丙交酯的合成与聚合

丙交酯是由乳酸合成聚乳酸的中间体,采用新型La Ti复合氧化物催化乳酸合成丙交酯,粗丙交酯经乙酸乙酯纯化后,差热分析仪测得其熔点为126 4℃,纯化后的丙交酯在一定条件下,经辛酸亚锡引发,开环聚合成聚乳酸,并用红外光谱和差热分析仪对聚乳酸进行了表征。     

氧化锌-辛酸亚锡催化合成丙交酯

采用氧化锌和辛酸亚锡为催化剂,在高真空条件下共同催化合成丙交酯.比较了两种催化剂加入方式的不同对丙交酯产率的影响,发现当脱完自由水后同时加入氧化锌(ω=1%)和2 mL辛酸亚锡,丙交酯的粗产率可以达到90%以上.     

D,L-丙交酯的合成条件优化研究

制备了SO42-/Al2O3/La3 固体超强酸和辛酸亚锡复配作为丙交酯合成的催化剂.经多种催化剂的催化效率比较,进行多组实验发现该催化剂在较高反应压力下高产丙交酯的合成条件.结果表明,催化剂、反应温度、脱水时间等对丙交酯的产率有显著影响.     

生物可吸收材料PDLLA的聚合条件研究

通过乳酸脱水合成出高纯度的D ,L 丙交酯。以辛酸亚锡为引发剂 ,进行丙交酯开环聚合为聚乳酸 (PDLLA)的实验研究。讨论了D ,L 丙交酯开环聚合的影响因素和PDLLA聚合条件     

聚乳酸／纳米二氧化硅复合材料分子量的影响因素

以丙交酯和改性后的纳米二氧化硅为原料,在催化剂作用下,用原位聚合法制备了聚乳酸纳米二氧化硅复合材料。讨论了催化剂的种类和用量、反应时间、反应温度、纳米二氧化硅的用量等因素对复合材料分子量的影响。结果表明,最优的反应条件为:采用辛酸亚锡为催化剂,催化剂用量和二氧化硅用量分别为丙交酯用量的0.25%(质量分数,下同)和5%,在140℃油浴中,氮气保护下反应72 h,可得到重均分子量为1.5091×105的聚乳酸纳米二氧化硅复合材料。     

单模聚焦微波作用下端炔基修饰的聚(L-丙交酯)的合成与表征

在单模聚焦微波辐射作用下,以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,炔丙醇为小分子引发剂引发L-丙交酯开环聚合合成了端炔基修饰的聚(L-丙交酯)。通过正交实验考察了各种反应条件对产物产率的影响,得出最佳的聚合反应条件如下:反应温度110℃,微波功率45W,辐照时间45min,催化剂用量0.1%。在此基础上,通过改变n(L-丙交酯)∶n(炔丙醇)投料比合成了一系列端炔基修饰的聚(L-丙交酯),通过FT-IR、1H NMR、DSC、XRD和GPC对其结构与性能进行了研究。结果表明,在微波作用下,快速、高效地合成了端炔基修饰的聚(L-丙交酯)目标产物,且产物的结构与性能可以通过改变n(L-丙交酯)∶n(炔丙醇)投料比在一定程度上进行调控,随着L-丙交酯投料量增大,产物的分子量逐渐增大,熔点逐渐升高。     

合成中间体丙交酯的制备与纯化

用辛酸亚锡Sn(oct)2作为催化剂制备丙交酯,经重结晶得到高纯度的丙交酯。通过熔点测定、红外光谱对丙交酯进行了确认。讨论了制备过程中的影响因素,与氧化锌作催化剂相比,改进了合成方法,缩短了反应时间,提高了产率。     

低温常压下高分子量左旋聚乳酸的微波合成及表征

以辛酸亚锡为催化剂低温常压下引发左旋丙交酯(LLA)开环聚合,快速高效地合成了性能良好的高分子量左旋聚乳酸(PLLA).通过正交实验研究了催化剂用量、反应温度和时间对产物分子量的影响,在催化剂用量0.21%(质量分数),反应温度100℃,反应时间60min时得到产物粘均分子量高达16.21×104.通过红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)对产物的结构进行分析,结果证明利用微波能有效地合成左旋聚乳酸,通过差式扫描量热(DSC)、X衍射(XRD)、旋光度和力学性能对左旋聚乳酸膜的性能进行表征,结果显示产物纯净,其结晶度为85.6%,光学纯度为98%,有良好的力学性能.     

3-甲基吗啉-2,5-二酮与L-丙交酯共聚物的制备和表征

以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,合成了3-甲基吗啉-2,5-二酮(MMD)与L-丙交酯(L-LA)的共聚物,并用FT-IR、HNMR、粘度测定法对共聚物进行了表征.结果表明,氨基酸被引入到聚乳酸的主链中,且聚合物的组成可根据投料比例的不同在较大范围内调节.     

超临界CO2中聚乳酸的合成及表征

以辛酸亚锡为催化剂用超临界二氧化碳作溶剂成功地实现了L-丙交酯的开环聚合,聚合产物用FT-IR、^1H-NMR、^13C-NMR、DSC和GPC进行了分析表征,结果表明：超临界二氧化碳流体中左旋丙交酯开环聚合不是离子型聚合．可能是配位一插入聚合。所合成的聚乳酸具有很高的光学活性;所得聚合物无论分子量大小,都具有熔点和中等结晶度,且随分子量的增大而升高。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.