建筑批评学

建筑批评学是研究建筑批评的学科 ,也就是元批评 ,是建筑理论的重要组成部分。建筑批评是对建筑以及建筑的创作思想、建筑作品与设计、建造和使用建筑的过程、使用建筑的社会个体和社会群体的鉴定和评价 ,对建筑进行全面而又系统的研究、描述、分析、阐释、比较、评价、论证、判断和批判。运用正确的思想方法 ,客观地、科学地、艺术地和全面地对建筑及其作者———建筑师的价值和品质作出评价。建筑是人和社会存在的环境 ,建筑也是人的本质力量的文化符号。为了建筑和人类自身的进步 ,建筑批评起着十分重要的作用。建筑批评是对建筑、建筑所…     

探寻建筑生命的长寿基因——以罗马古建筑圣天使堡为例

通过对圣天使堡建筑形式与环境的分析,并与奥古斯都墓的特点进行了比较,提出建筑形式和建筑环境是建筑的基本元素和最基本特征,在建筑的生命里都起着极其重要的作用,但在很多时候,建筑所处环境相对于建筑形式往往更能影响建筑的发展轨迹。建筑环境会随着时间的推移而不断变化,而在一座建筑的历史生命里,建筑环境的这种不断变化对建筑的影响要远远高于建筑形式。建筑的外部环境因素往往是影响建筑变迁更重要的原因,建筑所处的地点环境往往能对建筑未来的功能发展产生更加可观的影响。     

浅析会仙观古建群

通过对会仙观建筑群总体布局、建筑形式、建筑结构及建筑装饰色彩的分析,说明道教建筑是将中国传统建筑理念及建筑形式与道教思想文化相结合的产物,并为研究古代道教建筑及道教文化提供了参考依据。     

论建筑技术与建筑现象的关系

着重从科技发展的角度,通过对建筑历史中出现的现象、造型、构造等的探讨,较系统的阐述了建筑现象、建筑艺术与各时代建筑技术发展的相互关系,强调建筑技术是实现建筑的手段,不仅推动了建筑艺术的发展,同时其对建筑还有限制作用.     

生命建筑挑战:全球最高标准绿色建筑认证

随着绿色建筑的深入发展,健康建筑、近零能耗建筑、零排放建筑等更新理念、更高标准的绿色建筑相关认证不断涌现,其中"生命建筑挑战"认证因其最严苛的条件而受到业界的广泛关注。本文介绍了生命建筑挑战的认证框架、认证类别、适用的建筑类型与认证程序,总结了生命建筑认证标准的特点,概述了生命建筑认证的开展情况。     

普利茨克建筑奖获奖建筑师——理查德·迈耶(下)

<正>在异彩纷呈的建筑领域,理查德·迈耶是一位风格独特的建筑大师,他热衷于建筑形式的捕捉建筑空间的营造和光与影的游戏,以独特的建筑作品和理论丰富了现代建筑原则。品味迈耶的建筑,总     

以鸡鸣寺南山寺为例谈中国佛教建筑的建筑意

讲述了《建筑美学笔记》的读后感,在此基础上讨论了中国佛教建筑的建筑意,并以鸡鸣寺和南山寺为例将佛教建筑形式及其"建筑意"作了比较分析,从而使人们树立"建筑意"理念,加强"建筑意"意识。     

绿色建筑的本土化与工业化

绿色建筑是当今建筑发展的一种趋势。文章通过分析探讨本土建筑、建筑工业化与绿色建筑的内在联系,尝试探索关于绿色建筑的本土化与工业化。     

对建筑艺术的鉴赏

建筑是立体的画,凝固的诗。而不同民族,建筑的文化也是不同的,但它们大多具有时代的影子。但这些建筑也凝聚着不同的民族智慧,成为世界文化当中建筑的重要组成部分。本文从中西方各个时期的建筑文化入手,通过介绍中西方不同时期的建筑,分析其建筑文化,进一步的揭示了建筑艺术中对美学的追求。     

论现代建筑与环境的关系

从建筑与环境的关系、单体建筑与群体建筑的关系及建筑与建筑之间的关系三个方面深入探讨了建筑与环境的关系,以寻找建筑与环境内在的关联性,从而处理好空间环境因素在建筑中的应用。     

Etude physicochimique de la chloration de l'eau de mer artificielle contenant de l'azote ammoniacal

Chlorine added to ammonia-free sea-water gives rise to a fast and quantitative oxidation of bromide to hypobromite and hypobromous acid. However as ammonia nitrogen levels commonly found in coastal and estuarine sea-water are sufficiently high and thus not negligible compared to the chlorine dose introduced formation of monochloramine to compete with oxidation of bromine leading to bromamines. The relative importance of these two reactional pathways is estimated considering both bromine determination and study of the electron absorption spectra of chlorinated seawater. In order to avoid substitution reactions taking place in the presence of organic compounds, preliminary experiments have been carried out in artificial and u.v. photo-oxidized sea-water.The nature of the species formed depends on the molar ratio added chlorine vs ammonia-nitrogen concentration of seawater. With Cl/N larger than 1.5, only bromide derivatives are obtained: dibromamine, tribromamine and bromine(I) (HBrO + BrO⁻). Cl/N smaller than 1.5 leads to a mixture of monochloramine, dibromamine and some monobromamine: monochloramine clearly predominates when ammonium concentrations reach higher values. Stoichiometry of ammonia to nitrogen oxidation by chlorine explains this ratio of 1.5 and a strong decrease of the total oxidant concentration is observed under these conditions. Bromamines decompose within the following 30–60 min; only stable compounds remain: either bromine(I) or monochloramine according to Cl/N values. A similar behaviour is observed in natural seawater previously doped with ammonia as to the nature of the products formed for a given Cl/N ratio; however, bromamines decompose more rapidly due to bromination of organic components.     

Etude physicochimique de la chloration de l'eau de mer artificielle

Inorganic reactions occurring during ammonia-free sea-water chlorination have been considered. Experiments have been carried out in artificial or UV-photooxidized sea-water in order to avoid slow reactions of chlorine and bromine with organic compounds in sea-water. Results obtained either from bromine determination, using phenol red as a reagent, or from electronic absorption spectra of chlorinated sea-water show a fast and quantitative oxidation of bromide to hypobromite and hypobromous acid. No bromate formation was detected in our experimental conditions.     

Etude de l'evolution de la qualite des eaux de riviere

In France, the creation of a “Ministère de l'Environnement et du Cadre de Vie” and “Agences Financieres de Bassin” has made it possible to obtain information on the water quality of rivers and on the measures necessary to improve water quality. Particularly in the Adour-Garonne Basin, much information is now available. The methodology needed to draw conclusions concerning the quality of the rivers and to show the effectiveness of control measures has been developed.This method has been tested in two catchments (Fig. 1): L'Adour (15,000 km²) and La Dordogne (24,000 km²). The steps that were necessary before this method could be used were: critical assessment of the available data; identification and measurements of pollution sources. This called for the collection of information, annual statistics for each sampling station and information concerning the value and importance of measured parameters.Detailed information is available from 1971 and 1976 and this is shown by maps and graphical representations of the variations in the value of different parameters (Fig. 2).Statistical analysis has also been carried out on the information available for the period 1971–1976.Two methods were used: analysis of the principal components, the method most used being shown by Figs 3 and 4 and the “STATIS” method developed recently which treats the whole data “At 3 indices” (Fig. 5).Research has been carried out on the causal relations between the water quality and the sources of pollution.A simple graphical method is proposed to explain the effect of a strongly preponderant pollutant source. It allows easy visualisation of the change in the relationship between two series of variables (Fig. 8).In general cases of several sources of pollution a simplified method using BOD exclusively has been developed. It consists in comparing the values measured in the river and the estimates obtained from inflows of various sources and those from upstream basins (Fig. 9).The application of this method has made it possible to distinguish local or general tendencies in reference to the intervention realised by the “Agence Financiere de Bassin”.Attention has been given to the variations obtained between laboratories and research information and the necessity to extend application of the statistical method to parameters other than BOD₅.Comparable action is being taken for the whole basin of the Rhone (French). The information obtained for “L'Adour and La Dordogne” has led to a study not only of the concentration of pollutants but two types of flow, with flow measurements and concentration being taken into account in order to eliminate hydraulic effects.     

Modelisation de la cinetique d'oxydation en phase liquide de liqueur noire de papeterie par l'oxygene de l'air

Wet air oxidation is a process in which organic materials in the aqueous phase are oxidized by air at temperature between 450 and 600 K. To improve our understanding of the process, its kinetics were studied using a soda black liquor. The aim of the research was to define the regime where the reaction rate is kinetically controlled, to develop a model for the reaction rate. A power rate expression was developed which adequately described the oxidation of soda black liquor.     

Biodegradation de quelques agents de surface cationiques

Cationic surfactants were shown to have no bacteriostatic or bacteriolytic action on the heterotrophic bacterial populations isolated from sewage and river waters, contrary to what happens with pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus. The cationic surfactant biodegradation in sewage and river water was studied, measuring the reduction of the active substance by a colorimetric method using sodium alizarine sulfonate. Among the ten products tested (15 ethoxymethyl distearyl ammonium chloride—hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride and bromide—dodecylpyridinium iodide—hexadecylpyridinium bromide—laurylpyridinium chloride—diisobutylphenoxyethoxyethyl benzyl dimethylammonium chloride—quaternary alkylimidazolium compound—ethoxylated tertiary alkyl primary amines—dimethyldistearylammonium chloride) and in experimental conditions clearly specified, half of them, including straight-chain alkylammonium compounds, are degraded, the other half are not. These are cyclical alkylammonium compounds and petroleum derived cationics. Extent of biodegradation is then assessed by infrared spectroscopy.     

Mouvements de terrain en zone urbaine exemple de la ville de Lyon

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - Cet article tire quelques enseignements généraux sur les types de mouvements de terrain survenus depuis 1930 sur les versants des...