An adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique fortransmission lines. II. PMU implementation and performance evaluation

Part I of this paper set sets forth theory and algorithms for adaptive fault detection/location technique, which is based on phasor measurement unit (PMU). This paper is Part II of this paper set, A new timing device named “Global Synchronism Clock Generator, GSCG” including its hardware and software design is described in this paper, Experimental results show that the synchronized error of rising edge between the two GSCGs clock is well within 1 ps when the clock frequency is below 2.499 MHz. The measurement results between Chung-Jeng and Chang-Te 161 kV substations of Taiwan Power company by PMU equipped with GSCG is presented and the accuracy for estimating parameters of line is verified. The new developed DFT based method (termed as smart discrete Fourier transform, SDFT) and line parameter estimation algorithm are combined with PMU configuration to form the adaptive fault detector/locator system. Simulation results have shown that SDFT method can extract exact phasors in the presence of frequency deviation and harmonics, The parameter estimation algorithm can also trace exact parameters very well, The SDFT method and parameter estimation algorithm can achieve accuracies of up to 99.999% and 99.99%, respectively. The EMTP is used to simulate a 345 kV transmission line of Taipower System. Results have shown that the proposed technique yields correct results independent of fault types and is insensitive to the variation of source impedance, fault impedance and line loading. The accuracy of fault location estimation achieved can be up to 99.9% for many simulated cases, The proposed technique will be very suitable for implementation in an integrated digital protection and control system for transmission substations     

一种基于PMU的线路自适应故障测距算法

提出一种新的基于相量测量单元(PMU)的输电线路故障测距的自适应算法。该算法利用PMU装置获得高压线路两端的电压和电流相量,在线计算线路参数,解决了线路实际参数与电力局所提供参数的不同、线路参数在运行过程中的不确定性等问题。采用前置带通滤波器与全波傅氏算法相结合的滤波算法,提取相当精确的突变量基频分量,用于输电线路故障测距。大量的EMTP仿真计算结果和实际系统参数验证结果表明,该测距算法不受系统的运行方式、故障点过渡电阻、故障类型、故障距离等因素的影响,具有很高的测距精度。     

A new PMU-based fault detection/location technique for transmission lines with consideration of arcing fault discrimination-part I: theory and algorithms

A new fault detection/location technique with consideration of arcing fault discrimination based on phasor measurement units for extremely high voltage/ultra-high voltage transmission lines is presented in this two-paper set. Part I of this two-paper set is mainly aimed at theory and algorithm derivation. The proposed fault detection technique for both arcing and permanent faults is achieved by a combination of a fault detection index |M| and a fault location index |D|, which are obtained by processing synchronized fundamental phasors. One is to detect the occurrence of a fault and the other is to distinguish between in-zone and out-of-zone faults. Furthermore, for discriminating between arcing and permanent faults, the proposed technique estimates the amplitude of arc voltage by least error squares method through the measured synchronized harmonic phasors caused by the nonlinear arc behavior. Then, the discrimination will be achieved by comparing the estimated amplitude of arc voltage to a given threshold value. In addition, in order to eliminate the error caused by exponentially decaying dc offset on the computations of fundamental and harmonic phasors, an extended discrete Fourier transform algorithm is also presented.     

一种考虑对各种误差综合修正的线路双端测距算法

在输电线路故障测距的研究中,由于线路参数可能变化或提供的参数不准确,以及其他不利因素的存在,对故障测距的精度会产生很大的影响。该文提出了一种基于分布参数模型和等效参数估计的双端测距算法,该算法只利用故障前的电压电流,在线估计出线路等效参数,对各种误差能够起到综合补偿的效果,从而提高了测距精度。EMTP仿真结果表明,该算法较之不带参数修正的算法测距精度有明显提高,具有很强的参数自适应能力和收敛能力。     

基于相量测量的输电线路故障测距新算法

提出了一种新的基于相量测量的输电线路故障测距的自适应算法,对于单回线和同杆双回线均适用.该算法利用输电线路两端的电压和电流相量并采用集中参数模型对∏型等值线路的正序参数进行了在线计算以用于故障测距,解决了线路参数在运行过程中的不确定性问题.为了实现双端测距,通过故障前后线路两端的采样数据获取突变量,并采用对称分量和六序分量分别计算了单回线和同杆双回线的等效系统阻抗.大量的EMTP仿真计算结果和实际系统数据验证结果表明,该测距算法能适应系统运行方式的变化,不受故障点过渡电阻、故障类型、故障距离等因素的影响,具有很高的测距精度.     

一种考虑线路参数变化的输电线路双端测距算法

在输电线路运仃过程中，其线路参数并非固定不变，而是随环境条件的不同会有一定的变化，这种变化会对故障测距的精度产生很大的影响。本文提出一种基于参数估计和分布参数模型的双端测距算法，该算法仪使用故障前后电压电流的正序分量，将线路正序参数、故障距离和两端非同步误差等量作为未知量，利用故障发生时刻前后输电线路两端的电压电流相量求解非线性方程组来获得这些未知量，能在线估计出线路参数的变化，提高了测距精度。EMTP仿真结果和实际数据的验证均表明，该算法较之不带参数估计的算法测距精度明显提高，尤其在线路参数不准确的情况下，该算法具有很强的参数自适应能力和很高的测距精度。     

基于电流双反相量的同杆四回线故障选相方法

为了解决同杆四回线故障情况复杂,跨线故障时无法应用单回线故障选相方法的难题,提出了一种基于故障电流双反相量的同杆四回线故障选相方法。同杆四回线发生一回线内或两回线间跨线故障时,对四回线各相电流进行变换,可得故障相电流的双同及双反相量。通过对故障电流边界条件的分析可知,不同类型故障时故障电流的3个双反相量分别具有不同的幅值和相位特点。以此为基础,提出了在一回线内故障和两回线间跨线故障时能够准确识别故障回线和故障相的同杆四回线故障选相方法。仿真表明本方法在不同的负载电流、过渡电阻、故障位置及故障类型下均能进行有效的故障选相。     

A novel adaptive PMU-based transmission-line relay-design and EMTP simulation results

This paper proposes a novel adaptive relaying scheme based on phasor-measurement units (PMUs) for transmission lines. The proposed adaptive relaying scheme can provide an extremely accurate discrimination between in-zone and out-of-zone faults. Two novel and composite fault discrimination indices in terms of Clarke components of synchronized voltage and current phasors at two ends of a line are derived. A line parameter estimation algorithm is developed and built in the newly designed relay to solve the uncertainty problem of line parameters. The proposed relaying scheme is independent of fault types, fault locations, fault path resistance, fault inception angles, and the variations of source impedance. The tripping decision time of the designed relay is very fast and almost held well within 6 ms for most fault events. All of the EMTP simulation results show that the proposed adaptive relaying scheme provides a high level of dependability and security.     

A Fault Location Algorithm for Two-End Series-Compensated Double-Circuit Transmission Lines Using the Distributed Parameter Line Model

A new fault location algorithm for two-end series-compensated double-circuit transmission lines utilizing unsynchronized two-terminal current phasors and local voltage phasors is presented in this paper. The distributed parameter line model is adopted to take into account the shunt capacitance of the lines. The mutual coupling between the parallel lines in the zero-sequence network is also considered. The boundary conditions under different fault types are used to derive the fault location formulation. The developed algorithm directly uses the local voltage phasors on the line side of series compensation (SC) and metal oxide varistor (MOV). However, when potential transformers are not installed on the line side of SC and MOVs for the local terminal, these measurements can be calculated from the local terminal bus voltage and currents by estimating the voltages across the SC and MOVs. MATLAB SimPowerSystems is used to generate cases under diverse fault conditions to evaluating accuracy. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is qualified for practical implementation.     

基于分布参数模型的高压输电线路故障测距算法

输电线路故障定位一直是电力系统亟待解决的难题,快速准确的故障定位对电力系统有极为重要的意义,由于传统的单端法故障测距易受过渡电阻和对端肋增电流的影响,基于集中参数电路模型的故障测距算法又不适用于长线路测距,中提出一种只使用输电线路参数和２端电气量的基于分布参数电路模型的输电线路故障这位方法。并利用相模变化来减少实际线路的不换位和线路参数不平衡的影响,最后在模域求解故障距离。ＥＭＴＰ仿真结果表明,     

Intelligent two-port numerical algorithm for transmission lines disturbance records analysis

This paper presents a new intelligent numerical algorithm for analysis of transmission lines disturbance records. The algorithm improves the existing methodologies for fault location, adaptive autoreclosure, detailed disturbance records analysis, and fault data management. It is based on the processing of voltages and currents recorded at both of the line terminals. The algorithm does not require synchronized sampling of data from the line terminals. The proposed algorithm is derived in the spectral domain and is based on the application of the discrete Fourier transform. In the algorithm development, the fault arc is included in the complete fault model. One of advanced algorithm features is ability to determine both the arc and the fault/tower-footing resistance. The algorithm is thoroughly tested using EMTP simulation and real data records.     

Fault location in transmission lines using one-terminal postfault voltage data

A new algorithm for fault location in transmission lines, with fault distance calculation based on steady-state measured phasors in local terminal is presented. For the postfault, only voltage phasors are required, avoiding possible errors due to current transformer saturation; the current phasors are required only in prefault time, when saturation does not occur. The algorithm does not use simplifying hypothesis but requires system equivalent data at both line terminals and the fault classification, considering fault resistance purely resistive. In order to verify the algorithm performance, a parametric analysis of variables that influences short-circuit conditions is developed, including an analysis of remote equivalent setting. The results show that the algorithm is very accurate, even in cases when the remote equivalent is not well fitted.     

A new protection scheme for fault detection, direction discrimination, classification, and location in transmission lines

This paper presents a new adaptive fault protection scheme for transmission lines using synchronized phasor measurements. The work includes fault detection, direction discrimination, classification, and location. Both fault-detection and fault-location indices are derived by using two-terminal synchronized measurements incorporated with distributed line model and modal transformation theory. The fault-detection index is composed of two complex phasors and the angle difference between the two phasors determines whether the fault is internal or external to the protected zone. The fault types can be classified by the modal fault-detection index. The proposed scheme also combines online parameter estimation to ensure protection scheme performance and achieve adaptive protection. Extensive simulation studies show that the proposed scheme provides a fast relay response and high accuracy in fault location under various system and fault conditions. The proposed method responds very well with regards to dependability, security, and sensitivity (high-resistance fault coverage).     

多电源环网中输电线路参数估计测距法(一)——推算故障线路对端电压电流的算法

只要给定电力网络的拓扑结构和支路参数，可以不计网络的运行状态，从故障线路本端电压电流测量值，推算出对端故障后的电压电流值，进而可根据两侧电压电流数据，算出故障点的距离及故障点的过渡电阻。这可作为多电源有环网络中高压输电线路故障测距的一种手段。本文是“参数估计法”故障测距的理论基础，文中还列出了参数估计法的判据。     

基于在线计算线路分布参数的故障定位方法

为了提高测距精度,提出了一种不需要双端电压电流同步测量的分布参数模型故障测距算法。该算法根据故障后沿线电压的分布规律,在不要求双端数据同步时,利用线路两端故障前电压和电流相量在线计算线路参数;使用一维搜索方法算出故障点的位置,其具体测距算法是采用前置带通滤波器与全波傅氏算法相结合的滤波算法以提取相当精确的基频分量。仿真计算表明,该算法估算线路参数和故障距离较准确,无需解长线方程,且不受故障类型、线路参数变化和系统运行方式、过渡电阻等因素影响。     

基于分布参数线路模型的精确故障测距算法

为消除负荷电流和线路模型不准确给双端量故障测距带来的影响,提出一种基于分布参数线路模型的精确测距算法。算法以均匀传输线的波动方程(长线方程)为基础,利用线路两端电压、电流的正序故障分量以及线路正序参数直接计算故障距离。算法无需故障类型判别,不受系统阻抗、故障电阻、负荷电流以及分布电容的影响。基于EMTP的数字仿真结果验证了该算法的正确性和高精度。     

利用正序故障分量的双端量精确故障测距算法

为消除负荷电流和线路模型不准确给双端量故障测距带来的影响 ,本文提出一种基于分布参数线路模型的精确测距算法。算法以均匀传输线的波动方程 (长线方程 )为基础 ,利用线路两端电压、电流的正序故障分量以及线路正序参数直接计算故障距离。算法无需故障类型判别 ,不受系统阻抗、故障电阻、负荷电流以及分布电容的影响。基于EMTP的数字仿真结果验证了该算法的正确性和高精度     

基于双频法的树形配电线路单相断线兼接地故障诊断

针对树形配电线路特点，建立分布参数电路模型，利用故障后线路起始端的电压，电流相量，提出了树形配电线路单相断线兼接地故障定位新算法。本方法将始端相量逐分支向后传递故障点逐分支探索的方法实现故障测距，并利用双频法识别真伪故障。     

基于线路参数估计的高压架空输电线路故障测距新算法

在现有的故障测距算法中,输电线路参数都是作为已知恒量参与运算,其准确性是影响测距精度的一个重要因素.文中提出一种基于线路参数估计的故障测距最小二乘算法,该算法无需已知准确的线路阻抗参数,无需增加硬件装置,利用现场双端故障录波装置提供的数据,在线估计出线路参数,同时计算出故障距离,从原理上克服了现场实际因素造成的线路参数不准确或变化对测距结果精度的影响.理论分析及仿真结果表明,该算法具有很高的测距精度.     

一种双端测距算法的伪根问题与改进

双端故障测距由于不受过渡电阻和系统阻抗等因素的影响,得到了广泛的关注。但在利用长线方程沿线推导故障点电压幅值的测距算法中,原理上存在伪根的可能性,在某些情况下,会得到错误的测距结果,因此需要对该测距算法进行改进。该文首先对产生伪根的原因进行了深入地分析,并在此基础上,对原算法进行了改进,提出了判别伪根的原则,使其更具通用性,并利用EMTP程序仿真验证了改进后的测距算法。