Honey Flavonoids,Natural Antifungal Agents Against Candida Albicans

Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen in humans. In this study, flavonoids from unprocessed multifloral honey were extracted and investigated their anticandidal activity in vitro. These results indicated that honey flavonoids inhibited Candida growth; however, they did not kill the yeasts and did not directly affect the cytoplasmic membrane. The viability tests of cells yeast with the fluorescent probe Sybr green I in combination with propidium iodide suggested that antifungal activity of honey flavonoids depended on their relative lipophilic properties and that they may reach a possible intracellular site of action without compromising membrane-associated functions.     

Antifungal Effect of Allium tuberosum,Cinnamomum cassia,and Pogostemon cablin Essential Oils and Their Components Against Population of Aspergillus Species

Antifungal activity of Allium tuberosum (AT), Cinnamomum cassia (CC), and Pogostemon cablin (Patchouli, P) essential oils against Aspergillus flavus strains 3.2758 and 3.4408 and Aspergillus oryzae was tested at 2 water activity levels (a_w: 0.95 and 0.98). Main components of tested essential oils were: allyl trisulfide 40.05% (AT), cinnamaldehyde 87.23% (CC), and patchouli alcohol 44.52% (P). The minimal inhibitory concentration of the plant essential oils against A. flavus strains 3.2758 and 3.4408 and A. oryzae was 250 ppm (A. tuberosum and C. cassia), whereas Patchouli essential oil inhibited fungi at concentration > 1500 ppm. The essential oils exhibited suppression effect on colony growth at all concentrations (100, 175, and 250 ppm for A. tuberosum; 25, 50, and 75 for C. cassia; 100, 250, and 500 for P. cablin essential oil). Results of the study represent a solution for possible application of essential oil of C. cassia in different food systems due to its strong inhibitory effect against tested Aspergillus species. In real food system (table grapes), C. cassia essential oil exhibited stronger antifungal activity compared to cinnamaldehyde.     

黑曲霉发酵液抗真菌活性及稳定性研究

研究黑曲霉xj菌株发酵液的抗真菌活性及稳定性。以常见的病原真菌作为测试菌株,滤纸片法测定xj菌株发酵液的抑菌谱,通过温度、光照以及pH的变化测定发酵液中抗菌成分的稳定性。结果表明x:j菌株发酵液对5种病原真菌均有不同程度的抑菌活性,其中对茄病镰刀菌的抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈直径达到了(45.11±0.21)mm。发酵液中的抗菌成分对光照稳定,但对温度及pH不稳定。xj菌株发酵液的抗菌范围较广,提取发酵液的抑菌成分时应尽量在低于80℃以下,pH中性的环境中进行。     

Factors Affecting Antifungal Activity of Onion Extractives Against Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi

The processing factors, that could affect the inhibitory activity of onion extractives against the spores of Aspergillus parasiticus have been evaluated. The lachrymatory factor (thiopropanal-S-oxide) had maximal inhibitory activity. The survival of A. parasiticus spores depended upon the inhibitor concentration and the time of exposure of the spores to the onion inhibitors. Germinated spores showed more susceptibility to the inhibitors. The inhibitory effect of onion compounds was lost by heating, freeze-drying, dehydration, aeration and agitation, and prolonged storage.     

一株黄曲霉拮抗细菌F1的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌特性

为获得能有效抑制食品原料中黄曲霉生长的生防细菌,本研究以乳酸菌发酵制品和香辛料为筛菌出发样品,通过菌株分离、初筛和复筛,从黑胡椒中筛选到一株对黄曲霉有强烈抑制作用的菌株F1。依据菌株的形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征结合16S rDNA基因序列分析、系统发育树构建来鉴定菌株,最终确定菌株F1为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens(保藏编号:CGMCC No.10942),与已商品化的生防菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42的亲缘关系最为接近。菌株F1的发酵上清液经过超滤处理以及蛋白酶酶解试验和稳定性试验,结果显示,菌株F1的抑菌成分为分子量30 ku~100 ku的蛋白类物质;在100℃处理30 min后仍能保持87.43%的抑菌活性;在pH值3.0~10.0范围内其相对抗菌活性均在70%以上。研究表明,从黑胡椒中分离到的解淀粉芽孢杆菌F1能够通过代谢产生稳定性较强的抗菌蛋白而达到拮抗黄曲霉的目的,在食品领域具有一定的应用前景。     

纳米化肉桂醛抗辣椒疫霉病原菌增效作用

肉桂醛是一种天然的食源性抗菌剂,在食品加工、香料、制药、日用化学品等方面都有广泛应用。但由于它难溶于水、容易氧化等性质,增加了其在实际应用中的难度,从而导致其药效降低。作者对其进行纳米化,形成了一种透明、低黏度的动力学和热力学稳定体系,并将纳米化前后的肉桂醛对辣椒疫霉的抑菌活性进行对比。结果显示:纳米化后的肉桂醛具有较好的水溶性和稳定分散性;纳米化肉桂醛的粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为38.9 nm,均分布在15~60 nm之间;纳米化后的肉桂醛具有更好的抑菌效果,抑菌能力提高了50%~100%。总而言之,纳米化修饰提高了肉桂醛在食品和农业领域中的应用潜力。     

Influence of Temperature, pH, Water Activity and Antifungal Agents on Growth of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus

Effect of temperature, pH, water activity, and nine antifungal agents on growth of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus was determined on Sabouraud-Dextrose Agar and on corn. Maximal growth of the two molds occurred at 33°C, the highest temperature used, pH of 5.0 and a_w of 0.99. At 15°C, growth was observed at a_w of 0.95 but not 0.90. Slight growth was observed at an a_w, of 0.85 at 27°C and 33°C. Nine antifungal agents (Botran, Orthocide, Poly-ram 80, Topsin-M, Thiram, Imazalil, sodium propionate, sodium sulfite and DDVP) were tested for inhibition of growth. Activity of the antifungals increased as the a_w was decreased. All antifungals showed inhibitory activity, but Imazalil and DDVP were the most effective agents at the lowest concentrations.     

黑曲霉、米曲霉和解脂假丝酵母协同处理竹片

在相同发酵工艺条件下,探索黑曲霉、米曲霉、解脂假丝酵母、黑曲霉 米曲霉、黑曲霉 解脂假丝酵母、米曲霉 解脂假丝酵母、黑曲霉 米曲霉 解脂假丝酵母七组中的最优处理竹片茵种,然后确定其最佳发酵工艺,最后进一步研究接种量和接种比例的影响。研究结果表明,黑曲霉 米曲霉 解脂假丝酵母是最优处理竹片菌种,其最佳处理工艺为温度35℃,pH7.0,定时通氧,添加营养液,处理时间8d,接种量影响不大,接种比例以2:1:1(黑曲霉:米曲霉:解脂假丝酵母)为佳。     

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Iranian Herbs Against Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Milk

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from three endemic plants including, Thymus daenensis Celak, Dracocephalum multicaule Montbr & Auch., Satureja bachtiarica Bunge and one native plant, Tanacetum polycephalum Schultz-Bip were determined. Volatile oils analyzed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The in-vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays. The results revealed distinct differences in the compounds depending on sample plant. Among the plant species screened, essential oils of S. bachtiarica and T. daenensis showed highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.     

海洋假单胞菌GY-1菌株的抗菌作用及其胞外抗菌蛋白的分离纯化

采用对峙培养法和牛津杯法测定海洋假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas) GY-1菌株和发酵液的抑菌作用。结果表明：GY-1菌株和发酵液对小麦根腐病菌(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、禾谷镰刀病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、菠菜早疫病菌(Alternaria solania)、斑点落叶病菌(Alternaria alternata)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)和小麦叶枯病菌(Alternaria tenuis Nees)等植物病原真菌有较强的抑制作用。发酵液采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow柱层析、Sephadex G-75凝胶层析,以小麦根腐病菌为指示菌进行活性追踪和SDS-PAGE电泳纯度跟踪检测,纯化出一种对小麦根腐病菌具有明显抗菌作用的抗菌蛋白,其分子质量约为70.9kD。     

肉桂醛、柠檬醛抗黄曲霉作用的研究

目的:研究肉桂醛、柠檬醛的抗黄曲霉作用。方法:在含不同浓度药物的蔡氏培养液中接种一定量的黄曲霉孢子,每隔 4h分别取定量培养液涂布于蔡氏培养皿上进行霉菌计数,直到48h。 26.5℃培养 72h后计数萌发的霉菌孢子;用扫描电镜观察药物作用后黄曲霉的形态、表面结构的变化。结果:与对照组比较,肉桂醛、柠檬醛的浓度分别在≥0.05μg/ml、0.28μg/ml作用4h后,萌发的黄曲霉孢子数明显减少;肉桂醛、柠檬醛作用后黄曲霉孢子菌丝的形态、表面结构明显改变。结论:肉桂醛、柠檬醛对黄曲霉孢子萌发有显著的抑制作用,柠檬醛抑制黄曲霉孢子的萌发更迅速,两者可能通过破坏真菌细胞结构起抗菌作用。     

拮抗性酵母几丁质酶的纯化、性质及抗菌活性

从番茄果实表面分离到一株陆生伊萨酵母（Issatchenkia terricola），它在几丁质诱导下能产生较高活性的几丁质酶。采用硫酸铵盐析、DEAE-纤维素（DE32）离子交换柱层析、SephadexG-100分子筛柱层析，获得了凝胶电泳均一的几丁质酶。用SDS-PAGE测得该酶的相对分子质量为42400；以胶体几丁质为底物的Km和Vmax分别为6．91mg／mL和12．95μmol／min；该酶反应的最适温度和最适pH值分别为50℃和7．0。在50℃条件下，酶蛋白在pH5．0～9．0较为稳定；抗菌活性实验表明，该酶对供试病原菌有不同程度的抑制作用。     

柠檬皮中柠檬苦素对黑曲霉的抑菌特性和机理

本研究以柠檬皮中柠檬苦素为原料,对其抑制黑曲霉的抑菌活性、抑菌活性的稳定性和抑菌机理进行了研究。结果表明:柠檬皮中柠檬苦素对黑曲霉的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MFC)分别为625μg/mL、5000μg/mL;对孢子萌发和菌丝生长抑制的半最大效应浓度(EC50)分别为311.03μg/mL和291.63μg/mL。柠檬苦素对黑曲霉的抑菌活性在紫外光照下受到抑制;在pH值为6～7时受到抑制;金属离子Fe3+、Fe2+可增强其抑菌活性。在柠檬皮中柠檬苦素作用下,黑曲霉的胞外碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力、可溶性蛋白和菌丝体总糖含量发生很大变化;扫描电子显微镜观察发现黑曲霉孢子发生了变形、破裂、溶出物附着的现象。因此,柠檬苦素破坏了黑曲霉细胞壁和细胞膜的完整性,造成大量内容物渗出,影响了细胞正常代谢,进而抑制了菌体细胞的生长繁殖。     

几种植物提取液的抑真菌特性及复配研究

从39 种植物中筛选抑菌作用显著的3 种材料为丁香、肉桂、山奈。用其提取液进行复配实验,确定植物提取液的最佳配比。采用二倍稀释法测定丁香、肉桂、山奈及其复配液对黑曲霉、米曲霉、黑根霉、生香酵母菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并进一步研究复配液对温度、pH 值、紫外光照射的稳定性。结果表明：提取液的最佳配比为5:3:2(V/V)。复配液对供试菌的最小抑菌浓度均为1.25%,与丁香效果大致相同,比肉桂和山奈单独作用有明显增强,并且温度、pH 值、紫外光照射对复配液的稳定性影响不显著。