基于de Boor算法的NURBS曲线自适应插补研究

在现代数控加工中已普遍使用NURBS曲线插补,但大多数NURBS曲线插补都致力于取得恒定的进给速度而不是轮廓精度,对此,提出了基于de Boor算法的NURBS自适应插补算法.将de Boor算法应用于NURBS曲线插补中,并用限定弓高误差对插补的进给速度实行自适应调节,实现了数控加工中进给速度的平滑过渡,减少速度急剧变化时对机床的冲击,保证了NURBS曲线实时插补和轮廓加工的精度.通过仿真证明了这种插补算法的实时性和实际应用的可行性.     

数控机床NURBS曲线插补运动误差分析与仿真

介绍了NURBS曲线插补算法,并指出实现NURBS曲线插补的关键是,在插补周期内由进给步长求得曲线参数的增量.分析了数字伺服运动误差产生的原因,建立了伺服系统差分方程.在不同的进给速率和曲率半径条件下,对工件轮廓误差进行了仿真.仿真结果显示,数控机床NURBS插补的轮廓误差与进给速度及给定曲线的曲率半径有关.在大的进给速率或小的曲率半径条件下,伺服滞后所引起的轮廓误差是不可忽视的因素.     

NURBS插补中相邻敏感点区域速度轨迹规划研究

为达到高速高精度加工目的,参数曲线插补成为研究重点,而NURBS曲线以其一般性和普遍性而被广泛研究和应用。在分析了速度轨迹规划方法后,提出了一种考虑NURBS曲线所有敏感点的速度轨迹规划插补算法,通过寻找G~0连续,G~1不连续和G~1连续,G~2不连续的断点以及大曲率的关键点,将曲线分段,继而根据每一曲线段始末点自适应速度进行速度轨迹规划,但是当前插补相邻敏感点区域和下一插补相邻敏感点区域都可能有速度轨迹规划交叉的情况发生,因此提出了整条NURBS曲线的速度轨迹规划方法。仿真结果表明该算法实现了速度和加速度的平滑且满足机床运动学和动力学限定要求。     

基于FIR滤波的NURBS插补算法研究

在考虑数控加工精度和加工效率的基础上,针对传统加减速控制中减速点预测不准的缺陷,提出了一种基于级联滤波器的NURBS插补算法。该插补算法根据速度敏感点将要加工的曲线进行分段处理,避免了插补过程中的爬行与过冲,提高了加工质量。基于弓高误差的速度自适应调整使得加工精度一直在允许的范围之内,基于滤波器的进给速度控制方案使速度过渡平稳,提高了插补的效率。最后对提出的NURBS插补算法进行了实验仿真,结果证明该算法的可行性。     

实时快速NURBS直接插补技术

为了解决基于泰勒展开式的NURBS插补算法存在的速度波动问题,提高NURBS插补实时性,深入研究了NURBS曲线直接插补方法。根据插补原理,提出了一种不同于泰勒展开式的插补计算方法,并研究了一种NURBS快速计算方法。在满足插补过程精度要求的前提下,由进给速度直接计算插补点坐标,并采用递推矩阵对NURBS进行快速求值求导计算,有效地减小了速度波动,而且提高了计算速度和插补实时性。仿真结果证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于Hamming法的新型NURBS曲线插补算法研究

针对零件曲线曲面加工过程中,传统插补方法逼近误差大和速度进给波动大等众多缺点,对NURBS曲线的插补原理、速度规划、插补参数计算等方面进行了研究,对弓高误差、法向加速度、进给加速度过大的情况进行了考虑,提出了一种基于Hamming法的新型NURBS曲线插补算法,对基于Hamming法线性递推得到的参数预估公式进行了具体说明,对基于Lagrange的参数校正机理进行了详细阐述,最后使用Matlab软件对此插补算法进行了实例仿真。研究结果表明,该算法简化了参数插补的计算,保证了插补的实时性;同时提高了插补精度,在限制加速度及速度波动方面具有很好的效果。     

基于Muller法的NURBS曲线插补算法

在分析NURBS曲线插补原理的基础上,提出了一种基于Muller法的NURBS曲线实时插补算法。该算法首先进行速度控制,由最大进给速度约束、最大弓高误差约束和最大法向加速度约束得到希望进给步长,保证了加工精度。然后利用Muller法迭代计算满足进给步长要求的插补参数,避免了传统方法的复杂求导运算。该算法稳定性好,运算量小,能够对速度波动进行有效控制,并且能够满足实时插补的要求。     

基于曲线长度自调整速度方程的非均匀有理B样条插补算法

针对非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)曲线加工过程中速度规划复杂、效率低以及机床震颤剧烈的问题,提出一种高效规划进给速度的NURBS插补算法。预处理过程计算出待加工NURBS曲线插补参数及误差速度,根据误差速度曲线分析加工路径的加减速情况,并基于加/减速区间长度自动调整三次多项式速度方程,实现平滑的速度与加速度曲线;实时插补过程采用基于Adams-Moulton方法计算初始参数,然后采用二分法对参数进行寻优,将插补过程中速度波动控制到加工要求精度范围内,从而降低机床的振动。通过MATLAB仿真,验证了所提算法加减速规划的高效性和参数计算的精确性,表明该算法在复杂曲线曲面加工领域可以提高机床加工效率与精度。     

NURBS曲线S型加减速反向修正插补算法研究

为了克服传统算法中减速点难以确定,轮廓误差较大的缺点,提出了反向修正插补算法。将分段后的曲线逐段取出,利用S型加减速算法进行速度规划,并对速度敏感点进行校正,在速度校验点处反向提取存储值进行正向插补,并根据速度波动率构造插补函数,基于Newton-Leibniz公式计算插补参数。仿真实验表明该方法在速度敏感点处速度、加速度、加加速度不超限,使插补误差保持在规定的范围之内,保证了加工质量。     

新型并联机床数控系统插补算法的研究

提出一种用于新型并联机床的粗、精插补策略和算法 ,粗插补采用直接对加工曲面进行插补的方法。以NURBS曲线为例 ,运用合理计算方法推导出粗插补计算公式 ,并对粗、精插补进行了误差分析。插补实例结果表明 ,该插补算法具有恒速进给、加工表面轮廓误差易于控制等特点     

Precision NURBS interpolator based on recursive characteristics of NURBS

In NURBS interpolation, real-time parameter update is an indispensable step which affects not only feedrate fluctuation but also contour error. Using Taylor approximation interpolation method to find the next interpolation point causes a large feedrate fluctuation due to the accumulation and truncation errors. This paper presents a new, simple, and precise NURBS interpolator for CNC systems. The proposed interpolation algorithm does not use Taylor’s expansion, but the recursive equation of the NURBS formula. A simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the advantages of this proposed interpolator compared with those using Taylor’s equation. It is readily seen that this interpolator using the new concept of interpolation for modern CNC systems is simple and precise. The proposed method can be used for interpolating a continuous NURBS curve.     

Development of integrated acceleration/deceleration look-ahead interpolation technique for multi-blocks NURBS curves

Modern motion control adopts acceleration/deceleration before interpolation (ADBI) motion planning to eliminate path command errors. However, the individual velocity profiles might not be continuous at the junction of the blocks. Acceleration/deceleration after interpolation (ADAI) method may provide an alternative for solving the discontinuous problems, but it causes path command errors. In this paper, an integrated acceleration/deceleration interpolation (IAD) scheme which integrates the ADBI and ADAI modules is proposed. The ADBI provides a look-ahead function which plans the feedrate profiles based on chord errors, command errors, curvatures, and acceleration limits. Within the look-ahead function, the command error equation is utilized to determine the feedrate at the junction of adjacent blocks. Then the ADBI performs non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) interpolation using the planned feedrate profile and outputs the position points to the ADAI module. The ADAI module processes the points by a digital convolution technique such that the continuity of the block junction velocity is ensured. Finally, the IAD is applied to the multi-block NURBS interpolation to validate its effectiveness. Simulations and experiments are conducted to demonstrate the IAD scheme. It is shown that the IAD scheme can reduce the acceleration significantly at the junctions of the blocks under the given tolerance of the command error. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can improve tracking and contour accuracies as compared to the hybrid multi-blocks look-ahead approach.     

基于冗余误差控制的非均匀有理B样条曲线插补算法研究

提出了一种能有效控制冗余误差的非均匀有理B样条曲线插补算法.该算法综合了等弓高误差插补算法和恒定进给速度插补算法的优点,小曲率情形时在保证加工精度的前提下,通过引入进给倍率因子,增大进给速度以改善误差过度冗余;同时在大曲率情形下,可控制弓高误差在限定的误差范围以保证轮廓精度.这样既可保证轮廓精度,又可提高加工效率.仿真实例证实了该插补算法的有效性和可行性.     

NURBS曲线S形加减速双向寻优插补算法研究

由于非均匀有理B样条(Non-uniform rational B-splines,NURBS)曲线的弧长与参数之间无精确解析关系,并且进给速度总是受到非线性变化的曲线曲率的约束,因此基于S形加减速进行NURBS曲线插补时,减速点难以准确预测。传统算法通常是沿曲线单方向插补,不仅未考虑曲率对进给速度的持续限制,而且加减速分类与计算公式复杂。为此,提出运动路程未知情况下不依赖于弧长精确计算的正向和反向同步加速的插补新算法,实时动态地求解曲线段内最大进给速度和正反向插补会合点,从而实现处处满足全部速度约束条件的最优插补。该算法无需求解高次方程与繁琐的加减速模式分类,并可保证以确定的速度通过曲率极值点和曲线终点。通过两个插补实例证明算法简明高效,适应性好,能够满足高速高精度数控要求。     

一种简化计算的S型加减速NURBS插补算法

针对目前NURBS曲线插补中加减速控制方法不足的问题,实现了加工过程中进给速度的平滑过渡,提出了一种新的NURBS曲线插补方法,包括速度规划和实时插补两个方面。速度规划采用了一种基于曲率自适应的简化计算的S型加减速方法,并结合"双向插补"的思想实时预测减速点,防止产生过大的弓高误差;实时插补则利用Muller插值和Newton迭代法计算了下一周期的插补参数,进而求出了下一时刻到达的空间坐标点。最后与已有插补方法进行了仿真分析比较。研究结果表明,该方法能保证加速度连续和加加速度有界,有效减少弓高误差和进给速度波动,提高机床运行的平稳性。     

Real-time NURBS curve interpolator based on section

Parameter interpolation is more capable of modern computer numerical control (CNC) than traditional linear/circular interpolation with higher speed and higher precision. Most of non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) interpolation algorithms were developed based on the chord error and machines capability, where interpolation points are calculated beforehand to overcome acceleration/deceleration (acc/dec) and jerk problem, which needs large memory. In this paper, a NURBS interpolator based on feedrate section is proposed. Instead of a single interpolation point, this interpolator aims to feedrate section, which makes it possible to run on a digital signal processor or field programmable gate array (FPGA) whose memory is limited. Experiment on FPGA showed the performance of interpolation. A mould experiment verifies the feasibility of application.     

临界曲率值分割曲线尖角的NURBS曲线插补

为兼顾插补含尖角NURBS曲线的精度与速度,提出尖角分割且速度修正插补算法。由插补弦高误差限、法向加速度及其导数约束,得满足插补精度及机床动力学性能的临界曲率;用大于临界曲率的局部极大曲率及临界曲率分割NURBS曲线为是否包含尖角的若干子段;用S曲线加减速算法规划各子段进给速度,并用段间速度及位移协调关系修正各段加速度及其导数,使各段加减速时间为整数倍插补周期。在相同约束条件下,分别用曲率单调无速度修正、尖角分割无速度修正及尖角分割有速度修正算法,规划一条含大曲率尖角NURBS曲线插补速度,并用一阶泰勒级数展开算法插补该曲线。对比结果表明尖角分割且有速度修正算法可稳定得到较高插补精度,因此该算法可用于含大曲率尖角NURBS曲线高速度高精度加工。     

Real-time PH-based interpolation algorithm for high speed CNC machining

Various methods for parametric interpolation of non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curves have been proposed in the past. However, the errors caused by the approximate nature of the NURBS interpolator were rarely taken into account. This paper proposes an integrated look-ahead algorithm for parametric interpolation along NURBS curves. The algorithm interpolates the sharp corners on the curve with the Pythagorean-hodograph (PH) interpolation. This will minimize the geometric and interpolator approximation errors simultaneously. The algorithm consists of four different modules: a sharp corner detection module, a PH construction module, a feedrate planning module, and a dynamics module. Simulations are performed to show correctness of the proposed algorithm. Experiments on an X?CY table confirm that the developed method improves tracking and contour accuracies significantly compared to previously proposed algorithms.     

An adaptive feedrate scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator for precision five-axis CNC machining

Non-uniform rational b-spline (NURBS) tool path is becoming more and more important due to the increasing requirement for machining geometrically complex parts. However, NURBS interpolators, particularly related to five-axis machining, are quite limited and still keep challenging. In this paper, an adaptive feedrate scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator with geometric and kinematic constraints is proposed for precision five-axis machining. A surface expressed by dual NURBS curves, which can continuously and accurately describe cutter tip position and cutter axis orientation, is first used to define five-axis tool path. For the given machine configuration, the calculation formulas of angular feedrate and geometric error aroused by interpolation are given, and then, the adaptive feedrate along the tool path is scheduled with confined nonlinear geometric error and angular feedrate. Combined with the analytical relations of feed acceleration with respect to the arc length parameter and feedrate, the feed profiles of linear and angular feed acceleration sensitive regions are readjusted with corresponding formulas and bi-directional scan algorithm, respectively. Simulations are performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed feed scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator. It shows that the proposed method is able to ensure the geometric accuracy and good machining performances in five-axis machining especially in flank machining.     

High accurate interpolation of NURBS tool path for CNC machine tools

Feedrate fluctuation caused by approximation errors of interpolation methods has great effects on machining quality in NURBS interpolation, but few methods can efficiently eliminate or reduce it to a satisfying level without sacrificing the computing efficiency at present. In order to solve this problem, a high accurate interpolation method for NURBS tool path is proposed. The proposed method can efficiently reduce the feedrate fluctuation by forming a quartic equation with respect to the curve parameter increment, which can be efficiently solved by analytic methods in real-time. Theoretically, the proposed method can totally eliminate the feedrate fluctuation for any 2nd degree NURBS curves and can interpolate 3rd degree NURBS curves with minimal feedrate fluctuation. Moreover, a smooth feedrate planning algorithm is also proposed to generate smooth tool motion with considering multiple constraints and scheduling errors by an efficient planning strategy. Experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method. This research presents a novel NURBS interpolation method with not only high accuracy but also satisfying computing efficiency.