Causes of State Hostility and Enjoyment in Player Versus Player and Player Versus Environment Video Games

Video games have been under scholarly study since the 1980s, but few studies have blended the research areas of video games and aggression and video game enjoyment. This article seeks to determine how certain game play factors affect hostility, enjoyment, and the relationship between the 2 variables. A total of 289 students played games in player‐versus‐player (PvP) and player‐versus‐environment (PvE) situations. Findings indicate that outcome, competitive situation, and genre interact in their influence on state hostility and enjoyment. Results suggest that in some cases, game players are able to enjoy games despite negative experiences, such as losing, but players in PvP situations experience enjoyment‐reducing levels of hostility, contrary to P. Vorderer et al.'s (2004) complex entertainment model.     

Age and Experience as Determinants of Managerial Information Processing and Decision Making Performance

Differences in managerial decision making performance due to age and decision making experience were investigated. Age was found to influence performance more than did prior decision making experience. Little evidence was found to support the notion that older managers are less facile information processors and decision makers.     

Thin SnO2 Nanowires with Uniform Diameter as Excellent Field Emitters: A Stability of More Than 2400 Minutes

The stability of a field‐emission event, i.e., the stability of the emission current over a long period of time, against thermal effects, etc., is one of the key factors for its application in real devices. Although nanostructures have the advantages of high aspect ratios and faster device turn‐on times, the small masses and large surface areas make them vulnerable to both chemical and physical damages and they have a lower melting point compared to bulk materials of same compositions. SnO₂, one of the most attractive oxide semiconductors, which has with a relatively low work function of 4.7 eV, has been a perspective candidate for field emitters. A highly stable field emitter based on thin and quasi‐aligned SnO₂ nanowire ensembles with uniform diameter is shown. Field‐emission measurements of these SnO₂ nanowire ensembles show low turn‐on and threshold voltages of 3.5 V μm^?1 and 4.63 V μm^?1, respectively, at an anode–sample distance of 200 μm and very long term scale stability of more than 2400 min, acquired at the electric field of 4.65 V μm^?1. Such values are not only better than those of the recently developed SnO₂ nanostructures with different morphologies and of randomly oriented SnO₂ nanowire ensembles with a similar diameter distribution, but also comparable with the most widely studied field‐emission materials, such as carbon nanotubes and ZnO nanostructures. The potential for using these thin SnO₂ nanowire ensembles with uniform diameter in field emitters is shown, with particular promise in those operated for long‐term real device applications.     

Media as Educator,Media as Disruptor: Conceptualizing the Role of Social Context in Media Effects

We document how social contexts serve to refract media effects. We theorized the relationship between media use and individual‐level knowledge (and attitude) would be stronger when community‐level knowledge (and attitude) was low than when it was high. Data come from a national survey (N = 12,608 women and 1,237 men) conducted in Nepal. Knowledge and stigma toward people living with HIV were the 2 dependent variables. Hypotheses were tested 12 times: across the use of 3 media (newspaper, radio, television) × 2 study outcomes (knowledge and attitudes) × 2 genders. Predicted interactions were supported in 9 of the 12 tests. Findings point to the need to take into account the role of community factors in theorizing about media effects.     

Exploring the Determinants of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Literacy: Digital Divide,Computational Thinking,Cognitive Absorption

To effectively utilize artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies such as ChatGPT and realize their novel ethical issues, individuals must have a variety of knowledge and skills about AI. Such knowledge and skills have led to the emergence of AI literacy. Despite the importance of AI literacy in everyday life, little is known about its determinants. To better understand the determinants of AI literacy, we attempted to build a research model relying on previous research and different theoretical frameworks. The model incorporated digital divide, cognitive absorption, and computational thinking. As a major finding from the current study, computational thinking was found to be a significant determinant of AI literacy, which facilitate using, recognizing, and evaluating AI-based technologies. Moreover, we found out that individuals with physical access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) are more expected to use and recognize AI. Also, motivation and skills in using ICTs enable individuals to better evaluate the outcomes of AI-based technologies. The findings also showed that convenient access to ICTs contributes to a deep involvement with AI-based technologies in the use. Further, individuals with higher motivation and skills to use AI technologies are likely to have a pleasant experience after using these technologies.     

下一代手机测试面临更大挑战

威尔泰克(Willtek)通讯技术有限公司专业是终端和空中接口测试设备解决方案和手提式频谱分析仪供应商,服务于无线电信领域,包括网络运营商、服务提供商以及通信设备制造商等等.终端设备更是随着功能的不断集成,产品更加复杂,生命周期中测试所起的作用日益突出.     

Media Impact: Games in the Classroom: Using Games as a Motivator for the Study of Computing: Part 2

It's no secret that undergraduate computer science enrollment, which has suffered through one of its periodic downturns, seems to have bottomed out but is now on an upswing. This cyclic behavior has been occurring for many years now, producing many exciting ideas concerning how to revamp introductory computer science courses to make them more exciting and relevant, and to show beginning students that computer science entails more than just programming. Georgia Tech, one of the active participants in this revamp, has developed the concept of threads (a means to connect chunks of related knowledge across different courses) and is devising techniques to enrich beginning courses using minirobots and multimedia. The present article, the second of two parts, written by Andrew Phelps and his group at the Rochester Institute of Technology, describes a parallel effort to use gaming as a way to improve learning and to demonstrate to students that computer science is indeed exciting and cool.     

Changing Real‐World Beliefs With Controversial Movies: Processes and Mechanisms of Narrative Persuasion

Empirical research has found that exposure to specific fictional narratives exerts significant effects on attitudes and beliefs. However, there is little research about the persuasive impact of controversial movies. We present an experimental research study designed to analyze the attitudinal impact of one controversial film (Camino), according to narrative persuasion theoretical models. Because of its critical message toward Opus Dei, this film triggered some controversy in Spain during its release. The results reveal that the experimental exposure to the movie induced negative opinions toward Opus Dei and religion, and weakened the relationship between political self‐positioning and the aforementioned beliefs. Furthermore, the attitudinal impact was mediated by identification with the protagonist. These results are convergent with the Extended Elaboration Likelihood Model.     

学术造假：科学界和媒体对其成因的阐释欠妥——行为失当主要是体制缺陷所致，并非仅为个人动机

在黄禹锡和他的同事发表有关干细胞研究的重大突破性成果两年之后,韩国首尔国立大学的调查组宣布其研究绝大部分是伪造的。调查结果表明黄并未克隆过人类胚胎,也未曾从亲体细胞中提取出干细胞系。斛勃杂志因此撤回了两篇相关报道,而黄和他研究组的几名成员之后也因欺诈、挪用公款以及违反生物伦理法等罪名被提起公诉。     

Living With Martha Stewart Media: Chosen Domesticity in the Experience of Fans

In-depth interviews with 10 women who are Martha Stewart fans addressed the roles Stewart and her media products play in their lives and why and how they use her media products. Stewart and her media products appear to play 3 main roles in the lives of these women: They encourage the fantasy of an upper-class lifestyle of elegance and luxury while providing an escape from their daily lives; they validate the women's interest in domesticity by making domestic work respectable and seem important; and they foster creativity and feelings of accomplishment and pride among those who complete projects and recipes. In addition, the women were able to use Stewart's media products flexibly to fit individual schedules, budgets, tastes, and desires. This paper argues that the domestic fantasy of class mobility privileges appearance over substance and substitutes the look of luxury for the unattainable class ascension. However, rather than condemning fans for embracing this fantasy, it is necessary to understand the pleasures provided and desires met by Stewart's media products, as well as the contradictions in the lives of Stewart's fans.     

More Than Shoot‐Em‐Up and Torture Porn: Reflective Appropriation and Meaning‐Making of Violent Media Content

Media violence research has mainly focused on aggression effects so far. But are audiences' thoughts about violent portrayals actually confined to aggressive fantasies? This study examines more complex thought processes about violent portrayals that involve reflection, meaning‐making, and truth‐seeking about violence as a fact of social reality. We conducted qualitative in‐depth interviews with 39 participants from different backgrounds, including professions at risk for exposure to violence, media professionals, and interviewees from the general population. The interviews revealed three main categories of reflective thoughts about violent media content, including thoughts about (a) the truth value, (b) the life‐world relevance, and (c) the psychological and moral implications of the violence depicted. Participants also discussed unrealistic content features that interfered with meaning‐making.     

Signal Interpretation of Multifunction Radars: Modeling and Statistical Signal Processing With Stochastic Context Free Grammar

Multifunction radars (MFRs) are sophisticated sensors with complex dynamical modes that are widely used in surveillance and tracking. Because of their agility, a new solution to the interpretation of radar signal is critical to aircraft survivability and successful mission completion. The MFRs' three main characteristics that make their signal interpretation challenging are: i) MFRs' behavior is mission dependent, that is, selection of different radar tasks in similar tactic environment given different policies of operation; ii) MFRs' control mechanism is hierarchical and their top level commands often require symbolic representation; and iii) MFRs are event driven and difference and differential equations are often not adequate. Our approach to overcome these challenges is to employ knowledge-based statistical signal processing with syntactic domain knowledge representation: a signal-to-symbol transformer maps raw radar pulses into abstract symbols, and a symbolic inference engine interprets the syntactic structure of the symbols and estimates the state of the MFR. In particular, we model MFRs as systems that "speak" a language that can be characterized by a Markov modulated stochastic context free grammar (SCFG). We demonstrate that SCFG, modulated by a Markov chain, serves as an adequate knowledge representation of MFRs' dynamics. We then deal with the statistical signal interpretation, the threat evaluation, of the MFR signal. Two statistical estimation algorithms for MFR signal are derived - a maximum likelihood sequence estimator to estimate the system state, and a maximum likelihood parameter estimator to infer the system parameter values. Based on the interpreted radar signal, the interaction dynamics between the MFR and the target is studied and the control of the aircraft's maneuvering models is implemented.     

On the Welding of Vitrimers: Chemistry,Mechanics and Applications

Linear chains in thermoplastics make them relatively weak in performance but inherently weldable and recyclable. By contrast, thermosets with permanently crosslinked networks possess outstanding mechanical performance, thermal, and chemical stability, but are unweldable and unrecyclable. In the last decade, a kind of thermoplastics-like thermosets termed as vitrimer has been developed with extensive applications, in which welding of vitrimers plays a central and fundamental role. Herein, we present the current state of the art of the welding of vitrimers and discuss the welding of vitrimers from a broad picture of chemistry, physics, and mechanics: i) chemistry and mechanics of the welding of vitrimers; ii) applicability of the mechanical assessment methods for the welding of vitrimers; iii) design principles and implement strategies to the welding of vitrimers; iv) effects of welding conditions on the welding strength and toughness; and v) applications to the adhesion of chemically inert materials. Finally, advantages, challenges, and open questions to the welding of vitrimers are highlighted, and future opportunities in chemistry, mechanics, design of tough welding, artificial intelligence aided programming of welding technology, mechanical assessment standard, and so on are discussed. The development of vitrimer welding would fuse disciplines and make transformative impact in polymer industry.     

Hydrogel Adhesion: A Supramolecular Synergy of Chemistry,Topology, and Mechanics

Adhering hydrogels to various materials is fundamental to a large array of established and emerging applications. The last few years have seen transformative advances in achieving strong hydrogel adhesion, which is a supramolecular phenomenon. Two adherends connect through covalent bonds, noncovalent complexes, polymer chains, polymer networks, or nanoparticles. Separating the adherends dissipates energy through cascading events across length scales, including bond cleavage, chain retraction, and bulk hysteresis. A unifying principle has emerged: strong hydrogel adhesion requires the synergy of chemistry of bonds, topology of connection, and mechanics of dissipation. This synergy characterizes hydrogel adhesion to various materials (another hydrogel, tissue, elastomer, plastic, metal, glass, and ceramic) in various operations (cast, coat, print, attach, pierce, and glue). Strong adhesion can be made permanent, reversible, degradable, or on‐demand detachable. The development of hydrogel adhesion and its applications adheres disciplines, discovers interlinks, and forges cohesion. Discussed throughout the review are immediate opportunities for fundamental studies and practical applications.     

新媒体语境下的“草根”科普：体会与建言

在新媒体时代,"草根科普"成为一种独特的科学亚文化现象。笔者以一名"草根科普作者"的身份,介绍在新媒体时代从事科普创作的切身体会。并结合现代科学传播理论提出科普应"呼应时代要求、展示科学精神、承担公民责任"等观点,及促进科普事业发展的诸多对策。     

Narrative versus Nonnarrative: The Role of Identification,Transportation, and Emotion in Reducing Health Disparities

This research empirically tests whether using a fictional narrative produces greater impact on health‐related knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intention than presenting the identical information in a more traditional, nonfiction, nonnarrative format. European American, Mexican American, and African American women (N = 758) were surveyed before and after viewing either a narrative or nonnarrative cervical cancer‐related film. The narrative was more effective in increasing cervical cancer‐related knowledge and attitudes. Moreover, in response to the narrative featuring Latinas, Mexican Americans were most transported, identified most with the characters, and experienced the strongest emotions. Regressions revealed that transportation, identification with specific characters, and emotion contributed to shifts in knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Thus, narrative formats may provide a valuable tool in reducing health disparities.     

Presidential Address: Digital Media Use and the Experience(s) of Childhood: Reflections Across the Generations

Does media use define the experience of childhood? The present article, based on Jordan's Presidential Address at the International Communication Association's 66th annual conference, argues that while we often view media technologies as dividing generations, it is equally valuable to consider how they connect generations and enhance their well‐being. It highlights the challenges of systematically studying youth and media in this way, particularly in an environment where “everyone's an expert” and judgments are based on personal experiences. The article concludes by arguing that as a field we must recognize that the experience of “childhood” is not monolithic. The study of media in children's lives must reflect the familial, economic, social, political, and geographic contexts in which they develop.     

Mediated Martyrs of the Arab Spring: New Media,Civil Religion,and Narrative in Tunisia and Egypt

This article analyzes the emergence of nationalist martyr narratives and their dissemination via new media as forces for social mobilization and political change. Situating them in the religio‐historical contexts of North Africa, we trace martyr narratives in Tunisia and Egypt back to pre‐Islamic periods and compare them to the contemporary stories of Mohamed Bouazizi and Khaled Saeed. This reveals the impact of new media on the region, evident in “virtual reliquaries,” and the role that martyr narratives play as catalysts in social mobilization. The trajectory of the martyr narrative from the traditional religious context to the state‐driven concept of civil religion allows for the political dimension of narratives resident within the religious context to surface in the contemporary discursive moment.     

Comprehension of a Narrative Passage by Elementary School Children as a Function of Listening Rate, Retention Period, and IQ

The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in comprehension among elementary school children who listened to a narrative passage presented at different rates of expansion or compression, ranging from 78 words per minute (in increments of 50 words per minute) to 428 words per minute. One hundred sixty-two elementary school children from three levels of intelligence comprised the samples. All subjects had mental ages falling in the 9–4 to 11–3 range. The materials used in this study were three standardized listening passages and associated tests. The first two passages were used for training and familiarization purposes; the third passage was used for obtaining criterion data. Multiple choice tests covering the passage contents were used. Two alternate forms of a 28-item test were used with the criterion passage. Immediate and one-week retention data were gathered on each subject. Results of the study indicate that listening rates of 228 to 328 wpm are more efficient for learning and retention than the normal rate of 178 wpm. Subjects with lower IQs performed better at rates which were slower than the most efficient rates for higher IQ subjects. It was further observed that the performance curves obtained in this study display a secondary peak just prior to the final drop in performance at very high listening rates. This study provides evidence that high-speed listening can be an efficient learning medium for elementary school children.