热成形钢板与双相钢板焊点失效模式研究

针对热成形钢板与双相钢板的焊点失效模式,采用试验+模拟的方法进行研究。通过数值模拟得到了合适的焊接工艺窗口,在此基础上研究了焊接时间、熔核偏移等对焊点力学性能的影响。拉剪试验结果表明：随着焊接时间的延长,焊点失效模式由界面断裂向熔核拔出转变。研究失效模式发现,熔核偏移对熔核拔出失效部位影响极大,即薄板与厚板焊接时,熔核更容易从薄板拔出;板厚相同时,熔核更容易从热成形钢侧拔出。最后结合试验数据建立了焊点力学模型,得到热成形钢板和双相钢板焊点失效准则。     

高强钢管板单面电阻点焊工艺实验研究

针对高强钢管板单面电阻点焊工艺,通过实验研究,分析了接头熔核形态,揭示了焊接电流、电极压力、管材半径和电极错位等参数对焊接变形和拉剪强度的影响规律.研究结果可为管板单面点焊焊接质量监控方法研究提供参考.     

不锈钢多脉冲点焊过程热膨胀电极位移的变化规律

热膨胀电极位移是反映电阻点焊质量变化的重要指标,然而多脉冲焊接条件下热膨胀电极位移的动态变化与熔核生长的关系规律尚不清楚。基于商业有限元仿真软件ANSYS建立2D轴对称电-热-力耦合模型,对奥氏体不锈钢点焊过程中熔核生长、热膨胀电极位移变化以及各阶段电流对熔核形成的影响规律进行研究,并通过点焊实验对数值计算模型的有效性进行验证。研究结果表明:熔核首先在工件接触面处产生,然后沿径向与厚度方向生长,最终形成椭球状焊核;热膨胀电极位移与液态熔核尺寸具有相同的变化趋势,在焊接后期熔核进入平稳生长后,二者趋于线性相关。多脉冲焊接条件下焊接脉冲对熔核生长影响最大,预热脉冲和回火脉冲对其无明显影响。     

以NiCr合金为中间层电阻点焊钛与不锈钢接头的组织与剪切力

以100μm厚的NiCr合金为中间层对TA1钛板与SUS304不锈钢板进行电阻点焊,观察并分析了接头的组织特征,研究了焊接工艺参数对接头熔核尺寸和剪切力的影响。结果表明:在熔核区外侧界面处的近钛侧形成了厚约50μm的由α-Ti和Ti_2Ni组成的反应物层;在熔核与钛之间存在厚约15μm的由α-Ti和TiFe组成的反应物层,与不锈钢之间存在厚约7μm的由TiFe_2和铁组成的反应物层,熔核中部主要由TiFe和TiFe_2混合物组成;接头熔核直径随焊接电流的增大和焊接时间的延长而增大,随电极压力的增大而稍微下降;接头剪切力随焊接电流和电极压力的增大以及焊接时间的延长呈先增大后下降的趋势;剪切试验后,接头均在结合界面处撕裂。     

三层不锈钢板电阻点焊温度场数值模拟

根据三层不锈钢板电阻点焊熔核形成过程,建立了模拟三层板点焊温度场的轴对称有限元模型。在分析了三层板点焊的热电过程基础上,计算结果表明三层板点焊熔核初期是先形成包含中间板和上下工件/工件接触面的较小的熔核,随时间延长,熔核再沿轴向和径向逐渐长大的过程。通过试验验证表明,数值模拟结果与实际吻合良好。该模型为进一步的电阻点焊多层板的温度场和应力场分析提供了基础。     

点焊熔核尺寸与工艺参数关系的模型化处理

针对生产中常用的 1Cr18Ni9Ti板材 ,采用正交试验设计法研究了其交流点焊接头的熔核尺寸 (熔核直径、焊透率 )受主要焊接工艺参数影响的规律性。对实验数据进行了多元线性回归 ,建立了熔核尺寸与焊接电流、焊接时间、电极压力、电极端面尺寸、工件厚度之间关系的数学模型 ,并采用该模型对熔核尺寸进行了预测     

基于气熔比的氧化锆陶瓷薄板激光切割质量研究

采用一种基于气熔比控制的激光精密切割方法,研究了气熔比和板厚对激光切割氧化锆陶瓷板质量的影响,即气熔比对切缝质量、切面条纹形貌及粗糙度的影响。对气熔比分别为0.099、0.160、0.184和0.202的4组试件进行观测,发现提高气熔比可明显改善切缝质量,增大切面条纹光滑区长度和条纹波长,切面粗糙度由6.969μm降低到2.482μm。同时对板厚分别为0.8mm、1.0mm、1.5mm、3.0mm的4组试件进行观测,随着板厚的增加,气熔比减小,切缝质量降低,切面粗糙度由5.946μm降低到2.287μm。板厚为0.8mm、1.0mm时,切面为较光滑的周期性条纹;板厚为1.5mm时,切面呈现两个区域,即光滑区和粗糙区;当板厚增加到3.0mm时,切面呈现三个区域,即光滑区、粗糙区和鳞状层叠区。综合研究气熔比和板厚可以加深对激光切割机理的认识,为提高氧化锆陶瓷板的激光切割质量提供理论与实验依据。     

高强钢电阻点焊数值模拟及金相研究

针对常用的超高强度钢点焊件进行研究,利用有限元软件对1.5 mm厚的超高强度热成形钢点焊熔核的形成过程进行了数值模拟,对点焊过程中的温度场分布进行了详细的分析,分析了熔核的生长规律和影响因素。通过点焊接头的金相组织研究了焊接接头不同区域的金属组织,发现点焊热影响区可以分为不完全重结晶区、细晶区以及粗晶区;而熔核区为柱状晶形态的马氏体组织,熔核热影响区组织分布不均,夹杂着铁素体,热成形钢母材主要为比较细小的马氏体组织,硬度以及强度都很高。     

热成形钢磁控电阻点焊工艺实验

热成形钢在车身中的逐步应用对传统钢制车身中应用最为广泛的电阻点焊技术提出了挑战。磁控电阻点焊技术是一种在传统电阻点焊工艺基础上形成的新兴磁辅助加工技术,拥有较好的应用前景。通过实验方法,在热成形钢电阻点焊过程中施加不同强度的外加磁场,通过对比分析接头熔核的宏观形貌、微观组织与力学性能的变化规律,系统研究外加水平磁场对热成形钢点焊接头的影响,结果表明:在外磁场的影响下,HS1300T铝硅镀层热成形钢的熔核直径和接头拉剪强度都明显增大,并且熔核中心产生的裂纹、缩孔等焊接缺陷都受到了有效的抑制。同时外磁场明显细化了熔核区域的晶粒,熔核边缘粗大马氏体的方向性明显减弱,熔核区硬度分布更加均匀。     

21／4Cr—1Mo不锈钢带极堆焊工艺研究及应用

通过对加氢裂化高压换热器管板的焊制,研究了堆焊规范对堆焊层的表面质量、熔入度、稀释率、熔敷金属韧性、铁素体体含量的影响,并分析了热处理工艺对堆焊层性能的影响。试验结果表明:双复层带极埋弧自动堆焊耐蚀效果最佳。     

Study on the thermo-effect of nugget growing in single-phase AC resistance spot welding based on the calculation of dynamic resistance

According to the welding current and electrode voltage detected in resistance spot welding, the dynamic resistance was calculated and the nugget growing thermo-effect in process of nugget forming was studied. The results showed that the process of nugget growth in resistance spot welding can be divided into three stages, which were initial stage, growing stage and stable stage. The welding current provided energy for nugget growth, which showed a high linear relationship with mean dynamic resistance and more prominent polynomial relationship with dynamic resistance heat. The dynamic resistance heat was an important evaluating indicator to the nugget growing thermo-effect, which was closely related to the characteristics of nugget forming. As the dynamic resistance heat was increased, the nugget diameter and tensile shear strength of spot weld were raised and showed a more prominent polynomial relationship. According to the calculation of dynamic resistance heat, these relationships provided a method for the nondestructive test of nugget quality features.     

Characterization of nugget nucleation quality based on the structure-borne acoustic emission signals detected during resistance spot welding process

Acoustic emission signals detected during the resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy were studied in order to assess the characterizations of welding process, the characterizations of the effect of welding parameters to nugget nucleation and the characterizations of the nugget quality by the analysis to acoustic emission signals. The results showed that the physical phases of nugget nucleation can be characterized by the acoustic emission signals detected during the resistance spot welding process. The effects of welding current and current duration to nugget nucleation can be characterized by the characteristic parameters of acoustic emission signals. The characteristic parameters of acoustic emission signals had a better relevance to nugget dimensions and weld strength, which made it possible to measure or predict the weld strength by the characteristic parameters of acoustic emission signals detected during the resistance spot welding process.     

Online nugget diameter control system for resistance spot welding

The aim of this paper is to provide an integrated real-time control system for resistance spot welding (RSW), which is capable of producing welds with predetermined nugget diameters. Nugget diameter is a commonly used criterion for estimating the weld quality; thus, the system can be used for online quality control of RSW. The proposed system consists of two parts: a constant current controller and an online nugget diameter estimator. The constant current controller is used to guarantee the consistency of the nugget formation and growth during the welding process, while the online nugget diameter estimator can be used as a sensor for online estimation of the nugget diameter. The proposed online nugget diameter estimator is a mathematical function of the heat energy absorbed by the weld, which is taken into account only after the time when the first melting point of a weld appears. This time can be obtained by means of the dynamic resistance curve with a high resolution. A mathematical model of the online nugget diameter estimator is proposed and realized based on the experiment results and mathematical analysis. The welding process would be terminated when the difference between the actual nugget diameter and the predetermined desired value is within a given tolerance. According to a series of experiments, the welds used in the experiments had nugget diameters, which were well within the limits and the errors were within the given tolerance.     

Grey relational and neural network approach for multi-objective optimization in small scale resistance spot welding of titanium alloy

The prediction and optimization of weld quality characteristics in small scale resistance spot welding of TC2 titanium alloy were investigated. Grey relational analysis, neural network and genetic algorithm were applied separately. Quality characteristics were selected as nugget diameter, failure load, failure displacement and failure energy. Welding parameters to be optimized were set as electrode force, welding current and welding time. Grey relational analysis was conducted for a rough estimation of the optimum welding parameters. Results showed that welding current played a key role in weld quality improvement. Different back propagation neural network architectures were then arranged to predict multiple quality characteristics. Interaction effects of welding parameters were analyzed with the proposed neural network. Failure load was found more sensitive to the change of welding parameters than nugget diameter. Optimum welding parameters were determined by genetic algorithm. The predicted responses showed good agreement with confirmation experiments.

     

胶焊搭接接头的应力分布和疲劳行为研究

考察了胶焊接头焊点区的结构组成和硬度分布,建立了胶焊接头的计算模型,模型中计人了若干结构细节,使之与实际接头更为接近。计算并对比研究了胶焊和点焊、胶焊和胶接接头中的应力。通过疲劳试验获得了三种接头的－Ｎ曲线,研究了三种接头的疲劳性能和断裂特征。结果表明,数值分析所得应力与疲劳性能试验结果及试验现象吻合良好。在电阻点焊接头中采用胶粘剂,可大大改善电阻点焊接头的疲劳性能,而焊点对胶接接头的疲劳性能有不利影响。     

Design, fabrication, and implementation of thermally driven outdoor testing devices for building joint sealants

The paper describes the development, implementation, and testing of two thermally driven outdoor exposure instruments. These devices are unique in their ability to impose field generated thermally induced strain on sealant specimens while monitoring their resulting load and displacement. The instruments combine a fixed wood and steel supporting frame with a moving polyvinyl chloride frame, and employ differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the supporting frame and moving frame to induce strain on the sealant specimens. Two different kinds of instruments have been fabricated, "winter/tension" and "winter/compression" designs. In the winter/tension design, the thermally induced dimensional change is directly transferred to the specimens; while in the winter/compression design, the samples are loaded in an opposite direction with the dimensional change. Both designs are instrumented to monitor load and displacement and are built so that the strain on the specimen does not exceed ±25% over the range of temperatures expected in Gaithersburg, MD. Additionally, a weather station is colocated with the device to record environmental conditions in 1 min intervals. This combination of weather information with mechanical property data enables a direct link between environmental conditions and the corresponding sealant response. The reliability and effectiveness of these instruments are demonstrated with a typical sealant material. The results show that the instruments work according to the design criteria and provide a meaningful quantitative platform to monitor the mechanical response of sealant exposed to outdoor weathering.     

Magnetic Thermal Method for Controlling Geometric Characteristics of Fusion Joints by Contact and Arc Welding

A new approach to estimating the quality of joints made by contact spot welding and arc welding is proposed on the basis of studies on the interaction of thermal and electromagnetic fields during welding of St3 steel. Parts welded by contact spot welding are magnetized by a solenoid immediately after the welding current is switched off. The diameter of the cast nugget is estimated from the change in the normal component of residual induction in the center of the contact spot of an electrode. The parts to be arc-welded are magnetized before welding. The fusion depth is estimated from the size of the demagnetization band adjacent to the weld.     

不锈钢单侧磁控电阻点焊工艺研究

为提高单侧焊接接头的质量,减少焊接缺陷,基于传统双侧轴向磁化装置,设计了一种适用于单侧电阻点焊设备的单侧径向充磁磁控装置。通过与传统电阻点焊进行对比性实验,研究了传统焊点与单侧磁控焊点随焊接电流的变化规律,揭示了单侧磁控电阻点焊装置对焊点熔核形貌、熔核尺寸、微观组织、力学性能等方面的作用机制及改善效果,验证了单侧磁控电阻点焊工艺的可行性。     

薄板点焊热过程的有限元分析

基于ANSYS有限元分析系统,建立用于点焊瞬态热过程分析的电热耦合有限元模型,考虑随温度变化的材料特 性参数、相变以及对流边界条件等,对点焊过程中的接触问题进行适当简化。通过对低碳钢薄板点焊过程的分析,得到 点焊接头的温度场及各部位的热历程,模拟了焊核形成过程,求得焊核及热影响区的形状和尺寸。     

Quality monitoring based on dynamic resistance and principal component analysis in small scale resistance spot welding process

The present study aims at solving weld quality monitoring problem in small scale resistance spot welding of titanium alloy. Typical dynamic resistance curves were divided into several stages based on the weld nugget formation process. A smaller electrode force or lower welding current was found to promote the initial resistance peak. The bulk material heating stage could not be detected under very high welding current condition. Electrode force effect on dynamic resistance and failure load was much smaller than that of welding current. Principal component analysis was made on discrete dynamic resistance values. The first principal component was selected as independent variable in regression analysis for quality estimation. A back propagation neural network model was then proposed to simultaneously predict the nugget size and failure load. The electrode force, welding current, welding time, and first five principal components were designed as network inputs. Effectiveness of the developed model was validated through data training, testing, and validation. The realtime and online quality monitoring purpose could be realized.