New galvanic cell designs for minimizing electrode polarization

New galvanic cell designs, incorporating one or two buffer electrodes, are developed to minimize the electrode polarization caused by electrochemical permeability of the electrolyte at high temperature. When a nonpolarizable reference electrode is employed, a cell with three-electrode compartments can be used to measure the chemical potential of oxygen in two-phase fields of ternary systems, associated with one degree of freedom at constant temperature. A buffer electrode is placed between the reference and measuring electrodes. The buffer electrode, maintained at approximately the same oxygen chemical potential as the measuring electrode, absorbs the semipermeability flux of oxygen between reference and measuring electrodes. When the reference electrode is polarizable, two buffer electrodes are required between the reference and measuring electrodes. The reference and reference-buffer electrodes have the same chemical potential of the active species. Similarly the measuring electrode and its buffer are of approximately the same chemical potential. A significant chemical potential difference exists only between the two buffers, which may become polarized due to coupled transport of ions and electronic defects through the electrolyte. Since the reference and measuring electrodes are insulated, the emf of the solid state cell is unaffected. The use of the buffer electrode designs permit more accurate thermodynamic measurements on metal and ceramic systems at high temperature.     

混沌测量中控制噪声的多系统耦合模式

混沌系统的参数敏感性和初值敏感性可以用于小信号检测 ,抑制噪声是其关键。根据符号动力学的理论 ,提出用耦合多个混沌测量系统同时进行相关测量来控制噪声的机制。研究了具体的耦合混沌测量系统 ,在理论分析的基础上 ,数值实验表明这是一种可行的全新测量机制 ,对理论探索和实践应用都有深刻的意义     

Potentiometric polymeric membrane electrodes for measurement of environmental samples at trace levels: new requirements for selectivities and measuring protocols, and comparison with ICPMS

It is here established that potentiometric polymeric membrane electrodes based on electrically neutral ionophores are useful analytical tools for heavy metal ion determinations in drinking water at nanomolar total concentrations. This means that they can compete with the most sophisticated techniques of instrumental analysis. With optimized ion-selective membranes based on the lead-selective ionophore 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arenetetrakis(thioacetic acid dimethylamide) as model example, a number of native and spiked drinking water samples are potentiometrically assessed for lead, and the results compared with ICPMS measurements. The goal of this work is to demonstrate that detection limits in real world samples are routinely achieved that are, with 1.5 ppb, at least 10-fold lower than the lead action limit imposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (15 ppb). In contrast to earlier reports, different conditioning and measuring protocols are followed, and membranes and inner filling solution of optimized composition are used. The sensors are shown to be useful for the speciation analysis of lead in water as well. Typical water samples are acidified to pH 4 to assess total lead rather than free, uncomplexed lead. For lead concentrations above 2 ppb, the values compare very well with ICPMS. Main interferences are found to be H+ and Cu2+, although Cu2+ only shows significant interference at levels around or above its own action limit (1.3 ppm), in which case the water sample would anyway show quality problems. An explicit, simplified flux model targeted to the practical use of these sensors explains the extent of expected interference. Sensors are shown to require a higher selectivity than predicted by models not considering ion fluxes, since in dilute samples, the counterdiffusion flux of lead from the membrane into the sample becomes potential determining. The model and experiments shown here are a foundation for future trace level applications of potentiometric polymeric membrane electrodes.     

螺纹综合测量机的扫描原理与误差分析

检测圆柱螺纹主要方法有螺纹综合测量机的轮廓扫描法和测长机的三针法、量球法,两种检测方法的测量结果存在一些差异。通过论述螺纹综合测量机检测圆柱螺纹的结构原理,构建轮廓扫描几何模型,设计针尖半径补偿算法,并对检测方法的误差影响因素进行了分析。经分析,所提出的螺纹综合测量机的轮廓扫描法具有测量精度高、速度快、参数全面、检测过程自动化,受人为因素干扰小的特点,是螺纹综合参数测量的最好方法。     

基于单稳频激光的端面距离微尺寸测量方法

搭建了一种用于端面距离微尺寸测量的干涉光路,分别以频率高度稳定的532nm波长激光和波长不确定度水平相对较差的633nm波长激光作为光源进行照射以获取干涉图样。使用电荷耦合器件(CCD)传感器获取干涉图样,采用数字图像处理手段清晰化干涉图样,并利用条纹的像素距离计算干涉条纹级次差的小数部分,用多波长的小数重合法计算端面间距。通过系统的软件部分,利用数字图像处理的手段对干涉图像的质量进行优化,在较为简单的实验条件下实现精度较高的端面距离微尺寸测量。     

螺纹跨线测量干涉问题的探讨

本文建立了对称的阿基米德螺纹(蜗杆)跨线测量时发生干涉的数学模型,并导出干涉发生的判定公式。论证了干涉的发生不仅与螺纹(蜗杆)的参数有关而且与选用的量针直径有关的观点。     

Fano-Rashba effect in quantum dots

We consider the electronic transport through a Rashba quantum dot coupled to ferromagnetic leads. We show that the interference of localized electron states with resonant electron states leads to the appearance of the Fano-Rashba effect. This effect occurs due to the interference of bound levels of spin-polarized electrons with the continuum of electronic states with an opposite spin polarization. We investigate this Fano-Rashba effect as a function of the applied magnetic field and Rashba spin-orbit coupling.     

Conductance and Thermopower of a Quantum Dot with Fano–Rashba Effect

We investigate the conductance and thermopower of a Rashba quantum dot coupled to ferromagnetic leads. We show that the interference of localized electron states with resonant electron states leads to the appearance of the Fano–Rashba effect. This effect occurs due to the interference of bound levels of spin-polarized electrons with the continuum of electronic states with an opposite spin polarization. We obtain an important enhancement of the thermopower due to the Fano–Rashba effect.     

Studying electromagnetic interference spectrum in antenna under aircraft radome using models with artificial charged aerosol clouds

The spectrum of electromagnetic interference that is induced by discharges in an antenna arranged under an aircraft radome in an artificial charged aqueous aerosol cloud has been experimentally studied. It is established that, among different possible variants of lightning-arrest radomes, the minimum level of the spectral density of interference signals in the antenna is provided by vertical stripe electrodes on the radome surface. The maximum characteristic frequencies of signals in a model spherical antenna are several times lower than those in model lightning diverters, while the flat model antennas of disk or rectangular shapes exhibit the opposite trend. It has been suggested that a significant role in determining the characteristics of the electromagnetic interference spectrum in weather radar antennas is played by currents of discharges generated by charges accumulated on the dielectric radome surface.     

Extrinsic fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer sensor for refractive index measurement of optical glass

A simple fiber-optic sensor based on Fabry-Perot interference for refractive index measurement of optical glass is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A broadband light source is coupled into an extrinsic fiber Fabry-Perot cavity formed by the surfaces of a sensing fiber end and the measured sample. The interference signals from the cavity are reflected back into the same fiber. The refractive index of the sample can be obtained by measuring the contrast of the interference fringes. The experimental data meet with the theoretical values very well. The proposed technique is a new method for glass refractive index measurement with a simple, solid, and compact structure.     

Electronic transport properties of carbon nanotoroids

We investigate the electronic transport properties of carbon nanotori covalently connected to external electrodes made up of carbon nanotubes of various chiralities. The study is based on computing ballistic transport characteristics within the framework of Green's function theory using a simple π-orbital tight-binding model. The calculations focus on the effect of the relative angle made by the electrodes as they are placed at different positions along the nanoring. The conductance behavior is found to depend on the details of the atomic structure of the torus but also on the positions of the electrodes. Our findings are rationalized using an elementary quantum mechanical interference model, which reproduces well the main features of the numerical data.     

Coupled torsional and longitudinal vibrations of piezoelectric fiber actuator with helical electrodes

The vibration characteristics of a piezoelectric fiber actuator with helical electrodes are studied theoretically and experimentally. Its working principle indicates that the torsional, longitudinal, and tangential deformations of the fiber are coupled. A simplified dynamic model is deduced to investigate the properties of the coupled vibrations and their corresponding equivalent circuits are also provided. Resonant frequencies and mechanical coupling coefficients in free-free boundary condition are calculated. The trends of resonant frequencies as functions of the electrode helical angle and fiber length are discussed and validated in experiments.     

Calibration and X-ray spectroscopy with silicon CCDs

It is shown that the novel mode of operation of charge coupled devices (CCDs) allows a new method of measuring the X-ray energy-to-charge conversion factor, without requiring externally calibrated circuits etc., thereby reducing possible contributions to systematic uncertainties in this measurement. In addition, the low noise operation of CCDs is shown to lead to possibilities for measuring the Fano factor in silicon with improved precision. Advances in CCD X-ray detection performance are described, including energy resolutions of 80 eV FWHM at a temperature of 180 K, and detection efficiencies of greater than 90%. Such improvements are shown to have potential benefit for various X-ray spectroscopic applications.     

动态心电图机的检定装置

介绍了一种动态心电图机的检定装置。该装置根据Holter导联连接方式设计导联电极开关控制电路,采用金属外壳屏蔽部分外部干扰信号优化输入阻抗测量。实验结果及测量结果不确定度评定表明该装置能够用于Holter的检定,保证Holter计量性能的准确可靠,为病人身体健康提供保障。     

Messung des piezoelektrischen Effektes an stoßbelasteten Gesteinsstäben

Measurements of the piezoelectric effect of impact loaded rock bars The piezoelectric effect, which causes electric charge at the surface of impact loaded rock bars, is shown by measurements using electrodes. Moreover, electric field of this charge leads to measuring with antenna. The one-dimensional theory of elastic waves in bars is the theoretical basis of computation. The comparison of all the experimentally and numerically determined data has proven a good agreement of typical features of mechanical waves measured by used methods. The electric charge and the antenna signal are measurable on the front surface and on the lateral surfaces of samples. For using later measuring points needs a certain relation between wave length and sensor length. With respect of material of used granite samples the essential requirements are piezoelectrically active rocks. These properties dont depend on quartz content alone. So the piezoelectric effect enables to measure mechanical stress waves by transducer(antenna)which is not physically in contact with the appropriated rock sample.     

Far-field interference from a sphere and its applications

A theoretical model of far-field interference from a sphere has been established, and its applications have been investigated. When two coherent parallel laser beams shine on a smooth sphere surface from opposite directions, the reflected lights form interference fringes at far field. The fringes have hyperbolic shapes and are not uniformly distributed. This paper derives a method for calculating the path-length difference between two parallel reflected lights, analyzes the interference field, and discusses reasons that cause the fringe density variations. A formula for calculating the highest orders of interference fringes is also provided. A method for using a spectrometer, CCD camera, and computer to measure the sphere diameter is demonstrated. The results agree with those from an Abbe comparator. The theory and methods are also suitable for measuring diameters of smooth cylinders.     

Coupled mechanism and pull-in instability of several probe-membrane assemblies subjected to electrostatic force

The mathematical model of a coupled probe-membrane system subjected to electrostatic force is constructed. It is different than the conventional nano/micro actuator, which is constructed by two independent fixed/mobile conducting electrodes. The formula of pull-in voltage for different membranes is presented. The effects of several parameters on the pull-in instability are studied. The analytical method for the coupled vibration is proposed. The effects of the probe tips and several differential boundary conditions of membranes on the coupled characteristics are investigated. The coupled characteristic mechanism is clearly described.     

Vibrations of an elastic structure with shunted piezoelectric patches: efficient finite element formulation and electromechanical coupling coefficients

This article is devoted to the numerical simulation of the vibrations of an elastic mechanical structure equipped with several piezoelectric patches, with applications for the control, sensing and reduction of vibrations. At first, a finite element formulation of the coupled electromechanical problem is introduced, whose originality is that provided a set of non‐restrictive assumptions, the system's electrical state is fully described by very few global discrete unknowns: only a couple of variables per piezoelectric patches, namely (1) the electric charge contained in the electrodes and (2) the voltage between the electrodes. The main advantages are (1) since the electrical state is fully discretized at the weak formulation step, any standard (elastic only) finite element formulation can be easily modified to include the piezoelectric patches (2) realistic electrical boundary conditions such that equipotentiality on the electrodes and prescribed global charges naturally appear (3) the global charge/voltage variables are intrinsically adapted to include any external electrical circuit into the electromechanical problem and to simulate shunted piezoelectric patches. The second part of the article is devoted to the introduction of a reduced‐order model (ROM) of the problem, by means of a modal expansion. This leads to show that the classical efficient electromechanical coupling factors (EEMCF) naturally appear as the main parameters that master the electromechanical coupling in the ROM. Finally, all the above results are applied in the case of a cantilever beam whose vibrations are reduced by means of a resonant shunt. A finite element formulation of this problem is described. It enables to compute the system EEMCF as well as its frequency response, which are compared with experimental results, showing an excellent agreement. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Durable transparent carbon nanotube films for flexible device components

This paper describes a durable carbon nanotube (CNT) film for flexible devices and its mechanical properties. Films as thin as 10 nm thick have properties approaching those of existing electrodes based on indium tin oxide (ITO) but with significantly improved mechanical properties. In uniaxial tension, strains as high as 25% are required for permanent damage and at lower strains resistance changes are slight and consistent with elastic deformation of the individual CNTs. A simple model confirms that changes in electrical resistance are described by a Poisson's ratio of 0.22. These films are also durable to cyclic loading, and even at peak strains of 10% no significant damage occurs after 250 cycles. The scratch resistance is also high as measured by nanoscratch, and for a 50 μm tip a load of 140 mN is required to cause initial failure. This is more than 5 times higher than is required to cause cracking in ITO. The robustness of the transparent conductive coating leads to significant improvement in device performance. In touch screen devices fabricated using CNT no failure occurs after a million actuations while for devices based on ITO electrodes 400,000 cycles are needed to cause failure.These durable electrodes hold the key to developing robust, large-area, lightweight, optoelectronic devices such as lighting, displays, electronic-paper, and printable solar cells. Such devices could hold the key to producing inexpensive green energy, providing reliable solid-state lighting, and significantly reducing our dependence on paper.     

Electric arc modeling of the EAF using differential evolution algorithm

?tore Steel Ltd. makes more than 1400 steel grades. The highest costs in steel production from scrap stems from the electric arc furnace electric energy consumption. Electrical energy is used to produce heat energy generated by the burning arc between the graphite electrodes and steel scrap. In general, the balanced heat input of all electrodes is essential. Based on the input of thermal energy from all electrodes, also the possibility of occurrence of hot and cold spots in the electric arc furnace can be determined. Perception of and the elimination of the unequal heat load of electrodes have a major impact on reducing operating costs and increasing the efficiency of the electric arc furnace production. Most authors have modeled the arc furnace as an electrical equivalent circuit, where the electric arc is modeled using the macroscopic approach. In this paper, the microscopic approach to the electric arc model is described, where a set of equations (electrical neutrality, Dalton law, Saha–Eggert) was solved using differential evolution algorithm. The results of modeling were practically confirmed by measuring electric parameters (voltage, current, active power) during the electric arc furnace operation. In November 2016, the investment in a new electrode controller using implemented logic will be carried out.