ气雾化制取ＮｄＦｅＢ合金粉末，光学金相观察和Ｘ射线衍射分析表明，粉末主要由Ｎｄ２Ｆｅ１４Ｂ相组成。粉末具有一定的矫顽力，回火处理后矫顽力明显提高。不同粒度的粉末矫顽力存在差异，粉末越细其矫顽力越高。粉末初始磁化曲线与烧结ＮｄＦｅＢ磁体相似。     

EFFECTS OF PROCESSING AND POWDER CHARACTERISTICS ON THE WEAR AND FRICTION PROPERTIES OF SOME NICKEL-BASE MATERIALS

Abstract

Pure nickel and nickel-based binary and ternary materials containing tungsten carbide and graphite dispersions have been studied. Three types of carbide powder and six types of graphite, different in size, shape, and structure (one in each group being nickel-coated) were studied to varying degrees. The smallest carbide powder (0·35 μm) possessed the best wear-resistance and the lowest coefficient of friction. The larger and coated types of graphite are somewhat superior; however, considerable amounts (～ 40 vol.-%) are needed to improve wear-resistance substantially and reduce the coefficient. Use of the coated type of carbide leads to rather high coefficients (0·58-0·76) under dry testing conditions. Several effects of the presence of a small amount of oxygen in the sintering atmosphere are discussed; a most interesting result is the marked improvement in the wear-resistance of pure nickel treated to produce a dispersion of nickel oxide. With some powders blending can lead to reduced wear-resistance, while with others increasing the blending time has no effect. Several of the findings confirm the interpretation of the results of the previous study regarding the dependence of wear on the ratio of the volume fraction of tungsten carbide to that of graphite, based on microstructural considerations. Wear-resistance cannot be correlated with high hardness.     

单向凝固Fe—C—Si共晶合金的组织与性能

本文研究了单向凝固Fe-C-Si共晶合金的凝固速度ν,对组织及纵向力学性能的影响,得出ν=2.0 μm/s时,抗拉强度和延伸率均出现峰值;考察了硅含量和基体组织对性能的影响,并分析了拉伸断口形貌。     

INFLUENCE OF TIN POWDER CHARACTERISTICS ON THE SINTERING OF IRON-TIN-COPPER POWDER COMPACTS

Abstract

In view of increasing industrial interest in the use of tin additions as an aid to the sintering of iron-based powder compacts, an examination has been made of the influence of the characteristics of the tin powder on sintering performance.

The effect of additions of narrow size-range fractions of atomized tin powder on the dimensional changes and tensile properties obtained on sintering Fe-Sn-Cu compacts made with –100 mesh (–152 μm) or – 300 mesh (– 53 μm) sponge iron and – 300 mesh (– 53 μm) atomized copper powders has been determined. The compacts contained tin and copper in the ratio 2:3. The narrow size fractions were separated from – 300 mesh tin powder by air elutriation. It was found that the use of coarse tin powder reduced the tensile strength of – 300 mesh iron-based Fe–1% Sn–1 ½% Cu compacts, but had no influence when this mixture was based on –100 mesh iron powder, or when the mixture composition was Fe–2% Sn–3% Cu. The effects have been examined in relation to the sintering mechanism by scanning electron microscopy and by X-ray microanalysis.     

THE EFFECT OF GRAIN-BOUNDARY STRUCTURE ON THE TENSILE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF HOT-ISOSTATICALLY PRESSED 713LC ALLOY COMPACTS

Abstract

Examination of the ambient-temperature tensile fracture behaviour of hot-isostatically pressed 713LC alloy compacts indicates that the nature of the fracture paths varies with the thermal history of the material. The fracture mode may be transgranular, interparticle, or intergranular and is apparently controlled by the structures of the grain boundaries and powder-particle boundaries. Interparticle fracture, observed after certain pressing and heat-treatment operations, can be regarded as a variant of conventional intergranular fracture. This type of fracture mode results from the formation of heavy growths of mixed MC + M₂₃C₆ carbide on powder-particle boundaries during processing.     

POROUS BRONZE: THE EFFECTS OF SOME POWDER CHARACTERISTICS ON THE PRESSING AND SINTERING PROPERTIES

Abstract

The various tests usually applied to powders for the manufacture of porous bronze are listed. Stress is laid on the importance of consistency of materials. Variations in the important properties of each of the metallic and non-metallic ingredients, and their effect on pressing and sintering behaviour, are discussed. The conclusion reached is that a compromise on powder properties must be accepted in order to achieve economic production.     

THE EFFECT OF LUBRICATION ON THE PRESSING OF METAL POWDER COMPACTS

Abstract

Admixture of lubricant with metal powder can assist or retard densification according to the applied pressure and the lubricant content. Lubricant exuded on to the die wall under pressure seems to be the main lubricating factor. The change-over or transition pressure from lubrication to inhibition varies in a Gaussian manner with lubricant content. Molecular films of lubricant are sufficient, but for reduction in ejection pressure a minimum content of 0.2% lubricant is necessary. Die-wall lubrication is far more useful and effective than admixed lubricant. Simultaneous die lubrication and admixture is of no value.     

雾化工艺因素对喷焊合金粉末性能的影响

介绍了雾化工艺因素对喷焊合金粉末的粒度分布、氧含量、球化率、空心粉等性能的影响。     

SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SAE 1045 STEEL JOINTS BONDED WITH SINTERED COMPACTS

Abstract

The physical and mechanical properties of plain steel (SAE 1045) butt joints, bonded with a sintered alloy as a filler material, are described. Sintered alloys were made from two types of iron powders–electrolytic and Swedish sponge– with various additions ranging from 7 to 20 wt.-% of an electrolytic copper powder, a prealloyed bronze powder (90% Cu+ 10% Sn), and a mechanically mixed elemental bronze powder.

The results showed that the tensile strength was not reduced as drastically as that of the copper-brazed joints, when the thickness of the bonding material (sintered alloy) was increased. The highest bond strength in tensile and fatigue testing was obtained with the sintered alloys comprising iron powder and 10 wt.-% pre alloyed bronze powder. The results indicate that there is a practical possibility of brazing steel using sintered compact as a filler material under a neutral or a reducing atmosphere.     

“双层金属布”硬质涂层的微观组织与性能

柔性金属“贴布”涂层技术是近 1 0几年发展起来的一种新型金属表面改性技术。文章对用双层“金属贴布”法在钢件表面形成的涂层及其与钢结合界面的微观组织结构及性能进行了分析和讨论 ,并与单层“金属贴布”法进行了比较。结果表明 ,涂层中的相组成为WC相、α Co相、β Co相、γ Fe相及Ni相 ;其组织为WC相及粘结相组成的非均匀结构 ;涂层致密无气孔 ;双层“金属布”形成的涂层与钢基体发生成分互扩散形成冶金结合 ,且结合强度大于单层“金属布”制备的涂层的结合强度 ;双层“金属布”在烧结过程中的线收缩率比单层“布”小得多 ,当利用双层“布”技术进行圆环柱面烧结时涂层无裂纹及裂缝产生     

快速凝固耐热Al－Fe－MRE合金粉末的制备及其特性研究

研究了快速凝固铝铁混合稀土高温合金粉末的制备及其特性，用氩气及氦气超音速雾化制得的粉末呈球形，获得的冷却速率为５×１０３～７×１０６Ｋ／ｓ。冷却速率主要受粉末尺寸影响，同样尺寸的粉末以氦气作冷却介质时获得的冷却速率较高。粉末尺寸越小，组织越细，力学性能越好。     

纳米复合粉末的结构和形貌表征

采用X射线衍射（XRD）方法重点对不同批次的ITO、ZrO2纳米复合粉末的相结构、晶粒平均尺寸进行了测定，并采用扫描探针显微镜（SPM）对ITO纳米复合粉末的形貌、粒度分布分别进行了观察和测定，采用透射电镜（TEM）观察了ZrO2纳米复合粉末的形貌，结果表明，多种方法相结合可对纳米复合粉末的微观结构参数进行全面的评估。     

FRICTION INDEX AND PRESSING CHARACTERISTICS OF SPHERICAL STAINLESS-STEEL POWDER AND OXIDIZED COPPER POWDER

Abstract

A procedure is described for accumulating data on the friction index and compression ratio of a copper powder at different stages of oxidation and of screened fractions of a stainless-steel powder. The dimensionless and nameless powder property, friction index divided by the compression ratio, was constant under certain conditions for a regular series of size fractions of stainless-steel powder. Calculations were made of the coefficient of compression and the limiting value of the degree of volume change by the method due to Kawakita.     

INVESTIGATION OF THE DIMENSIONAL CHANGES IN SOFT METAL POWDER COMPACTS

Abstract

The variables affecting the radial/axial (R/A) shrinkage ratio in compacts made from spherical copper powder have been investigated, also the linear dependence of R/A on compacting pressure and sintering temperature. The values of R/A for spherical powder are higher than those for irregularly shaped powder. The effect of particle shape and height/dia. ratio of the compact on R/A have been studied. The differences in green-density distributions have been determined, together with the effect on these of pressure and height/dia. ratio of the compact. The observed variation of R/A is attributed to differences in density distribution in the green compacts, resulting in anisotropic stresses during sintering.