Transport of Radioactive Waste in Poland

Abstract

General information is given about the regulations and limits concerning radioactive waste in Poland. Radwaste—being in 95% low level—comes at present from one research reactor and over 2000 smaller producers; there is no high level waste. The responsibility for collecting, handling and disposing of all radwaste is delegated to one organisation partially supported by the state. The frequency of transport to the Central Repository is about 50 times a year. The total volume of conditioned radwaste is about 200 m³.     

Radioactive Waste Transport in the Russian Federation

Abstract

According to the national radwaste management programme, low and intermediate level wastes originating from nuclear power plant (NPP) operation, from the nuclear fuel cycle and from the application of radioisotopes in medicine, industry and research are centrally collected and transported for disposal at 16 special repositories. Packagings and conveyances for these purposes are discussed. A concept of regional repositories and transport of wastes from NPPs and the Navy is also considered together with transport packagings and transport methods.     

The Cost Implications of Large Shielded Transport Packages for Radioactive Waste

Abstract

Total costs have been estimated, at 1990 prices, for the packaging, transport and disposal of intermediate level radioactive waste. The study covered three generic types of large package with several scenarios of interim storage and rock type at the disposal site. The concept which uses returnable shielding is calculated to be the cheapest, although the choice between self-shielded and returnable shielded concepts has less influence on cost than the repository rock type. The high projected cost of disposal is likely to have a profound effect on the volume of intermediate waste, encouraging the development of volume reduction processes. Such changes will narrow the cost differences between packages. However, the returnable shielded design is sufficiently adaptable to enable enhancement in performance for very little extra cost. It is also relatively insensitive to variations in disposal cost.     

Development of Sealed Type B Transport Containers for the Transport of Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste

Abstract

UK Nirex Ltd have developed three possible concepts of sealed transport containers for the safe transport of immobilised intermediate level radioactive waste. Computer based finite element impact and thermal analysis has been carried out on each concept and compliance with both the IAEA regulatory requirements and specified Nirex design aims has been demonstrated. One single concept will be selected at a later date following further development and confirmatory testing to provide a fleet of transport containers.     

放射性废物安全的阶段性研究成果--《放射性废物安全通论》

放射性废物安全是辐射防护与辐射源安全科学同放射性废物管理技术相互作用的产物。在国际上,放射性废物安全已经成为辐射防护与辐射源安全科学发展的前沿领域之一。《放射性废物安全通论》是以文集形式即将出版的一本专著,是近20年来笔者等在此领域进行学习、思考、实践、讨论和总结的一个记录。本文综述了该书的要旨。     

最少量化在实验研究产生的放射性废物管理中的实施

通过源项的引入控制、实践正当化、安全与防护最优化、废物产生的课题化管理、分类收集分别处理等措施的实施，落实废物最少量化在核科研中的实施，减少对环境的危害，降低废物处理处置费用，促进核技术的发展应用。     

An Environmental Impact Assessment for Sea Transport of High Level Radioactive Waste

Abstract

This work was carried out to study the safety evaluation in a hypothetical submergence accident onto the seabed, prior to the international maritime transpott between Europe and Japan in 1995. In this study, inadmissibly conservative assumptions were omitted in order to construct adequate accident scenarios from the engineering aspect. Input data of source terms of high level vitrified wastes, various flow coefficienss in the sea, and other factors were thoroughyy examined and, finally, a new concept of a solution method for radioactive nuclides concentration was proposed with regard to oceanography.     

Clearance for Radioactive Waste

正The clearance plays an important role in radioactive waste management.It is an effective tool for waste minimization and also an important application of optimization of radiation protection in waste management.The study of clearance is significant to make waste management legitimate,safe and economical.     

Probabilistic Safety Assessment for the Transport of Radioactive Waste to a UK Repository at Sellafield

Abstract

A study has been undertaken to provide a detailed understanding of the radiological and non-radiological risks associated with the transpott of radioactive waste from the sites at which waste is produced in the UK to a proposed deep repository at Sellafield, and to ensure that these risks meet the design targets specified by Nirex. The routine transport collective dose to members of the public was assessed to be 0.2 man.Sv per year, which is only about 0.004% of the natural background dose. Accident frequencies were calculated using event tree methodology. The radiological consequences of accidents were assessed using the probablistic computer code CONDOR. The risk expectation value was calculated to be 1.5 × 10^?5 ? 8.6 × 10^?6 latent cancer fatalities per year (depending on the transport mode scenario). These values are significantly lower than the corresponding prediciions for non-radiological accident fatality rates, 0.05 ? 0.035 fatalities per year. The radiological accident risk for the most exposed individual member of the public was assessed to be 5 × 10^?11 ? 1.7 × 10^?11 per year, very much less than the Nirex target of 5 × 10^?7 per year. Plots of societal risk were shown to lie in the region of ‘negligible risk’, as defined by the UK Health and Safety Commission for non-radioactive dangerous goods transport.     

Sea Transport of Radioactive Materials in Egypt

Abstract

In Egypt the national regulations for safe transport of radioactive materials (RAM) are based on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations. In addition, regulations for the safe transport of these materials through the Suez Canal (SC) were laid down by the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) and the Suez Canal Authority (SCA). They are continuously updated to meet the increased knowledge and the experience gained. The technical and protective measures taken during transport of RAM through SC are mentioned. Assessment of the impact of transporting radioactive materials through the Suez Canal using the INTERTRAN computer code was carried out in cooperation with IAEA. The transported activities and empty containers, the number of vessels carrying RAM through the Canal from 1963 to 1996 and their nationalities are also discussed. The protective measures are mentioned.     

Radioactive Waste Information Management System

According to the requirement and current situation of national industrial radioactive waste management and disposal, present work develops drummed radioactive waste information management system based on network. The system may provide effective real-time management both for administration and enterprise. And the ）,-detecting classification facility of barrel radioactive waste is also prepared.     

放射性废物中等深度处置

放射性废物中等深度处置是介于近地表处置和地质处置的一种处置方式。本文介绍了国际上放射性废物中等深度处置的发展概况及我国可能适于中等深度处置的废物源项,提出我国实施放射性废物中等深度处置需考虑的问题及今后开展相关工作的建议。     

Cement Solidification of Radioactive Waste Liquid

Withdecommissionofthelaboratoryofneutronactivityanalysis,radioactivewasteliquidproducedneedbetreatedurgently.Inthewasteliquidthemajornuclidesare60Coand152Eu,thesaltcontentis250g/Landtotalactivityis2×107Bq.Aftersufficientdemonstration,thewastewaterissolid…     

Abstracts on Transport of Radioactive Materials

Abstract

When compared to many other countries, the system of regulating nuclear transport in the USA and the organisational structure of that system often appears overly complex and confusing to some persons outside the USA (and sometimes even to persons in the USA). The objective of this paper is to provide a timely reference source for the readers of The International Journal of Radioactive Materials Transport, particularly those outside the USA, and hopefully to help to clarify some of that confusion. The sources of regulations and the structures of the primary regulatory organisations of the USA and their interfaces and responsibilities are described. The major features of the regulations of the principal regulators—The US Department of Transportation and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission—are discussed. Although the nuclear transport regulations of the USA have, since 1968, been based essentially on the IAEA standards contained in Safety Series No 6, a few notable differences do exist between the application of certain of those standards in the USA regulations and the relevant Safety Series No 6 standard. The most notable of these differences and the rationale for the existence of the difference are discussed.     

低水平放射性废物的混合

介绍了美国低水平放射性废物混合的现状及其4种混合方案,提出了在我国实施放射性废物混合的建议。