Origin软件在制作曝光曲线中的应用

在相关射线检测标准和实际应用中，大都要求对在用射线设备制作曝光曲线，依据曝光曲线确定曝光参数。笔者利用Origin软件，制作了X射线机的曝光曲线，消除了人工计算的误差，作出的曝光曲线能够更好地指导射线检验工作。     

一种便携式射线机升降装置的设计与使用

在海洋钢结构平台18英寸及以上管径的工艺管线射线作业中,利用射线机进行中心曝光需将射线机固定在管子中心部位。本文设计并制作了一种射线机升降装置,用于调整射线机在工艺管线中心的位置,实现有效中心曝光检测。     

椭圆封头拼接焊缝一次性曝光检测

椭圆封头拼接焊缝的射线检测问题比较特殊，根据相关标准要求对其进行100％射线检测。它与纵向和环向焊缝都有区别，在检测过程中易造成射线透照厚度比超出标准规定要求而失去评定的意义，因而造成漏检。下面就利用周向X射线机对封头拼接焊缝进行一次性曝光检测的可行性作一探讨。     

X-射线机曝光曲线的简单制作

X射线检测能直观反映工件内部缺陷，在电力建设中是一项重要的检测手段。保证X射线探伤工艺的前提下，得到合格的底片真实反映工件内部情况至关重要。X射线机曝光曲线每年都需要自校验，为了适应现场多变的情况以及在尽量短的时间内得到精准的射线机曝光曲线，提出了一种简单而有效的曝光曲线制作方法。     

大厚度差焊接接头部分屏蔽法射线检测技术

厚度差达到20 mm的焊接接头,同一透照长度内通常要按不同厚度范围分别做几次曝光。设计制作了铅倾斜面屏蔽板,将其固定在射线机射线窗口上,可不同程度地屏蔽射线,使射线在穿过不同厚度焊接接头后,到达胶片上的射线基本一致。试验证明,该方法所摄大厚度差焊接接头底片的黑度和灵敏度均符合标准要求,提高了一次曝光的检测厚度范围,提高了工作效率。     

X射线周向曝光技术的应用

在锅炉压力容器制造行业中 ,周向曝光技术的应用已作为衡量企业在探伤工艺装备是否上台阶的重要标志和评价产品制造能力的一项条件。入世后 ,企业发展的重要环节是研发能力和质量控制 ,而质量控制对无损检测和检测手段所提出的要求也会“水涨船高” ,以下对上海四方锅炉厂在周向曝光技术应用过程中所积累的经验作简要介绍 ,并指出行业中存在的一些共性问题。1　周向Ｘ射线机的选择周向Ｘ射线机的选择必须结合企业产品的结构特点 ,重点考虑①Ｘ射线发射窗离机头顶端的距离。②Ｘ射线机的最大透照厚度。③Ｘ射线管阳极靶的形式 (锥靶或平靶 ,…     

椭圆封头拼接焊缝凹侧置源射线检测的最优方法选择

本文通过建立数学模型计算得出X射线机周向透照方法对椭圆封头拼接焊缝进行一次性射线检测是可行的。与X射线机定向透照方法相比,周向透照方法大大提高了椭圆封头拼接焊缝的射线检测的效率,对指导生产具有重要的现实意义。     

使用周向X射线机应考虑的因素

在压力容器环焊缝和大口径钢管环焊缝的射线透照中,使用周向X射线机中心周向曝光技术不仅透照速度快、射线检验作业强度低、底片成像质量好,而且探伤灵敏度高。由于透照厚度接近,横向面状缺陷几乎不会漏检。如果条件允许应尽量使用周向X射线机,使其特点和优势得到充分发挥。由于工件结构的原因,不是所有规格尺寸的环焊缝都能使用周向X射线机进行中心透照一次曝光。探伤时,如果不按工件条件和标准规定的条款进行严格计算,可能会使透照条件不能满足要求,使所得到的底片像质不合格,造成缺陷漏检。1　周向透照应考虑的因素压力容器焊缝的…     

用普通型X射线机检测铝镁合金LF2

从X射线检测原理出发，论述了用X射线检测普通碳钢和铝镁合金LF2的区别，并设计了实际试验，总结了在没有软X射线机的情况下如何采用检测普通碳钢的硬X射线机对铝镁合金LF2进行检测工作，并证明了此方法的可行性，提供了采用检测普通碳钢的硬X射线检测其他材料时制定检测工艺的方法。     

换热器管-管板角焊缝焊接质量的控制

越来越多的用户对换热器管-管板角焊缝的焊接质量提出了更高的要求。GB150-1998和GB151—1999标准规定，需在焊前作焊接工艺评定，焊后作渗透检测。现有人提倡用小焦点周向X射线机或小焦点γ源对该焊缝进行射线检测。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。