小型天然气膨胀液化工艺模拟及研究

国内油气资源分散、单井产量小,边远地区的油气资源较丰富,可以利用小型液化天然气装置制成LNG后外输,同时小型天然气膨胀液化工艺又是我国LNG研究工作的重点。利用Aspen Hysys软件对N2-CH4膨胀制冷液化流程进行模拟、研究和分析,得出影响该流程的主要参数:制冷剂高压压力、主换热器出口温度、制冷剂氮气含量、天然气进料压力和LNG储存压力对液化率和比功耗的影响。     

管网压力能用于天然气液化流程模拟

截止2013年底,我国天然气主干管道总里程超过了6万km,未来我国天然气管道的管径、压力、钢级将进一步提升。高压天然气需经过调压才能进入中压管道,但传统调压方式仅仅是进行节流,造成了压力能的浪费。探讨利用高压管网与中压管网之间的压差进行液化调峰,这里应用ASPEN HYSYS软件对流程进行了模拟,分析了分流器分流比、中压管网压力变化、气源压力变化、气源温度变化和气源流量变化对流程液化率的影响,并得出相应的结论。     

天然气分输站压力能利用方式经济性分析

天然气分输站压力能利用方式多样,需根据分输站条件选择最经济的系统方案。本文以流量为106 m³·d⁻¹的分输站为例,用HYSYS模拟计算直接膨胀发电、制取干冰、制取液化天然气三种压力能利用方案在不同初始压力、不同压差下的产出,并用净现值法分析方案经济性,结果表明：利用压力能制取LNG具有最好的经济性,并且对分输站初始压力和压差要求低;只有当分输站初始压力和压差达到某一值时,利用压力能膨胀发电才能产生经济效益;只有当分输站初始压力和压差达到某一值时,利用压力能制取干冰才能有产出;当分输站初始压力和压差处于中等条件时,直接膨胀发电经济效益好于制取干冰,当初始压力和压差足够大时,制取干冰经济效益好于膨胀发电。     

天然气压力能回收利用研究进展及分析

随着我国长输管道(高压)的发展,管道内的高压天然气的压力能所具有的经济价值是不容忽视的,天然气压力能利用包括直接利用和间接利用,介绍了高压天然气(CNG)直接膨胀发电、天然气压力能用于制冷技术和一种改进的将天然气压力能用于冷热电三联供的方法与装置存在的问题及分析。     

空气分离与天然气液化组合循环

提出了利用空分系统冷量液化天然气的联合流程思想,并介绍了一种采用氮气膨胀循环的空气分离与天然气液化联合方案,在得到液化天然气（LNG）的同时,也生产氮气、氧气等多种产品。通过流程模拟计算并采用有效能分析原理,确定了高、低温膨胀量比对传热温差及有效能损失的影响规律,得到了不同液化量下的优化膨胀量之比。结果表明,基于热负荷总组合曲线的有效能分析原理能够方便、有效地研究整个传热过程的温差分布及有效能损失规律,对实际低温过程系统优化有重要意义。     

一种发电和天然气再液化相结合的LNG冷能利用系统

针对冷能回收再利用问题,提出了一种结合LNG和燃煤废气发电与天然气再液化的冷能利用系统并对系统进行了改进。对原系统和系统改进部分进行了热力学计算,详细分析了蒸发压力、蒸发温度对系统热力性能的影响,分析了天然气液化率对系统净输出功的影响,确定了发电循环的最佳蒸发压力、蒸发温度及天然气液化率的范围。结果表明：以回收1000 kg·h^-1的LNG冷量（火用）计算,发电系统最大净输出功为69.6 kW·h,系统冷（火用）回收效率为41.43%;液化系统LNG液化率最大值为24%;系统改进后,发电系统净输出功和冷（火用）回收效率提高了17.85%,液化系统LNG液化率提高至28%。为日后LNG气化供气过程中的冷能利用提供一种新的思路。     

小型N_2-CH_4膨胀机天然气液化流程影响因素分析

利用HYSYS对小型N2-CH4膨胀机天然气液化流程进行模拟,分析关键参数对流程性能(比功耗、液化率)的影响。结果显示:降低制冷剂高压压力、LNG储存压力、制冷剂中甲烷含量和提高制冷剂低压压力、天然气入口压力,有利于减少比功耗;提高制冷剂高压压力、LNG储存压力、制冷剂中甲烷含量和降低制冷剂低压压力、天然气入口压力,有利于提高天然气液化率。     

利用液化天然气作冷源的发电装置

日本大阪瓦斯公司完成了世界上第一座利用液化天然气为冷源的实用电力装置。该装置已投入运转。1980年的发电量为700万千瓦小时。冷发电是利用液化天然气的膨胀压力来驱动涡轮机。大阪瓦斯公司的装置采用兰金(Ra-     

小型撬装式LNG装置的流程模拟

为了使小型撬装式LNG（液化天然气）装置的流程研究具有普遍意义,通过对液化流程的评价,分别从混合制冷剂液化流程和膨胀机液化流程中选择了极具代表性、性能最佳的丙烷预冷混合制冷剂液化流程和N2-CH4膨胀机液化流程,并结合液化流程的发展趋势,综合多种液化流程的优点,提出了节能新型混合制冷剂液化流程,对以上液化流程进行了模拟计算,并比较了流程的关键参数.结果表明,节能新型混合制冷剂液化流程简便灵活、能耗低、液化率高,适应于小型撬装式LNG装置.     

高压管输天然气利用压力能液化技术

通过火用分析得出,高压管网输送的天然气在调压过程中释放巨大的压力能,在调压站利用膨胀机回收天然气的压力能,用于天然气液化,以增加管网运行的经济性。并介绍了国内外几种天然气液化流程,阐述和分析了其液化方法和特点。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。