内加热搅拌釜中改进型INTER-MIG桨的传热性能

通过实验与数值模拟,以水为工作介质,在直径D=0.5 m的内盘管加热搅拌釜中对双层正交排列的改进型INTER-MIG浆搅拌器不同转速下的温度场、盘管外侧的温度边界层及传热系数进行研究. 结果表明,实验与数值模拟的温度误差在2 K以内;搅拌釜内温度从上到下、从内到外呈升高趋势,最大温差基本保持在1 K之内;根据实验数据拟合得盘管外侧传热系数的关联式为Nu=0.0337Re0.925Pr1/3(d/D)0.1(dco/D)0.5,计算与实测值的平均偏差为7.64%;盘管外侧温度边界层平均厚度为3.66 mm,在合理范围内.     

带稳定翼四斜叶-Rushton组合桨搅拌釜内传热性能

基于计算流体力学（CFD）模拟与传热实验相结合的方法，对带稳定翼四斜叶-Rushton组合桨在内加热盘管搅拌釜的传热性能进行研究，获得搅拌釜内的流场分布、温度分布、温度边界层和盘管外侧的努塞尔数。研究表明，实验与数值模拟的温度误差在4K以内。搅拌釜内高温区位于盘管处循环大涡流区，釜内最大温差保持在3K以内。稳定翼可提高流体轴向循环性能，能够使搅拌釜内温度分布更加均匀。内盘管外侧XZ平面和YZ平面的平均温度边界层厚度分别为3.01mm和2.70mm。通过实验与数值模拟方法得到不同因素对内盘管外侧努塞尔数的影响，其顺序为：搅拌介质黏度>搅拌转速>桨叶间距>离底距离，实验与模拟的努塞尔数最大误差为14.56%，最小误差为4.23%，实验结果很好地验证了数值模拟的可行性。研究结果可为带稳定翼四斜叶-Rushton组合桨应用于实际工业中提供参考。     

含气液两相的搅拌釜内盘管外侧的对流传热特性研究

许多强放热反应,若温度控制不当,易引发物质分解产生气体,进而恶化相关反应过程,甚至引发事故,因此对浸没在含气液两相搅拌釜内的盘管外侧对流传热系数进行研究尤为重要。以空气和水分别作为气相和液相,在直径D=0.300m的标准椭圆形底搅拌釜内进行非稳态传热实验,研究了桨型、桨径、转速和表观气速对盘管外侧对流传热的影响。结果表明,在低转速下,通入气体能够显著增加釜内的湍动程度,使管外对流传热系数明显增大,在高转速下,对于大搅拌桨,其气体的表观气速过小时,通入气体会使对流传热系数减小。通气量一定时,在较高通气速率和高搅拌转速下,随着转速增大,对流传热系数反而减小。引入通气数对实验数据进行拟合关联。研究结果对反应釜的优化设计及反应过程的控制具有参考价值。     

聚合釜传热性能的实验研究及数值模拟

基于CFD模拟与传热实验相结合的方法对5 L夹套聚合釜的传热性能进行研究。建立聚合釜的液固耦合稳态传热模型,获得釜内流体、夹套内流体及金属固体域内温度分布。开展传热实验对模拟结果进行验证,各对比点温度的最大相对误差在1%~5%范围内。通过模拟获得釜内外壁面传热系数及总传热系数,并关联出釜侧及夹套侧 Nu的经验式。结果表明：釜内流体温度分布方差始终在0.002以下,固体域内和传热边界层温度梯度较大,传热边界层厚度约3.8 mm;实验范围内,入口温度和反应放热量对釜内温度的影响显著,入口流速次之,搅拌转速影响最弱;夹套侧传热系数远小于釜侧传热系数,提高夹套侧传热系数是提升传热性能的关键;实验用聚合釜外表面散热量与内外温差呈正比,比例系数约为3.031 W·K ^-1。     

搅拌塔式反应器传热特性研究

分析了搅拌塔式反应器（ＳＣＲ）中多级冷却盘管隔板的传热特性,用稳态和非稳态的传热方法进行了实验研究。提出了同时考察拌雷诺数和轴向液流雷诺数影响的ＳＣＲ中多级冷却盘管隔板表面传热膜系数的关联式。研究结果表明,对于ＳＣＲ中冷却盘管隔板表面的传热膜系数,轴向液轩诺系数的影响与搅拌雷诺数的影响相比具有同等的重要性。     

盐浴螺旋盘管式焦炉上升管余热回收装置传热性能试验

对盐浴螺旋盘管式结构的焦炉上升管高温荒煤气余热回收装置进行了以烟气代替荒煤气的传热性能模拟试验,得到了上升管余热回收装置螺旋盘管环形套筒的外壁温度分布、上升管内烟气侧的传热系数、环形套筒内螺旋盘管外盐浴的自然对流传热系数等试验研究结果。结果表明,装置螺旋盘管环形套筒的外壁温度分布并非均匀,随上升管内烟气温度的升高而波动增大;烟气侧对流传热系数在Re数高于2900后随Re数的增大而明显上升;螺旋盘管外盐浴的自然对流传热系数随熔盐温度的升高几乎不变。根据试验结果拟合出环形套筒内螺旋盘管外盐浴的自然对流传热关联式,为实际的工程应用提供参考。     

动力型热管内R134a流动沸腾传热过程的特性

针对动力型热管内两相流沸腾过程复杂未知,实验复现性差的问题,搭建了动力型热管两相流沸腾传热实验装置,对水平管内R134a工质沸腾传热过程的沿程阻力特性及对流传热系数进行了实验研究,并将获得的实验数据与前人总结的压降、对流传热系数计算关联式进行对比分析。研究表明,Muller-Steinhagen-Heck压降关联式的积分值与实验结果吻合较好,误差在±10%以内;Mohseni关联式在干度大于0.1时所得对流传热系数与实验结果具有较好一致性,误差在±10%以内,但在干度小于0.1时存在较大偏差,部分误差已超30%,为此重新拟合了干度小于0.1时的对流传热系数关联式。该结果可为该类换热器的实验研究、数值模拟及优化设计提供有效的理论参考标准。     

动力型热管内R134a流动沸腾传热过程的特性

针对动力型热管内两相流沸腾过程复杂未知,实验复现性差的问题,搭建了动力型热管两相流沸腾传热实验装置,对水平管内R134a工质沸腾传热过程的沿程阻力特性及对流传热系数进行了实验研究,并将获得的实验数据与前人总结的压降、对流传热系数计算关联式进行对比分析。研究表明,Muller-Steinhagen-Heck压降关联式的积分值与实验结果吻合较好,误差在±10%以内;Mohseni关联式在干度大于0.1时所得对流传热系数与实验结果具有较好一致性,误差在±10%以内,但在干度小于0.1时存在较大偏差,部分误差已超30%,为此重新拟合了干度小于0.1时的对流传热系数关联式。该结果可为该类换热器的实验研究、数值模拟及优化设计提供有效的理论参考标准。     

聚合反应工程——第5章 非牛顿流体的传递过程(四)

5.4 非牛顿流体在搅拌釜内的传热 5.4.1 一般传热关联式 在对搅拌聚合釜进行设计放大时,传热是一个重要问题。搅拌釜通常采用冷却夹套或其他内冷构件(如内冷管、导流筒、中空内冷搅拌桨叶等)移热。在湍流域操作时,常以内冷直管或盘管作内冷构件,直管还兼具挡板作用;在层流域和过渡流域操作时,多用螺轴-导流筒搅拌器,这时把导流筒设计成传热面,也有以中空内冷搅拌桨叶作为内冷构件的。     

搅拌釜内流场实验研究与数值模拟的进展

概述了搅拌釜内流场实验研究与数值模拟的进展,介绍了速度场、混合时间、循环流量和温度场的各种测量方法,同时就搅拌釜内流场数值模拟中涉及的各种湍流模型以及旋转桨叶的处理方法进行了对比分析。最后指出传热特性、多相流以及多参数耦合数学模型是搅拌釜研究的重点。     

Concrete research on a micro- and a macro-scale

The paper pays tribute do Della Roy's contribution to concrete research both on the micro- and on the macro-scale. Good and bad research are briefly described. Distinction between research on a micro-scale and on a macro-scale is drawn, the latter being essential for improvement in concrete practice. The value of such research is justified by the economic consequences of its lack, examples being the production of less durable concrete than in the past and some concrete production problems.     

Mesomorphic transitions in a mixture of a flexible and a semi-rigid polymer

Phase studies on a mixture of two polymers are presented, one of which is mesomorphic. We have systematically examined the influence of the molecular weight of the flexible polymer (including the oligomers) and of the semi-flexible polymer. In addition to the effect of the molecular weight, specific interactions are important for compatibility and formation of a homogeneous mesomorphic phase. The nature of this phase is demonstrated to be cholesteric and the pitch is determined.     

Electrolytes: From a Thorn Comes a Rose,and from a Rose,a Thorn

In this article we take a stroll through the metaphorical rose garden, part of the flower garden, that is electrochemical storage systems. We take a closer look at batteries as the center‐pieces – the roses – and especially at the system component of batteries, the electrolyte and its development, throughout history. Just as a rose can only develop its unique beauty when taken good care of and provided with clean water and suitable nutrients, a battery cell cannot function without its electrolyte; the seemingly trivial component that has to juggle a multitude of requirements in order to make batteries truly bloom.     

Efficiency and uniformity comparisons between a diffusing-optics source and a lamp-imaging source

Integrating spheres, when used in a light source, offer a highly uniform illuminated area and, when used in conjunction with a reflective diffuse sleeve, can offer effeciencies equivalent to that of a lamp-imaging reflector system. The diffuse sleeve provides a means for the sphere to use light normally lost while maintaining a beam that is substantially more uniform than the reflector system. This article describes a test comparison between a modified diffuse integrating sphere source and a lamp-imaging optics source.     

《中国涂料》亦师亦友——祝贺《中国涂料》创刊20周年

1986年3月,由中国涂料工业协会主办的《中国涂料》杂志创刊,至今已20周年了。20年,历史的一瞬间。《中国涂料》伴随着中国涂料工业的发展而发展,它博采众作者的成果、经验、知识和信息等服务于涂料工业,它是我们涂料工作者的良师益友。当你想了解中国涂料行业运行情况时,是《中国涂料》通过其每年的涂料行业经济运行情况分析等文章,以翔实的数据和深刻的分析,告诉你:涂料行业生产和销售等情况,以及未来发展趋势。当你要作规划或办新厂时,《中国涂料》上刘登良执笔的《涂料行业“十一五”发展规划思路》,分析了涂料行业现状和“十一五”面临…     

Guncreting a bell and shaft of a blast furnace

Conclusions The preparation of the lining of a bell by concreting has advantages over other methods. Guncreting the lining of the bell and shaft reduces material and labor outlay.Shaft repairs and subsequent service of the guncreted concrete show that it is possible to use guncreting for capital repairs to the second series without destroying the old lining of the shaft.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 7, pp. 7–9, July, 1969.     

Comparison between a linear and a branched low-density polyethylene

Two low-density polyethylenes, a linear low-pressure (LLDPE) and a branched high-pressure (LDPE), have been compared. Their shear and extensional behavior and melt fracture phenomena have been investigated, and some mechanical and optical properties of their blown films have been measured. The rheological analysis showed major differences between the samples, both in shear viscosity and in elongational viscosity. The LLDPE exhibited two types of melt fracture, the first of which—a fine scale extrudate roughness—was not shown by the LDPE and appeared at a very low shear rate. The concomitance in LLDPE of a high shear viscosity and a low elongational viscosity and the presence of melt fracture at low shear rate resulted in its more difficult processing into film. The mechanical properties of the LLDPE film approached those of high-density polyethylene while the optical characteristics were in the range of LDPE. Such a coexistence of properties makes LLDPE an interesting material for film production.     

Modeling of a grinding circuit with a swing-hammer mill and a twin-cone classifier

A model was formulated for a continuous, air-swept milling system, assuming the mill to be fully mixed, with all particles leaving the mill in the air stream. The air-sweeping effect was treated as an internal classification which allows fine particles to leave and returns coarse particles for regrinding. The kinetic parameters for the continuous model were estimated using experimental data from a continuous pilot-plant air-swept swing-hammer mill. Functional forms that provide information regarding the power, the internal classification action of the mill, and the action of the external classifier, were deduced for different plant conditions. It was found that the specific rates of breakage could be assumed to vary with particle size according to S_i = a(x_i/x_o)^α, where the value of α was 1.3 for the coal used in the tests. The values of a varied with mill hold-up W, giving a maximum of aW as W became large. The primary breakage distribution values were assumed to be normalized, giving a value of characteristic slope of γ = 0.60.