关于推广“DR系列电热锅炉”的文件

国家科委成果办对上海广安工程应用技术有限公司研制开发的新产品──DR系列电热锅炉推广应用的通知，全文如下：为了弥补以煤、油或天然气作燃料的传统锅炉的不足，八十年代初期，国外一些工业发达国家开始研制和生产电热锅炉，并已用于军事、航天等尖端科技领域和食品加工、中央空调、大型游泳池和宾馆、公寓供热水等民用场合，且应用领域在不断扩大。为适应我国改革开放和经济发展的需要，上海广安工程应用技术有限公司研制开发成功新型DR系列广安电热锅炉。它包括DRS系列电热热水锅炉、DRQ系列电热蒸汽锅炉和DSX系列不锈钢电热水…     

DZL系列卧式快装锅炉保温层改进设计

ＤＺＬ系列卧式快装锅炉保温层改进设计白鹤峰，华文淦（青海矿山机械厂）ＤＺＬ系列卧式快装锅炉是我国６０年代末发展起来的一种工业锅炉。２０余年来各生产厂在该锅炉原设计的基础上，在锅炉本体、炉拱、燃烧设备、鼓引风系统等方面进行了改进，使其更加完善。本文将本...     

标准椭球形封头螺纹烟管DZL系列锅炉设计

给出了标准椭球形封头螺纹烟管ＤＺＬ系列锅炉的基本结构形式和它的显著优点,论证了该系列锅炉与ＫＺＬ和拱形管板锅炉之间的温度应力变化的差别并给出了该系列锅炉的基本结构参数,对该型锅炉的发展有探索意义。     

浅谈新型DZ水火管系列锅炉的成长与发展

本文首先分析了 DZ 系列锅炉的演变过程及其在结构上存在的一些问题。详尽地介绍了国内几家锅炉厂生产的 DZ 系列锅炉的新炉型。最后提出了 DZ 系列锅炉今后发展方向。     

国外高等级锅炉用耐热钢管国产化问题探讨

介绍了我国锅炉用钢系列及国外高等级耐热钢国产化进展，结合对锅炉规程征求意见稿材料篇的理解，探讨了该类钢国产化开发仍需要考虑的一些问题，期望有助于推动其国产化。     

锅炉

SZL系列锅炉；余熟锅炉系列；有机热载体加热炉；碳素窑余热锅炉；玻璃窑余熟锅炉;……     

北京西山风机有限公司及其新型锅炉通、引风机

随着燃煤锅炉的发展， 国内出现了自行开发研制的锅炉通、 引风机； 随着环保、 节能的需求， 国内出现了匹配合理、 性能优良的锅炉通、 引风机。北京西山风机有限公司和清华大学力学系共同开发研制的6-41系列锅炉通、 引风机在上述时空中应运而生。从1995年下半年开始， 我厂     

一台35 t/h锅炉过热蒸汽超温及燃烧系统故障的改造

某电厂35t/h锅炉过热蒸汽超温和燃烧系统故障为背景，根据自身的设备和运行状况，介绍了系列改造措施：通过燃烧设备改造，强化锅炉燃烧，提高减温器的减温能力，投用高加等来提高锅炉出力和热效率，改善，并全厂机组系统运行的经济性。     

开创能效新时代

近日，德国成能公司在北京举行了以“开创能效新时代”为主题的“成能公司开放日”活动，向中国市场推出以节能环保为主要特点的超能（冷凝）壁挂锅炉、热泵和太阳能三个系列供热和生活热水产品。成能ecoMAX系列高效燃气壁挂超能（冷凝）锅炉利用潜热回收技术，比原有常规锅炉节省15％～20％的能源消耗，根据系统需求变化自动调节采暖和生活热水的供应。     

YD5.78烟气挡板门的设计与探讨

YD系列烟气挡板门是燃气轮机余热锅炉必不可少的部件，它在整个烟气系统里起了三通转换阀的作用：关闭锅炉侧进口，燃机排气直接进入旁路烟囱，排入大气，系统单循环发电；关闭旁通侧进口，燃机排气进入余热锅炉，实现余热再利用，系统联合循环发电。     

Novel predictive tools for design of radiant and convective sections of direct fired heaters

Direct fired heaters are used considerably in the energy related industries and petroleum industries for heating crude oil in the petroleum refining and petrochemical sectors. The aim of the current study is to formulate simple-to-use correlations to design the radiant and convective sections of direct fired heaters. The developed tools are easier than currently available models and involves a fewer number of parameters, requiring less complicated and shorter computations. Firstly, a simple correlation is developed to provide an accurate and rapid prediction of the absorbed heat in the radiant section of a fired heater, expressed as a fraction of the total net heat liberation, in terms of the average heat flux to the tubes, the arrangement of the tubes (circumferential), and the air to fuel mass ratio. Secondly, another simple correlation is developed to approximate external heat transfer coefficients for 75, 100, and 150 mm nominal pipe size (NPS) steel pipes arranged in staggered rows and surrounded by combustion gases. Finally, a simple correlation is presented to predict the gross thermal efficiency as a function of percent excess air and stack gas temperature. This study shows that the proposed method has a good agreement with the available reliable data in the literature. The average absolute deviations between reported data and the proposed correlations are found to be around 1.5% demonstrating the excellent performance of proposed predictive tool. The proposed simple-to-use method can be of significant practical value for the engineers and scientists to have a quick check on the design of radiant and convective sections of direct fired heater. In particular, mechanical and process engineers would find the proposed approach to be user-friendly involving no complex expressions with transparent and easy to understand calculations.     

Analysis of the influence of operating conditions on fouling rates in fired heaters

Fouling due to chemical reaction in preheat trains for the processing of crude oil plays a key role in the operation and maintenance costs and on greenhouse emissions to atmosphere in crude processing plants. A preheat train consists of a set of heat transfer units that provide the crude oil stream the required amount of thermal energy to reach its target temperature either by heat recovery or by direct firing. Fired heaters supply external high temperature heating through the burning of fuel which result in complex heat transfer processes due to the large temperature and pressure changes and vaporization that takes place inside the unit. In this work, a thermo-hydraulic analysis of the performance of fired heaters is carried out through the application of commercial software to solve the mathematical models using finite difference methods; the analysis is applied to the crude side of a vertical fired heater in order to evaluate the impact of process conditions such as throughput and crude inlet temperature (CIT) on the fouling that take place at the early stages of operation. Using a fouling rate model based on thermo-hydraulic parameters, fouling rates are predicted assuming steady state operation and clean conditions. Although variations in process conditions are known to influence fouling rates, little work has been done on the subject. In this work excess air and steam injection are studied as a means to mitigate fouling. Results show that throughput reduction brings about a marked increase in the fouling rates. A decrease in CIT affects only the convection zone and it is found that this effect is negligible. In terms of excess air, it is found that although it affects negatively the heater efficiency it can be used to balance heat transfer between the convection and radiation zone in a way that fouling rates are reduced; however this strategy should be considered right from the design stage. Finally it is observed that steam injection is an effective method to reduce fouling rates since it results in lower film temperatures and larger shear stress.     

Experimental study on titanium heat exchanger used in a gas fired water heater for latent heat recovery

In general, latent heat recovery is usually accompanied by the corrosion of the heat exchanger, which is caused by the strongly acidic condensate when the temperature of the flue gas is lowered below the acid dew point. The present study has been conducted to investigate the heat and mass transfer characteristics in a titanium heat exchanger with excellent corrosion resistance used for waste heat recovery with the condensation arranged in a gas fired water heater. In addition, the thermal efficiency of the gas fired water heater was evaluated based on the net calorific value at the maximum rated output during latent heat recovery from the exhaust flue gas. Parametric studies were conducted for the flue gas flow rate, inlet temperature and mass flow rate of the supplied water, respectively. Different arrangements of the tubes of the heat exchanger including in-line and staggered configurations were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the thermal efficiency of the gas fired water heater with a latent heat recovery (LHR) heat exchanger was enhanced by about 10% compared with conventional instantaneous water heaters, i.e., water heaters without heat recovery. In addition, in terms of the Nusselt number and the Sherwood number, the heat and mass transfer performance of the staggered tube bank type were approximately 50% and 10% higher than that on the in-line tube bank type when the Reynolds number of the flue gas was 10³.     

An option for solar thermal repowering of fossil fuel fired power plants

Global climate change urges immediate measures to be taken to limit greenhouse gas emission coming from the fossil fuel fired power plants. Solar thermal energy can be involved in different ways in existing power generation plants in order to replace heat produced by fossil fuels.Solar field feed water preheating is mainly discussed in this paper as an option for fast and feasible RES penetration. Rankine regenerative steam cycled power plant has been modelled with Thermoflow software. The plant model incorporates also a field with solar Fresnel collectors that directly heats boiler’s feed water. The proposed plant modification yields substantial fossil fuel input reduction. The best results can be obtained when the group of high pressure heaters is replaced and feed water temperature exceeds its original design value. The solar power generation share can reach up to 23% of the power plant capacity in this case, having efficiency higher than 39% for the best solar hour of the year.     

Identifying and quantifying energy savings on fired plant using low cost modelling techniques

Combustion in fired heaters, boilers and furnaces often accounts for the major energy consumption on industrial processes. Small improvements in efficiency can result in large reductions in energy consumption, CO₂ emissions, and operating costs. This paper will describe some useful low cost modelling techniques based on the zone method to help identify energy saving opportunities on high temperature fuel-fired process plant.The zone method has for many decades, been successfully applied to small batch furnaces through to large steel-reheating furnaces, glass tanks, boilers and fired heaters on petrochemical plant. Zone models can simulate both steady-state furnace operation and more complex transient operation typical of a production environment. These models can be used to predict thermal efficiency and performance, and more importantly, to assist in identifying and predicting energy saving opportunities from such measures as:

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Improving air/fuel ratio and temperature controls.

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Improved insulation.

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Use of oxygen or oxygen enrichment.

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Air preheating via flue gas heat recovery.

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Modification to furnace geometry and hearth loading.

There is also increasing interest in the application of refractory coatings for increasing surface radiation in fired plant. All of the techniques can yield savings ranging from a few percent upwards and can deliver rapid financial payback, but their evaluation often requires robust and reliable models in order to increase confidence in making financial investment decisions. This paper gives examples of how low cost modelling techniques can be applied to improve confidence in implementing energy efficiency improvements whilst safeguarding manufacturing output and quality.     

Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming model for the optimal design of fired heaters

In this paper, a mathematical optimization model for the optimal design of industrial furnaces/fired heaters is presented. Precisely, a detailed Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) model including operational and geometric constraints is developed to get an efficient furnace design. Discrete decisions connected with the geometric design such as number of tubes in convection and radiation sections, number of shield tubes, number of passes and number of tubes per pass are modelled by using integer variables. Continuous variables are used for process conditions (temperatures, flow-rates, pressure, velocities, pressure drops among others).The mathematical model and the solution procedure are implemented in General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS), Brooke [A. Brooke, D. Kendrick, A. Meeraus, A. A. GAMS – A User’s Guide (Release 2.25), The Scientific Press, San Francisco, CA, 1992]. Based on a typical furnace configuration, several applications are successfully solved by applying the proposed MINLP model. In this paper, three case studies with increasing complexity are presented. In the first case study, the accuracy of results from the proposed model is compared satisfactorily with literature. In the second case study, the MINLP model is applied to optimize the fire heater’s efficiency. Finally, the total annual cost of the fired heater is minimized in the Case Study III. Also, a sensitive analysis of the unitary cost of fuel and capital investment is investigated. The developed model is characterized by its robustness and flexibility.     

Modeling of the fired preheater of crude oil considering the effect of geometrical parameters on fuel consumption

Prominent equipment with a very high demand for fuels in refineries is the fired preheater of crude oil. There are two main reasons to investigate the energy usage of such fired heaters. First, this is essential to the economic value of the refinery process unit and second, this is located at the beginning of the process line, which causes inefficient performance or damage in downstream equipment if it is not tuned properly. This paper concentrates on the thermal modeling of a fired heater of crude oil to evaluate the effect of influential parameters on fuel consumption. As the number of variables is markedly high, and considering the complexity of thermal modeling, all equations in a code yield predefined heater efficiency. Results from the model show that the increase in heater size yields a decrease in efficiency. It was also found that with a constant dimension of the fired heater, change in the number of pipes is much less influential rather than more inexpensive ideas like increasing speed of the burning gas on reduction of the fuel consumption. In other words, it was found that a distance of 500–650 mm from the center to the center distance of the pipes is the optimal distance to reduce fuel consumption.     

基于超音速激波升压装置的回热系统的热经济性分析

本文通过超音速激波升压装置替代常规的加热器，建立了超音速激波升压回热系统。在此替代基础上，用等效热降理论分析了替代机组的热经济性变化情况，建立了替代机组热经济性变化的通用计算数学公式。实例计算结果表明通过超音速激波升压装置替代常规加热器，可以在较大程度上提高火电厂的热经济性。     

Efficiency of solar air heaters

This paper proposes a method for finding the efficiency of solar air heaters based on a comparison of their thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics with the thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of flat plate-type solar air heaters. Calculations performed for different designs of air heaters have shown the great potential of this method to create efficient designs of solar air heaters.     

应用层次分析法综合评价家用太阳热水器

采用层次分析法对家用太阳热水器的热性能，经济性，可靠性以及使用寿命等多项因素进行综合评价。通过建立评价家用太阳热水器的层次结构及确定评价指标，借助计算机计算模型，可简捷，方便地排出各种不同型式家用太阳热水器的优劣，为用户选择产品和生产厂家优化设计提供依据，也可用来作为评比太阳热水器的一种方法。