新锆合金水侧腐蚀性能研究

通过对国产新锆合金N18、N36的堆外腐蚀性能考验,获得了新锆合金的腐蚀和吸氢数据,并与Zr-4合金的数据进行了比较.实验结果表明与Zr-4相比,N18、N36的抗腐蚀性能得到了明显的提高.     

Nb、Cu对新型高温锆合金α/β相变温度和腐蚀性能的影响

研究不同元素含量的Zr-Nb-Cu合金的显微组织和其在500℃、10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能,结果表明,在500℃、10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中,Zr- 1.0Nb-0.05Cu合金的耐腐蚀性能最好,其耐腐蚀性能远远优于Zr-4和N18合金.在Zr-Nb-Cu合金中形成富含Nb、Fe、Cr的第二相粒子,这是影响锆合金耐腐蚀性能的一个原因.Zr-Nb-Cu合金在差热扫描量热仪分析的升温过程中,腐蚀产生的氢化物溶解,温度达到氢致α/β相变温度(约550℃)时开始β相变.添加Nb可以降低合金发生氢致β相变的温度,而增加Cu含量,可以降低合金腐蚀时的吸氢量,同时也使合金的耐腐蚀性能得到明显的提高.     

锆、锆-4合金及新锆合金的热膨胀

用示差式石英膨胀仪在室温至800℃范围内测量了Zr、Zr-4合金、N18新锆合金、N36新锆合金的热膨胀行为．给出了测量结果的经验公式,并对这些材料的热膨胀行为进行了比较,测量结果表明．Zr-4合金、N18新锆合金、N36新锆合金棒材试样的热膨胀基本相同,金属Zr、Zr-4合金和新锆合金板材试样的热膨胀都存在各向异性。     

我国高性能锆合金的发展

文章介绍锆合金开发与研究的现状,着重概述我国高性能锆合金的发展.我国在跟踪国际锆合金发展的同时,通过对改善锆-4合金耐腐蚀性能的研究,研制出了具有工艺代表性的改进型锆-4合金包壳材料,且开发了两种新型锆合金.新型锆合金的堆外性能研究结果表明,它们的抗疖状腐蚀和抗吸氢性能优于锆-4合金,其他性能好于或与锆-4合金相当,综合性能明显优于锆-4合金.     

国产新型锆铌合金水侧腐蚀行为研究

对国产新型锆铌合金进行了元件表面带有热负荷情况下的堆外动水腐蚀实验,同时进行500℃蒸汽腐蚀实验及在氢氧化锂和硼酸水中的静水腐蚀实验,获得了不同腐蚀实验条件下样品的增重或氧化膜厚度,并与改进Zr-4的数据进行了比较.利用光学显微镜(OM)对腐蚀形成的氧化膜进行了分析,采用惰气脉冲红外法测量了样品的氢含量,并用OM观察了基体中氢化物的形貌和分布.实验结果表明,国产新型锆铌合金的抗腐蚀性能优于改进Zr-4,而新型锆铌合金中细小均匀分布的第二相粒子是其具有优异抗腐蚀性能的原因.     

新型高温锆合金在过热蒸汽中的腐蚀性能

研究了不同含量的Zr-Fe-Cr合金的显微组织及其在500℃,10.3 MPa 过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能.结果表明,Zr-Fe-Cr合金经过真空熔炼、β淬火、真空包覆热轧和冷轧,以及真空退火处理得到的组织主要为α-Zr基体和弥散分布的Zr(Cr,Fe)2粒子.在500℃,10.3 MPa 过热水蒸汽中,含有少量合金元素的Zr-0.2Fe-0.1Cr和Zr-4合金会发生疖状腐蚀,而含有适当Fe、Cr的Zr-Fe-Cr合金为均匀腐蚀.Zr-1.0Fe-0.6Cr合金耐蚀性最好,其耐过热蒸汽腐蚀能力优于N18和Zr-4合金;含Fe、Cr元素不同的锆合金试样由于成分不同,耐腐蚀性能也有明显差别,说明调整合金成分是改善锆合金在500℃,10.3 MPa 过热蒸汽中耐腐蚀性能的主要途径.     

锆合金包壳I-SCC性能评价

对N36、Zr-4、X锆合金包壳管环形试样在350、400℃下施加周向拉伸载荷,研究N36锆合金包壳管在10~2 Pa、10~3 Pa、10~4 Pa碘分压、Zr-4及X试样在102Pa碘分压下的碘致应力腐蚀开裂行为。研究发现:在350、400℃下以最大载荷为指标时,N36、Zr-4及X试样在一定碘分压环境中均会发生不同程度的碘致应力腐蚀开裂,断裂能量迅速下降;在相同试验条件下,N36试样的最大载荷和断裂能量下降最慢。     

CAP1400燃料组件用新锆合金研究

在Zr-Sn-Nb系合金的基础上添加微量合金元素Ge和Si等,采用真空电弧熔炼,制备了多种新锆合金。使用透射电子显微镜(Transmission electron microscope,TEM)对合金基体进行显微组织分析,分别通过堆外高压釜腐蚀试验、定氢分析仪和万能材料试验机对合金的腐蚀、吸氢和拉伸性能进行评估。结果表明,常规工艺处理后,SZA-4和SZA-6合金均发生了完全再结晶,第二相细小、均匀弥散分布在晶粒内和晶界上;SZA-4和SZA-6合金在三种水化学条件下均具有优良的耐腐蚀性能,SZA-6合金的耐腐蚀性能优于参考合金,SZA-4合金的耐腐蚀性能略优于SZA-6合金;SZA-6合金的吸氢性能略优于SZA-4合金;两种合金的拉伸性能满足设计要求。基于SZA-4和SZA-6合金优良的耐腐蚀、吸氢和力学性能,未来将有望用于CAP1400自主化燃料组件。     

N36锆合金包壳堆内腐蚀模型研究

本文利用池边检查数据,基于阿累尼乌斯方程建立了N36锆合金包壳堆内腐蚀最佳估算模型。由于缺乏腐蚀转折前数据,N36锆合金包壳腐蚀转折前氧化膜厚度只是时间的函数,腐蚀转折后氧化膜厚度是包壳温度和时间的函数。通过在最佳估算腐蚀模型上添加工程因子,建立了不同加工工艺N36锆合金包壳腐蚀模型。N36锆合金包壳腐蚀包络模型在最小腐蚀转折点的基础上建立。模型验证结果表明,N36锆合金包壳腐蚀模型与验证数据符合较好,能够用于N36锆合金堆内腐蚀行为模拟。     

燃料棒性能分析程序FUPAC V2.0的研发与验证

鉴于现有软件均缺乏CF3燃料组件N36锆合金包壳分析能力,开展了燃料棒性能分析程序FUPAC V2.0的研发工作。基于N36锆合金的堆外试验数据和N36锆合金包壳燃料棒池边检查数据,研究了N36锆合金的物理性能、腐蚀行为和辐照生长行为,初步建立了N36锆合金包壳相应模型。在现有自主化软件FUPAC V1.1的基础上,耦合入N36锆合金包壳分析模块,形成FUPAC V2.0,并进行了初步验证。验证结果表明：N36锆合金辐照生长模型和腐蚀模型与目前试验结果符合较好,FUPAC V2.0已实现计算N36锆合金包壳燃料棒性能的功能。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.