饱和破碎岩石压实变形特性的试验研究

破碎岩石的变形性质是影响采空区覆岩垮落与地表沉陷的重要因素。利用一种专门的破碎岩石压实试验装置,在MTS815.02岩石力学试验系统上完成了饱和破碎岩石压实过程中的变形特性测定,得到了煤、页岩和砂岩3种岩样压实过程中的应力–应变关系,分析了粒径和强度对破碎岩石应力–应变特性的影响。研究结果表明:破碎岩石在压实过程中应力与应变之间近似呈指数关系;在相同的应力状态下,岩块强度越高试样应变越小;大粒径试样在加载初期应变增长率小于小粒径试样的应变增长率,随着应力的增加,大粒径试样的应变增长率大于小粒径岩样的应变增长率;饱和破碎岩石在相同的应力状态下的应变明显比在自然含水状态下大。     

综放沿空留巷围岩稳定性影响分析

在工程实践基础上，采用适于分析岩层断裂和垮落的数值分析软件UDEC建立相应的数值分析模型，详细分析了综放沿空留巷围岩移动规律，系统分析了老顶断裂位置、端头不放顶煤长度、原有巷道支护技术、充填体宽度、充填方式和充填体强度对综放沿空留巷围岩稳定性影响规律，得出了许多有益的结论。研究结果表明，在保证顶煤及顶板稳定前提下，合理利用围岩移动规律，确定合理充填方式和充填体强度，既能保证充填体稳定，又能达到很好的留巷效果。     

复采工作面过冒顶区顶板断裂特征及控制研究

 针对复采工作面过冒顶区时工作面易发生煤壁滑帮、端面冒漏以及顶板来压强度大等特点,以晋煤集团圣华煤业3101复采工作面为工程背景,运用相似模拟对复采工作面过冒顶区时顶板破断特征、支承压力分布特征以及支架受力状态进行研究,依据相似模拟结果建立复采采场力学模型,推导液压支架支护强度的计算公式,提出复采工作面过冒顶区时的围岩控制技术。研究结果表明：(1) 工作面过冒顶区时采场顶板易形成大厚度、长跨距的超前大断裂;(2) 冒顶区弱化了顶板岩梁的应力传递,加剧了支承压力的荷重集度;(3) 液压支架受顶板超前大断裂的影响,支架工作阻力在通过冒顶区前呈突变性增加,模拟结果支架支护阻力最大值为16 200 kN,理论计算支架支护阻力为16 110.5 kN;(4) 复采工作面在通过冒顶区前必须对冒顶区进行注浆充填,同时给出支架工作阻力随充填体强度变化的关系式,为复采采场顶板控制提供理论依据。     

综采面多层坚硬顶板破断特征及其安全控制研究

祁东煤矿8_2煤层覆岩存在多层厚度较大坚硬岩层,初次跨落步距大,周期断裂悬顶长,严重危害工作面的安全生产。通过分析坚硬顶板的岩梁结构、力学特性,建立了初次来压双固支梁模型,判断出关键层的位置,获得了顶板初次垮落及周期垮落步距。并建立了有矸石支撑的周期跨落悬臂梁模型,根据平衡关系计算得到给定支架载荷下的合理悬顶长度。采用超前深孔预裂爆破技术弱化坚硬顶板,设计了合理爆破参数。开采实践表明,采用的爆破技术实现了对坚硬顶板的有效控制,减小了基本顶跨落步距,降低了来压程度,保证了工作面的安全正常开采。     

采场覆岩厚关键层破断与冒落规律分析

具有良好分层性的采场覆岩破断规律己被基本掌握，但对于厚关键层(特厚层砂岩老顶)覆岩的采场矿压规律还需深入研究。运用岩体破裂过程分析系统，结合某矿区实际覆岩构造特征，分析了具有厚关键层的采场覆岩的破断与冒落规律。研究表明：厚关键层的破断、垮落规律与长梁(或薄板)矿压理论存在根本差异，其初次破断与冒落形态为拱形，周期破断与冒落呈不等长的短块状。厚关键层来压具有多样性和随机性，不同形式的采场来压对支架的作用不同，大块滑落失稳对采场支架的威胁最大，对采场矿压控制提出了严峻的挑战。该研究成果为实际采矿设计与矿压控制提供了理论依据。     

“两硬”条件下综放面支架围岩关系

依据对忻州窑矿８９１６综放面矿压的观测，论述了“两硬”条件下综放面矿压显现特征、支架初撑力与阻力的关系和悬梁式力学模型。结论是“两硬”条件下综放面既保持了坚硬顶板的显现特征，又具有放顶煤垫层的特性，支架合理工作阻力应以悬梁力学模型为基础，用垫层效应系数来修正。     

Core quality: quantification of coring-induced rock alteration

Core samples retrieved from deep boreholes may be permanently damaged as a result of the stress-release occurring during drill-out. This paper presents work performed to quantify the effect of this damage on subsequent rock mechanical and petrophysical laboratory measurements. Using synthetic rocks manufactured under stress, we have measured material properties in ‘virgin’ (simulated in situ) conditions, and compared these to properties of ‘cores’ that have been unloaded to simulate coring and subsequently reloaded to in situ conditions. For the three synthetic sandstones manufactured, the compaction modulus was permanently reduced as a result of an unloading–reloading cycle, wave velocities were also permanently reduced, and for the weakest materials, porosity was reduced as well. The unconfined strength was found to be strongly affected by the simulated coring. Correction schemes have been developed to correct core data, laboratory test procedures are proposed, and a novel coring tool for field use has been developed in conjunction with this work, to reduce core damage effects.     

锚网索支护软煤综放面开切眼围岩稳定性研究

为了研究锚网索支护条件下松软煤层综放面开切眼围岩的稳定性，运用Timoshenko梁和岩石力学理论分别对顶板似连续体以及帮煤变形破坏情况进行计算分析，确定影响开切眼围岩稳定性的各种因素。在此基础上，提出不同的锚网索支护方案，运用UDEC 3．0进行数值模拟分析，重点研究不同支护强度下围岩变形情况，同时探讨不同支护强度下的顶板与帮煤之间的相互作用关系，进而优化支护参数，确定支护方案。现场试验表明，支护方案6满足工程要求，具有较好的经济和社会效益。     

深孔爆破在深井坚硬复合顶板沿空留巷强制放顶中的应用

 为防止深井坚硬顶板沿空留巷的充填墙体在顶板垮落时被压坏,特采取深孔爆破强制放顶来释放顶板压力以提高沿空留巷的护巷效果。通过数值模拟和理论分析的方法,阐述深孔爆破强制放顶的卸压机制。炸药在坚硬岩体中爆破,爆破孔周边的岩体受爆轰应力波作用产生大量裂隙并发生大幅度位移,使爆破孔周围的应力重新分布,厚层顶板垮落,降低了巷旁充填墙体的附加载荷,从而起到护巷作用。最后,在潘一矿东区1252(1)工作面进行超前深孔爆破强制放顶的现场应用,在经历工作面回采和充填留巷稳定阶段后,墙体整体维护效果良好,对类似条件下沿空留巷强制放顶具有很好的借鉴意义。     

冲击性顶板运动及其应力演化特征的3DEC 模拟研究

 采用三维离散元程序建立煤层综放开采模型，研究综放工作面推进过程中采场、采空区上覆顶板岩层的冲击性运动形式和分段性垮落形态，记录并且分析采场动态推进过程中，采动围岩中岩层块体垂直应力、水平应力的动态演化特征。研究结果表明，采空区基本顶的运动形式、来压周期、来压强度与直接顶的垮落厚度有关；支架后方的直接顶挤压成拱缓冲了基本顶的来压冲击强度，同时也改变了其来压步距。随着工作面向跟踪块体方向的推进，块体垂向应力、水平应力存在高低应力分区，并且不断地波动，岩层应力峰值位置随着岩层高度的增加稍向煤壁前方移动。     

无煤柱自成巷聚能切缝技术及其对围岩应力演化的影响研究

 基于切顶短臂梁理论,分析无煤柱切顶自成巷技术原理,结合柠条塔矿施工经验,总结出“支、切、护、封”四步成巷工艺。通过建立联孔聚能爆破力学模型,分析无煤柱自成巷聚能爆破机制,得出联孔爆破损伤贯通判据条件,并结合试验巷道围岩特性,进行聚能切缝关键参数设计。综合运用理论分析、数值模拟及现场实测,对无煤柱自成巷切缝前后工作面和巷道矿压分布规律和演变机制进行系统研究。结果表明,由于切缝结构面切断巷道顶板与工作面顶板岩体间的应力传递路径,改变顶板岩层结构形态,工作面和巷道矿压分布发生明显变化。切缝对工作面矿压影响有一定范围,切缝影响区内周期来压强度有所减小,周期来压步距有所增大。切缝引起的充填结构的支撑作用是造成工作面顶板压力减小的直接原因,来压控制关键层上的有效荷载减小是导致来压步距增大的根本原因。受切缝影响,碎石帮顶板岩体将经历“垮落→压实→稳定”的演变过程,充分利用采空区碎胀矸石的自承载特性和巷道围岩的协同支撑作用,可有效减小支护强度,增强巷道稳定性。     

开采环境再造深孔诱导崩落模型试验研究

 以新疆喀拉通克铜镍矿为原型,运用地质力学模型试验,深入分析深孔诱导崩落开采过程中人工顶板和上、下盘围岩力学演化规律。试验在自行设计的BLES双向加载岩体开挖模拟试验台上,模拟开采环境再造深孔诱导崩落充填采矿法的8个开采步骤。试验结果表明：(1) 在开挖1#,2#凿岩硐室以及切割拉底时,上、下盘围岩应力和位移都呈缓慢增加的趋势,而人工顶板中部应力值逐渐减小,处于受拉状态。开挖V型堑沟、诱导崩落矿体时,上盘围岩和下盘围岩应力值随开挖步骤急剧增加。上、下盘围岩底部和人工顶板的左端应力值分别达到初始应力的2.2,2.14和2.53倍,应力集中现象明显。(2) 开挖完成后,人工顶板和上、下盘围岩最大沉降量分别为8.6,6.5和2.8 cm,满足矿山安全要求。上盘围岩的变形明显大于下盘围岩的变形,且有整体移动现象。(3) 构筑9 m厚的人工顶板,在整个试验过程中未出现破裂等破坏现象,实现采矿环境再造,同时确保试验采场的稳定性和安全性。     

Mechanical behavior of different sedimentary rocks in the Brazilian test

Mechanical behavior of the rock in tensile stress environment remains an unresolved problem in the underground mining, where surrounding rocks commonly experience tensile failure. In the present study, tensile failure behavior of three types of sedimentary rocks is investigated experimentally and numerically. The deformation response, fracture propagation, and splitting pattern as well as energy conversion of the rocks are examined in the Brazilian test with a testing machine, high-speed camera, and image scanning system. The tested rocks tend to show elastic-brittle-plastic deformation behavior in the biaxial stress state. Tensile strengths of the coal, mudstone, and sandstone are 1.2, 3.9, and 13.4 MPa, respectively. The coal and mudstone split in a static mode while the sandstone in dynamic mode. The splitting fracture initiates at the disk center in the coal and sandstone, and it emerges at the loading point in the mudstone. The fracture propagates more quickly in the rock with larger strength. It uses 1200.0, 5.8, and 0.4 ms, to break out sample surface of the coal, mudstone, and sandstone, respectively. The joint roughness coefficient (JRC) of the splitting fracture is largest (20.1) in the mudstone, followed by that in the coal (17.7), and it is smallest in the sandstone (15.3). A continuous-discontinuous coupling model, which is capable of analyzing the stress distribution and fracture propagation synergistically, is developed and calibrated against the experimental data. The numerical model accurately reproduces mechanical behavior of the tested rocks observed in the Brazilian test. The splitting fracture propagates along the maximum tensile stress plane in the sandstone. The propagation direction is locally influenced by the grain boundary with small tensile strength in the coal while, in the mudstone, the fracture is mainly formed along the grain boundary. Such differences in the fracture propagation path lead to the increasing trend from the JRC of the splitting surface in the sandstone to that in the coal and finally to that in the mudstone.

     

煤岩冲击倾向性研究

 基于大量试验数据,系统分析煤岩冲击倾向性各种指标的相关数据,并针对现有行业标准中关于煤岩冲击倾向性评价存在的问题,提出将煤的单轴抗压强度作为评价煤层冲击倾向性的新指标,并给出判据;对原煤矿顶板岩层冲击倾向性指标的适用性进行分析,并指出不足,提出并推导出新的基于简支梁模型的顶板岩层冲击倾向性计算公式及其界定指标;分析脆性系数、含水率等与冲击倾向性之间的相关性。研究结果表明,煤的单轴抗压强度可以作为煤层冲击倾向性评价指标;依据简支梁模型确定的弯曲能量指数的计算公式,其计算结果与现场实际情况相吻合。     

综放沿空巷道顶煤受力变形分析

根据砌体梁理论 ,老顶以给定变形方式作用于综放沿空巷道围岩 ,应用能量原理分析了巷道围岩的变形机理 ,建立了巷道顶煤的力学模型 ,运用变分法对老顶给定变形下顶煤的变形进行了初步求解 ,并对顶煤下沉量与支护阻力、煤体弹性模量、巷道宽度的关系进行了探讨。     

坚硬顶板水压致裂控制理论与成套技术

煤矿坚硬顶板具有硬度大、整体性好、分层厚度大等特点,导致诸多围岩控制与安全难题。水压致裂可改造顶板岩体结构,控制工作面顶板的冒落;提出坚硬顶板水压致裂控制的理论与成套技术框架。采用真三轴实验系统等研究揭示水压裂缝的扁椭球体典型形态和空间转向扩展形态,给出围压主应力差、排量、层面与原生裂隙等对水压裂缝扩展的影响规律,考虑围岩的应力应变状态与控顶效果,阐明定向压裂临空坚硬悬顶的断顶线位置适当内错煤柱的原理。给出采动岩体水压致裂的时空关系及确定方法。针对裂缝形态的控制要求,提出定向水力割缝致裂等系统的控制致裂方法,在此基础上研制煤矿井下高压(60 MPa)水压致裂的成套装备。针对不同类型工程特点,控制水压主裂缝扩展、翼型裂纹扩展和吸水湿润作用,使顶板及时充分冒落,实现围岩弱化、应力转移、诱导矿压破煤等功能。研发了工作面端头悬顶、切眼及中部坚硬顶板、坚硬顶煤弱化、综放面初采瓦斯、临空巷道冲击地压和大变形等控制成套工艺技术。成套技术与装备已在大同矿区、神东矿区等推广应用。与传统爆破弱化顶板相比,水压致裂弱化顶板管理简单、扰动小、安全性高、工程量少、作用范围大、控制距离远,且经济成本不到其1/10,在深部开采中更具有优势。     

Estimating the uniaxial compressive strength of a volcanic bimrock

Preparation of the standard sized cores from geological mixtures or fragmented rocks such as mélanges, fault rocks, coarse pyroclastic rocks, breccias and sheared serpentinites is often extremely difficult. Therefore, determination of the mechanical parameters such as cohesion, friction angle and UCS is extraordinarily difficult for these types of rocks. This paper presents the results of studies using Ankara Agglomerate to develop an empirical approach for the determination of the UCS for a volcaniclastic mixture of strong andesite blocks within weak tuff matrix, formed from the aggregation of volcanically exploded rock debris mixed with ash fall (tuff), i.e. a bock-in-matrix rock or ‘bimrock’. The uniaxial compressive strength of a volcanic bimrock can be predicted using the conceptual approach within as-yet poorly understood error limits. Therefore, the approach introduced is open to improvement depending on the number of data and cases including different type of bimrocks.     

煤层顶底板岩石点荷载强度与拉压强度对比试验研究

 利用自主研制的点荷载仪,通过室内对煤矿顶底板常见岩性岩石进行点荷载试验、单轴抗压试验、抗拉试验对比分析,研究由点荷载强度快速准确确定单轴抗压强度及抗拉强度的方法。试验结果表明：点载荷强度较低的粗砂岩极易受到加载速率和加载方向影响,其预测值与实际值的误差相对较大;而对于点荷载强度较大的岩石,3种强度的线性相关性较高。点荷载试验的应用,为煤矿顶底板岩石强度确定及岩体分类提供了重要依据。     

A study of the mechanical behaviour of coal for pillar design

A series of triaxial compression tests was carried out on 61, 101, 146 and 300 mm diameter samples to investigate the effects of scale on the mechanical behaviour of coal. The “inherent variability” of laboratory coal strength data was found to be related to the degree of cleating or brightness of the coal samples. Using this observed relationship, a method was developed for estimating in situ coal seam strength based upon the “intact” properties of dull coal samples and seam brightness profiles. The peak strength criterion for in situ coal uses the parameters σ_c, m and s of the Hoek–Brown empirical strength criterion for rock masses. Unloading cycles were used to investigate the yield behaviour of the coal samples. The results show that, depending on the magnitude of the confining stress, the failure mechanism of coal alters significantly with a change from an axial splitting to a shearing mechanism. Measurements of the volumetric strain response also indicate an absence of scale dependence in the deformation behaviour of the three larger sample sizes. Unloading cycles were used as a means of investigating the development of recoverable (elastic) and irrecoverable (plastic) components of strain. The irrecoverable strain loci, for the larger sizes, were taken to be representative of the in situdeformation response of coal.     

综放工作面围岩结构分析

从系统稳定的观点出发，分析了综放工作面围岩的力学特性、结构特点及其平衡条件，讨论了直接顶与顶煤不同刚度组合对系统稳定的影响以及支架的工作特性，建立了综放采场的围岩力学模型。由此可对综放开采的矿山压力现象作出解释，并为支架的选型设计及矿山压力控制提供了依据。