基于时态变量对象关系模型及代数运算

时态数据处理多是基于关系数据库平台,时态数据库模型也以时态关系数据模型为主.关系数据模型难以处理具有复杂类型的数据对象,而面向对象数据模型还缺乏商业化应用平台.现有关系数据库平台大多增加了面向对象基本功能,形成了对象关系数据库系统,因此将对象关系数据模型进行时态扩充就显得十分必要和具有可行性.首先在现有时态关系数据模型基础上,提出了一种基于对象关系双时态数据模型,而这种数据模型适合于在现有数据库平台上实现;其次,在该模型框架内,讨论了时态对象关系模式与时态关系模式相互间的联系与转换,这也是由时态关系扩充到对象关系的基本要求;再次,分析了时态模型中时态变量复杂语义和相应绑定算法,这是时态数据库能够有效运行的基本课题之一;最后,研究了基于时态变量复杂语义的时态对象关系数据操作代数,从而为时态对象关系模式的查询进行了必要的理论探讨.     

模糊时态数据库关系代数演算规则分析

为了解决时态数据库对客观世界更符合实际抽象描述,能有效表示和处理复杂对象的模糊时态特性,从基本模糊时态数据模型入手,定义了一系列模糊时态关系操作元素,并论证了模糊时态区间关系代数的语法和语义,建立了一个能描述模糊时态信息的关系代数理论体系.避免了时态数据库不能提供表达模糊时态信息的环境设施,也增强了现有的时态数据库描述模糊事物特性的能力.     

时空数据库中数据建模的研究

研究了时空数据库中的时空建模技术。早期表示时空信息的数据模型通常用基于几何学的空间对象来表示实体，重要的特性都用空间对象的属性来表示。时态信息可以与基于时间戳的独立层次相关联，也可以与独立的空间对象相关联。随着时空建模的进一步发展，出现了面向对象的数据模型和基于事件的数据模型。综合研究了这些典型的时空数据模型，讨论了它们的应用及时空分析建模的作用。此外介绍了针对移动对象的数据类型的建模方法，以及在时空分析数据库管理系统STADBS中，基于Realms的二级平衡二叉树的时空数据模型。     

海战场时空关系研究

时空关系是时空数据模型中体现时空语义的重要部分,在海战场时空数据模型整体框架中起着重要的作用。根据海战场数据特点对现有空间、时态关系表达方式进行了遴选分析并修改补充,建立了完整的海战场时空关系表达方式,着重论述了海战场时空拓扑关系的表达。在此基础上,分析了海战场时空关系的应用情景,提出了适于海战场时空关系的表达运算。     

基于BCDM的含有变量的双时态关系代数研究*

在BCDM(双时态概念数据模型)中,时间变元Now和UC的存在解决了时态记录的频繁更新问题;但是时态变元的存在又给数据库的操作带来某种不确定性甚至是错误,同时引起关系代数运算的歧义。基于BCDM,通过绑定时间变元,用时态映射的集合定义时态关系,由此建立了一种含有时间变元的双时态关系代数体系。该关系代数体系在双时态运算下是封闭的。     

基于特征的时空数据模型：研究进展与问题探讨

首先分析了时空数据模型的不同层次,指出了当前时空数据模型存在的主要问题,认为目前的时空数据模型缺少对地理现象的显式定义和基础关系描述,不能在语义层次上实现数据共享,传统的基于专题地理分层的空间数据表达思想,和单一图层内以矢量或栅格数据结构基本单元作为地理实体或现象基本建模单元的表达方式,对于复杂地理实体或现象的描述及地理过程分布存在严重不足,提出发展基于特征的时空数据模型是新一代地理信息系统的核心所在;讨论了基于特征的概念模型要素以相互关系,提出了基于特征的时空数据模型所面临的关键技术。     

基于Geodatabase的面向对象时空数据模型

针对时空数据模型与时态地理信息系统研究中存在的几类问题,提出了一种通用的面向对象时空数据模型GOO—STDM。该模型从时空对象的基本属性和行为出发,运用面向对象方法,将地学对象封装为空间、专题、时间的整体,满足地学对象的what／where／when语义,具有良好的扩展性。在GOO-STDM基础上,利用Geodatabase模型,采用定制ArcGIS的方法,实现了支持双时态语义的原型TGIS系统,既能满足时空表达的需要,又继承了ArcGIS系统的功能。     

基于事件对象的时空数据模型的扩展与实现

文章通过对几种具有代表性的时空数据模型的比较,深入探讨事件的时空语义,进一步扩展基于事件的时空数据模型,使其适用于高层时态查询、时空一体化的对象标识、数据更新等操作,以实现动态空间数据的追踪和分析,并给出了时空一体化城建系统的实例。     

基于UML类图的模糊时空数据建模

模糊性广泛存在于时空应用领域,现有的时空数据模型缺乏描述和表达模糊时空对象内在机制和语义关系的能力。通过研究模糊时空数据语义,给出了模糊时空数据模型的形式化定义,在此基础上对UML类图进行扩展,提出一种模糊时空UML数据模型,并用例子说明本文所提模糊时空数据模型的可用性。     

面向对象的3级结构时空数据模型

时态GIS的组织核心是地理时空数据库。时空数据模型则是时空数据库的基础。文中对已有的时态属性数据表达方法，时空数据模型进行了系统的分析。对设计时空数据模型所必须解决的问题进行了讨论。从面向对象的基本概念出发，着重阐述了面向对象时空数据模型的设计方法，完整地定义和描述了时空数据模型所涉及的时空对象类型。文中还对模型的时态属性数据组织和空间对象的时态处理进行了描述。     

面向虚拟地理环境的语义数据模型*

针对当前虚拟地理环境中语义信息表达不足问题,提出了一种面向虚拟地理环境的语义数据模型,能够有效表达几何信息、拓扑信息、语义信息和属性信息,并对这些信息进行关联来表达实体。设计了面向虚拟地理环境的集成空间数据结构,综合表达地上、地表和地下空间实体,通过实体的分类和分解来表达实体的语义信息;依据此语义数据模型,实现了地上建筑物和地形的无缝集成。该语义数据模型能够对虚拟地理环境中的实体进行无歧义表达。     

An extended algebra for constraint databases

Constraint relational databases use constraints to both model and query data. A constraint relation contains a finite set of generalized tuples. Each generalized tuple is represented by a conjunction of constraints on a given logical theory and, depending on the logical theory and the specific conjunction of constraints, it may possibly represent an infinite set of relational tuples. For their characteristics, constraint databases are well suited to model multidimensional and structured data, like spatial and temporal data. The definition of an algebra for constraint relational databases is important in order to make constraint databases a practical technology. We extend the previously defined constraint algebra (called generalized relational algebra). First, we show that the relational model is not the only possible semantic reference model for constraint relational databases and we show how constraint relations can be interpreted under the nested relational model. Then, we introduce two distinct classes of constraint algebras, one based on the relational algebra, and one based on the nested relational algebra, and we present an algebra of the latter type. The algebra is proved equivalent to the generalized relational algebra when input relations are modified by introducing generalized tuple identifiers. However, from a user point of view, it is more suitable. Thus, the difference existing between such algebras is similar to the difference existing between the relational algebra and the nested relational algebra, dealing with only one level of nesting. We also show how external functions can be added to the proposed algebra     

An Object Algebra Approach to Multidatabase Query Decomposition in Donají

This paper presents an approach to query decomposition in a multidatabase environment. The unique aspect of this approach is that it is based on performing transformations over an object algebra that can be used as the basis for a global query language. In the paper, we first present our multidatabase environment and semantic framework, where a global conceptual schema based on the Object Data Management Group standard encompasses the information from heterogeneous data sources that include relational databases as well as object-oriented databases and flat file sources. The meta-data about the global schema is enhanced with information about virtual classes as well as virtual relationships and inheritance hierarchies that exist between multiple sources. The AQUA object algebra is used as the formal foundation for manipulation of the query expression over the multidatabase. AQUA is enhanced with distribution operators for dealing with data distribution issues. During query decomposition we perform an extensive analysis of traversals for path expressions that involve virtual relationships and hierarchies for access to several heterogeneous sources. The distribution operators defined in algebraic terms enhance the global algebra expression with semantic information about the structure, distribution, and localization of the data sources relevant to the solution of the query. By using an object algebra as the basis for query processing, we are able to define algebraic transformations and exploit rewriting techniques during the decomposition phase. Our use of an object algebra also provides a formal and uniform representation for dealing with an object-oriented approach to multidatabase query processing. As part of our query processing discussion, we include an overview of a global object identification approach for relating semantically equivalent objects from diverse data sources, illustrating how knowledge about global object identity is used in the decomposition and assembly processes.     

Object-oriented query language access to relational databases: A semantic framework for query translation

This research investigates and approach to query processing in a multidatabase system that uses an objectoriented model to capture the semantics of other data models. The object-oriented model is used to construct a global schema, defining an integrated view of the different schemas in the environment. The model is also used as a self-describing model to build a meta-database for storing information about the global schema. A unique aspect of this work is that the object-oriented model is used to describe the different data models of the multidatabase environment, thereby extending the meta database with semantic information about the local schemas. With the global and local schemas all represented in an object-oriented form, structural mappings between the global schema and each local schema are then easily supported. An object algebra then provides a query language for expressing global queries, using the structural mappings to translate object algebra queries into SQL queries over local relational schema. The advantage of using an object algebra is that the object-oriented database can be viewed as a blackboard for temporary storage of local data and for establishing relationships between different databases. The object algebra can be used to directly retrieve temporarily-stored data from the object-oriented database or to transparently retrieve data from local sources using the translation process described in this paper.     

构建面向对象时态数据模型的研究

本文通过对现存关系数据库和面向对象数据库的比较分析，总结其优点与不足，并在结合了二者优点的UniSQL/X模型基地上，对该模型进行时态上的扩展，使它能够记录和处理时态信息。在查询代数中，引入了一 些特殊的时态操作，通过聚集、概括和时间参考三种关联对对象进行访问，而且此代数同时反映了时态关系代数和对象代数的特点。     

Spatio-Temporal Modeling in Video and Multimedia Geographic Information Systems

The geographic application domain includes important information such as design plans, record drawings, photographs, and video data records. The corresponding geographic information systems (GISs) should maintain a specific model for each geographic data modality such as geographic video model for video records. Real-time 3-D geographic information systems provide comprehensive interface to complex and dynamic databases and truly immersive capability for visualizing geographic data. In cases, where information about location of geographic objects is needed at different moments of time, a GIS should process video data that is directly manipulated and retrieved through representation of its spatio-temporal characteristics. In this context, the most advanced multimedia form—digital video, finds an efficient application in GIS for versatile specification of geographic data. In this paper, a model for spatial data evolving with time is introduced in the context of video data manipulation. We designed a model that represents the spatio-temporal continuum among geographic objects in geographic video sequences, or digital video. The model developed here was motivated by the requirements for manipulating, managing, and analyzing geographic data for the necessities of infrastructure management, urban and regional planning, hazard prevention and management, transportation networks, vehicles routing, etc. This model allows the important issues for GIS such as conditions of adjacency (what is next to what), containment (what is enclosed by what), and proximity (how close one geographic object is to another) to be determined. Our model describes the spatial relationships among objects for each key frame in a given video scene, and the temporal relationships of the temporal intervals measuring the validity duration of the spatial relationships spanning over the given key frame. One of the main GIS issues—distance estimation, is solved as quantitative metrics of geographic objects in digital video are easily and precisely specified. This model is a basis for annotation of raw video for subsequent use in geographic video databases and digital libraries that provide access to and efficient storage of large volume of geographic data.     

数据仓库中时态视图的维护

数据仓库的一个重要用途是利用时态视图向用户提供历史信息.因为在传统关系数据模型中增加了对时间的支持,而且时态视图的更新不仅来自于基表更新,还包括时间前进,所以,目前对非时态视图维护的研究成果不适用于时态视图,并且已有的一些时态视图维护算法也不适用于数据仓库.以历史关系模式为对象,根据增量式维护方法的原理,采用纯删除、纯插入的计算方法,用代数语言给出了5种基本历史关系代数运算的更新传播算法,由这5种历史关系代数组合定义的时态视图都可用迭代方法得到其增量维护计算式.所采用的纯删除、纯插入思想也可移用于其他历史     

路政设施中时空数据模型的研究

对时空数据模型进行了研究,运用面向对象的方法分析路政设施中的时空数据,从时空对象的基本属性和行为出发,建立一个合适的时空数据模型,能够很好地封装对象的空间,专题,时间特征,表达时空对象的语义,满足一系列的查询要求.设计了标志标杆类的具体结构和存储方案,将时间作为独立的一维来处理,标记在对象属性上,减少了数据冗余,同时也为以后解决历史查询的问题提供了有效途径.     

Temporal relational data model

This paper incorporates a temporal dimension to nested relations. It combines research in temporal databases and nested relations for managing the temporal data in nontraditional database applications. A temporal data value is represented as a temporal atom; a temporal atom consists of two parts: a temporal set and a value. The temporal atom asserts that the value is valid over the time duration represented by its temporal set. The data model allows relations with arbitrary levels of nesting and can represent the histories of objects and their relationships. Temporal relational algebra and calculus languages are formulated and their equivalence is proved. Temporal relational algebra includes operations to manipulate temporal data and to restructure nested temporal relations. Additionally, we define operations to generate a power set of a relation, a set membership test, and a set inclusion test, which are all derived from the other operations of temporal relational algebra. To obtain a concise representation of temporal data (temporal reduction), collapsed versions of the set-theoretic operations are defined. Procedures to express collapsed operations by the regular operations of temporal relational algebra are included. The paper also develops procedures to completely flatten a nested temporal relation into an equivalent 1 NF relation and back to its original form, thus providing a basis for the semantics of the collapsed operations by the traditional operations on 1 NF relations