漂浮式斜拉桥全局模态对CFRP索的敏感性研究

斜拉桥复杂动力学问题中的一个关键问题是局部模态频率与全局模态频率成倍数匹配关系时可能导致的斜拉索大幅振动.本文针对这个问题,基于传递矩阵法,研究CFRP索对斜拉桥全局模态频率的敏感性.将斜拉桥的桥面梁和桥塔分别视为多离散弹性支承欧拉伯努利梁,建立其动力学控制微分方程,基于传递矩阵法对其特征频率进行求解.以长沙某独塔斜拉桥作为算例,对结构主要构件:斜拉索、塔和桥面梁的刚度变化对全局模态频率变化的敏感性问题进行了分析.结果表明,桥面梁和桥塔全局模态频率对斜拉索刚度变化非常敏感,并且用CFRP索替换钢质拉索可能避开拉索局部模态与斜拉桥全局模态的倍频关系,从而控制斜拉索的大幅振动.     

单侧主缆刚度损伤悬索桥的模态分析及1∶1内共振

悬索桥缆索在长期服役状态下损伤很难避免,单侧主缆刚度损伤会使系统出现主梁竖弯与扭转自由度间的耦合,这可能会进一步对悬索桥的模态和大振幅下的非线性响应造成影响.为此,建立了考虑单侧主缆刚度受损的七自由度悬索桥横截面模型,模态分析发现单侧主缆刚度损伤会使得系统前两阶固有频率曲线由交叉变为跃迁,导致两个本身相互独立的模态发生耦合.以此为基础,考虑悬索桥主缆刚度有损伤和未损伤两种工况,运用拓展的增量谐波平衡法(EIHB)计算系统在内共振条件下的非线性振动.研究结果表明：单侧主缆刚度有损伤的悬索桥在外部简谐激励下发生1:1内共振,系统能量表现出明显的转移现象;竖向和扭转简谐激励下,有损伤的悬索桥较未损伤工况响应幅值有所减小,但出现了两个共振响应峰值,对激励频率更为敏感.数值结果与利用Runge-Kutta法计算得到的结果吻合一致,验证了EIHB法的准确性.     

Nonlinear dynamics by mode superposition

A mode superposition technique for approximately solving nonlinear initial-boundary-value problems of structural dynamics is discussed, and results for examples involving large deformation are compared to those obtained with implicit direct integration methods such as the Newmark generalized acceleration and Houbolt backward-difference operators. The initial natural frequencies and mode shapes are found by inverse power iteration with the trial vectors for successively higher modes being swept by Gram—Schmidt orthonormalization at each iteration. The subsequent modal spectrum for nonlinear states is based upon the tangent stiffness of the structure and is calculated by a subspace iteration procedure that involves matrix multiplication only, using the most recently computed spectrum as an initial estimate. Then, a precise time integration algorithm that has no artificial damping or phase velocity error for linear problems is applied to the uncoupled modal equations of motion. Squared-frequency extrapolation is examined for nonlinear problems as a means by which these qualities of accuracy and precision can be maintained when the state of the system (and, thus, the modal spectrum) is changing rapidly.The results indicate that a number of important advantages accrue to nonlinear mode superposition: (a) there is no significant difference in total solution time between mode superposition and implicit direct integration analyses for problems having narrow matrix half-bandwidth (in fact, as bandwidth increases, mode superposition becomes more economical), (b) solution accuracy is under better control since the analyst has ready access to modal participation factors and the ratios of time step size to modal period, and (c) physical understanding of nonlinear dynamic response is improved since the analyst is able to observe the changes in the modal spectrum as deformation proceeds.     

基于索-梁结构的斜拉桥非线性振动仿真研究

本文建立了索-梁结构的有限元模型,对斜拉桥线性和非线性振动问题进行研究.首先对结构进行模态分析,发现结构振动表现出全局模态,局部模态以及混合模态,且索梁两者之间固有频率相互影响,对低阶频率影响较大,对高阶频率影响较小.其次,应用有限元软件对索-梁结构的自由振动和强迫振动进行仿真研究.结果表明：整个自由振动过程中频率有先增大后减小的趋势,且最终小于真实频率;在强迫振动中,观察到了丰富的非线性振动现象,包括索的亚谐波共振和内共振,与以往的实验和理论研究结果定性上得到验证;为斜拉桥全桥非线性动力学分析提供参考.     

模拟退火法在钟手表机芯布局中的应用

布局问题,特别是三维物体的布局问题在工业界有着广泛的用途,由于该问题在理论上已属于ＮＰ完全问题,很难用传统优化算法求解,钟手表机芯设计中的传动件布局是具有强约束的三维物体布局问题,根据退火法是一种用于解决连续,有序离散和多模态优化问题的随机优化技术,本文利用根据退火法成功地解决了钟手表机芯设计中的难题,该文还提供了解决一般物体布局问题的框架。     

索-梁耦合结构的分岔反控制研究

斜拉索是斜拉桥主要的支撑单元,是斜拉桥的重要组成部分.本文研究了控制增益参数G对索-梁耦合结构的振动控制.利用文献已得到的索-梁耦合结构的面内非线性运动微分方程,根据离散法,对其进行分离变量法处理,进而得到索-梁耦合结构的单自由度和两自由度模态方程.不同于以往的研究,本文假设索(梁)的左支撑点即坐标原点处是可以沿纵向方向自由移动的,则索的动态应变会发生改变,进而改变其模态方程一次项系数,通过这一规律可以在理论上转换得到一套状态控制反馈准则,并根据Floquet稳定性理论,将上述方程转换为Hill方程形式.然后通过摄动法,得到运动微分方程的稳定解.最后对索-梁耦合结构的单自由度和两自由度系统进行了数值分析计算,通过改变反馈控制增益系数,可以实现系统的反控制.而设计者可以通过这些复杂现象的参数变化范围设计选择合适的参数,尽量使得系统能在工程师所能控制的安全范围内振动.这种控制策略保持了系统的平衡,并且可以应用于在期望位置处具有最优稳定性的退化倍周期分岔.研究表示,无论结构是单自由度还是两自由度系统,反馈控制增益系数的变化能明显有效地改变系统的共振情形下的幅值.通过适当调整控制参数,能在预先...     

Computer simulation of buffeting actions of suspension bridges under turbulent wind

Suspension bridges are long-span flexible structures susceptible to various types of wind induced vibrations such as buffeting actions. In this paper, a three dimensional finite-element model formulated to deal with suspension bridges under turbulent wind is presented. In this model, all sources of geometric nonlinearity such as cable sag, force-bending moment interaction in the bridge deck and towers, and changes of bridge geometry due to large displacements, are fully considered. The wind loads, composed of steady-state wind loads, buffeting loads and self-excited loads, are converted into time domain by using the computer simulation technique. The Newmark-β step by step numerical integration algorithm is used to calculate the buffeting responses of bridges. Compared with the results obtained by classical buffeting theory, the validity of the simulation is proved.     

Analytical studies of a cable stayed girder bridge

The paper deals with the linear and nonlinear behavior of a cable stayed girder bridge subjected to static and dynamic conditions of load. Particular reference is given to a bridge designed by the Division of Bay Toll Crossings for the Southern Crossing of San Francisco Bay, California. The loads and displacements considered are symmetrical to a vertical plane which includes the central longitudinal axis of the roadway girder. The orientations of the cables and of the diamond-shaped towers are in three dimensional space and are taken into account.A linear theory and a nonlinear theory are presented for determining the effects of static conditions of loads on the bridge. The linear theory is employed in determining influence lines for various parameters of the bridge, and in determining the maximum effects caused by specified live loads, temperature changes, and differential movements. The influence lines are based on the direct application of Muller-Breslau's principle to structures composed of finite elastic elements. The linear theory also is employed for obtaining the effects of selected cases of live load distributions. Special attention is given to the distributions forces and moments in the towers and the girder, and of the forces in the cables.The nonlinear theory is general and is employed for static and dynamic conditions of load. For static conditions of load, the theory is employed for determining, (1) the camber of the girder and the dimensions of each unstressed segment of the bridge, (2) the displacements, forces, and moments at each section of the bridge for various stages of erection, and (3) the influence of possible overloads of vehicular traffic on the nonlinear behavior of the bridge. The dimensions of the unstressed segments are required for fabrication and to determine camber. The camber is required to insure that all conditions at dead load, prescribed by the designers, are obtained after erection. The other studies of nonlinear behavior are needed to determine possible modes of failure during and after erection.For use in the nonlinear theory, nonlinearforce-deformation relations and tangent stiffnesses are required for the kinds of members encountered in the analytical model. The kinds encountered are (1) axial-flexual members which lie in three dimensional space, and (2) catenaries. For the axial-flexural members, the influences of eccentricities are taken into account.     

基于等效模态阻尼的复合隔振系统振动计算方法

基于线性黏弹性假设,将应变能阻尼理论推广到复合隔振系统的等效模态阻尼计算中,运用Python和Abaqus编制相应的计算程序,该程序可考虑材料阻尼的频变特性。以多种材料组成的船舶双层复合隔振系统为算例,计算其等效模态阻尼和隔振器等效阻尼系数。分别采用直接积分法和模态叠加法计算系统振动响应,对比设备、筏架、船底壳的振动加速度响应,验证基于等效模态阻尼的模态叠加法的准确性。结果表明,该方法可以准确计算复杂组合模型的模态阻尼,算例的振动响应计算结果一致性较好,用模态叠加法可以大幅提高复合隔振系统稳态振动响应的计算效率。     

A method for topology optimization of structures under harmonic excitations

This paper deals with topology optimization of large-scale structures with proportional damping subjected to harmonic excitations. A combined method (CM) of modal superposition with model order reduction (MOR) for harmonic response analysis is introduced. In the method, only the modes corresponding to a frequency range which is a little bigger than that of interest are used for modal superposition, the contribution of unknown higher modes is complemented by a MOR technique. Objective functions are the integral of dynamic compliance of a structure, and that of displacement amplitude of a certain user-defined degree of freedom in the structure, over a range of interested frequencies. The adjoint variable method is applied to analyze sensitivities of objective functions and the accuracy of the sensitivity analyses can also be ensured by CM. Topology optimization procedure is illustrated by three examples. It is shown that the topology optimization based on CM not only remarkably reduce CPU time, but also ensure accuracy of results.     

Vibrations of an aramid anchor cable subjected to turbulent wind

The vibration response of an initially pre-stressed anchor cable made of parallel-lay aramid fibres excited by a measured and artificially simulated spatial turbulent wind field is presented in the paper. Results of the analyses of in situ measured wind records are described. For selected data set statistical characteristics and power spectral density functions of the measured wind velocity components are calculated. The wind stochastic velocity fluctuation is modelled as a one-variate bi-dimensional random field. Cross-power spectral density functions, at different point locations are introduced. The combination of the weighted amplitude wave superposition method (WAWS) with the Shinozuka–Deodatis method is used for the analyzed problem. A time-dependent behaviour of the synthetic cable is investigated which is subjected to turbulent wind with large expected oscillations that arise as a result of slackening due to the relaxation effects. A nonlinear transient dynamic analysis is used in conjunction with the finite element method to determine the dynamic response of the cable subjected to turbulent wind at its initially prestressed state and in the selected times after the relaxation effect. The constitutive equation of the relaxation of the aramid cable follows an experimentally obtained law of the logarithmic type. To monitor the dependences of the individual quantities of cable vibration in the phase space, attractors and Poincaré maps are created by sampling the cable’s displacement and velocity at periods of relevant frequencies. Interesting findings based on the response of the cable with rheological properties to turbulent wind are presented.     

非线性边界和等式约束条件下的高维函数优化算法研究

本文建立了基于模式搜索法的非线性边界约束条件下多参数函数的优化算法。通过综合模式搜索法、最速下降法和转轴法解决了在高维空间中的优化算法和非线性边界约束的算法问题。同时使用广义拉格朗日乘子法解决了非线性等式约束条件的计算方法。通过在四轨道隶玻色子模型计算中的应用,验证了该计算方法的有效性。由于该方法综合了多种经典优化算法,因此可以广泛适用于在非线性复杂边界约束条件下的多参数函数的优化计算。     

Optimization of tensioning strategy for asymmetric cable-stayed bridge and its effect on construction process

A cable-stayed bridge is a bridge that consists of one or more pylons, with cables supporting the deck. Cable-stayed bridges have come into wide use recently because of their economy, stability, and excellent appearance. It is possible to achieve a uniform moment distribution in the stiffening girders mainly by prestressing the cables, which leads to a more economical design in material and weight than other types of bridges. However, to achieve a more uniform moment distribution is a vague objective, so it cannot be easily defined as the optimization problem. In other words, the minimization of the cost or weight as the objective is not directly related to the optimization of the cable prestressing. Therefore, it has been considered as one of the most important, difficult, and also interesting topics among many researchers and bridge engineers to determine the optimal tensioning strategy and how to apply the prestressing forces of the cables of a cable-stayed bridge. A number of approaches to determine the optimal cable tensions have been proposed in the literature (Negrão and Simões, Comput Struct, 64:741–758, 1997; Wang et al., Comput Struct, 46:1095–1106, 1993; Agrawal, J Bridge Eng, 2:61–67, 1997; Janjic et al., J Bridge Eng, 8:131–137, 2003). Among these approaches, the unit load method (Janjic et al., J Bridge Eng, 8:131–137, 2003) is considered in this paper because it can take into account the actual construction process while other approaches are based on the configuration of the final structure only. In this paper, “two-step approach” based on the unit load method is newly proposed to find the optimal tensioning strategy especially for the atypical asymmetric bridge under construction, which has continuous deck supported by one pylon and stay cables. Some numerical results will be given to show the validity of the new approach suggested in this paper.     

Energy control of distributed parameter systems via speed-gradient method: case study of string and sine-Gordon benchmark models

Energy control problems are analysed for infinite dimensional systems. Benchmark linear wave equation and nonlinear sine-Gordon equation are chosen for exposition. The relatively simple case of distributed yet uniform over the space control is considered. The speed-gradient method for energy control of Hamiltonian systems proposed by A. Fradkov in 1996, has already successfully been applied to numerous nonlinear and adaptive control problems is presently developed and justified for the above partial differential equations (PDEs). An infinite dimensional version of the Krasovskii–LaSalle principle is validated for the resulting closed-loop systems. By applying this principle, the closed-loop trajectories are shown to either approach the desired energy level set or converge to a system equilibrium. The numerical study of the underlying closed-loop systems reveals reasonably fast transient processes and the feasibility of a desired energy level if initialised with a lower energy level.     

工程结构多刚度尺度分析与模态理论

当前工程结构设计大多基于成熟的线性振动理论,未综合考虑非线性、多尺度等特性的影响,导致各类工程振动问题频发,减振措施失效.首先,本文以质量弹簧系统为例,对系统刚度比和质量比等关键参数开展分析,指出刚度比对系统模态具有显著影响;再者,简述大跨桥梁动力学研究现状,从系统全局动力学角度,根据非线性动力学分析和有限元分析,提出工程结构多刚度尺度概念,分析并指出多刚度尺度耦合系统的全局模态、局部模态和混合模态基于不同刚度尺度的定义.为建立桥梁全局动力学模型和理论,桥梁非线性动力学研究奠定基础.     

Robust synthesis in 1: a globally optimal solution

In this paper, a method to synthesize controllers that achieve globally optimal robust performance within any prespecified tolerance, against structured norm-bounded time-varying and/or nonlinear uncertainty is developed. The performance measure considered is the infinity to infinity induced norm of a system's transfer function. The method developed utilizes linear relaxation techniques to solve the infinite dimensional nonconvex problem via finite dimensional linear programming problems     

A numerical algorithm for computation modelling of 3D nonlinear wave equations based on exponential modified cubic B-spline differential quadrature method

In this paper, the authors proposed a method based on exponential modified cubic B-spline differential quadrature method (Expo-MCB-DQM) for the numerical simulation of three dimensional (3D) nonlinear wave equations subject to appropriate initial and boundary conditions. This work extends the idea of Tamsir et al. [An algorithm based on exponential modified cubic B-spline differential quadrature method for nonlinear Burgers’ equation, Appl. Math. Comput. 290 (2016), pp. 111–124] for 3D nonlinear wave type problems. Expo-MCB-DQM transforms the 3D nonlinear wave equation into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To solve the resulting system of ODEs, an optimal five stage and fourth-order strong stability preserving Runge–Kutta (SSP-RK54) scheme is used. Stability analysis of the proposed method is also discussed and found that the method is conditionally stable. Four test problems are considered in order to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm.