轻压下技术对连铸坯中心偏析的影响

RAM动态轻压下、连铸坯凝固模型、动态轻压下控制模型和伺服执行系统等,对连铸坯的中心偏析进行数值模拟,精确地对连铸坯凝固末端实施动态轻压下,从而降低了铸坯中心偏析、中心疏松的程度,大大提高了铸坯产品质量.详细阐述了轻压下对铸坯中心偏析的影响,在铸坯凝固末端轻压下直接作用的区域内,两相区受到压缩,枝晶间富含溶质的液相被挤...     

Q345B厚板坯连铸轻压下工艺的优化

针对生产中出现的厚规格Q345B板材厚度中心分层缺陷进行了调查分析,结果表明：板材中心分层是由于连铸坯中较为严重的中心疏松在后期轧制过程中未能轧合所致。进一步对Q345B连铸坯轻压下工艺调查发现,实际凝固终点位置比模型计算值靠后,且凝固末端扇形段压下率低,不足以补偿其凝固收缩,从而形成较为严重的中心疏松缺陷。在调查分析基础上,通过将该规格连铸坯轻压下区间后延并加大轻压下量,增加了凝固末端压下率,降低了连铸坯中心疏松和中心偏析程度,从而彻底解决了板材中心分层问题。     

连铸厚板坯轻压下技术的应用

 对首秦2号板坯连铸机轻压下工艺进行了细致的研究。通过连铸坯射钉试验对首秦2号连铸机二级冷却模型进行了校验;通过不同轻压下率试验条件下连铸坯中心偏析的程度确定了合理的、能够有效改善连铸坯中心偏析的轻压下率;通过连铸坯厚度方向不同部位碳硫元素的分析对轻压下工艺改善前后连铸坯中心偏析度进行了对比。结果表明：首秦2号连铸机二级冷却模型能够准确反映连铸坯凝固末端的位置。在拉速为0.70m/min的连铸工艺条件下,320mm厚连铸坯轻压下段为第9和第10段,合理的轻压下率应该保持在0.85～1.0mm/m之间。采用合理的轻压下工艺后,连铸坯中心偏析得到了明显改善,满足了首秦高品质中厚板对连铸坯内部质量的严格要求。     

轻压下对GCr15轴承钢大方坯内部质量的影响

轴承钢棒材中心致密性和碳化物缺陷与大方坯铸态内部质量控制水平密切相关。以GCr15 轴承钢为研究对象,建立了大方坯连铸过程二维纵向凝固传热模型,结合现场测温试验验证了凝固模型的准确性。基于凝固末端轻压下补偿当地凝固收缩、控制中心缩孔的理论,通过对大方坯凝固进程的准确预测,揭示出其糊状区内合理的轻压下范围。其中,浇铸试验条件下对应铸坯中心固相率为0.30~0.75的合理压下区间为16.4~22.5 m。生产试验表明,轻压下对铸坯凝固组织转变与形貌影响不大,但可明显消除中心缩孔,中心疏松也可由1.5级以上稳定降至0.5~1.5级,满足轧制要求; 合理的轻压下位置和适度的轻压下量可明显改善轴承钢大方坯中心缩孔和中心疏松程度,提高轧材探伤合格率。同时也发现,压下位置与压下量分配不合理或不稳定可能诱发铸坯内裂纹,从而不利于轧材质量的稳定性和一致性。当前生产条件下,稳定拉速并在3~6号压下辊合理分配压下量可达到有效改善内部质量的目的。     

连铸工艺参数调整对连铸坯中心偏析的影响

研究了过热度、拉速、二冷水量、电磁搅拌投用值以及轻压下量等主要连铸工艺参数改变对连铸坯中心偏析的影响。在不影响连铸坯表面质量的前提下,对铸坯凝固过程中影响铸坯内部偏析的拉速、二冷水量、电磁搅拌投用值和轻压下量等工艺参数进行优化,从而改善了连铸坯的中心缺陷,减少了铸坯中心偏析,提高了产品内部质量。     

350mm×470mm矩形坯连铸生产轴承钢的凝固末端

确定轴承钢在连铸坯凝固末端的位置,对于轴承钢轻压下工艺的合理制定、改善铸坯的中心疏松及中心偏析等缺陷具有至关重要的意义。首先,采用二维非稳态传热方程,结合本钢350mm×470mm矩形坯铸机自身特点,建立了矩形坯凝固模型。其次,通过射钉试验,取片做硫印,来标定生产状态下不同位置的坯壳厚度。最后,对铸坯的表面温度进行了实际测定。研究结果表明,射钉硫印测量的坯壳厚度、实测的铸坯表面温度都与凝固模型的计算结果相近,实际生产过程中,完全可以采用该模型来理论计算铸坯凝固末端,为轻压下工艺提供理论依据。     

连铸板坯凝固末端大压下改善铸坯内部质量

探讨了单对辊凝固末端大压下对连铸板坯内部质量的影响。研究中,分析检测了不同拉速条件下Q345D连铸坯低倍组织特征,并对铸坯中心疏松进行了定量测量。结果表明,采用大压下能够有效改善连铸坯的内部质量。拉速为0.70 m/min时,大压下15 mm相比轻压下时铸坯在宽度1/2位置、1/4位置处的中心疏松体积均明显降低。轻压下时铸坯宽度1/2、1/4位置处的中心疏松体积分别为1.73×10-7、2.68×10-7 cm3/g;大压下15 mm时铸坯宽度1/2、1/4位置处的中心疏松体积分别为5.33×10-8、-1.84×10-8cm3/g。轻压下、大压下15 mm时连铸坯中心碳偏析均较轻,但后者相对稍重,最大值分别为1.176、1.282;轻压下与大压下条件下,铸坯宽度1/4位置中心碳偏析均高于宽度1/2位置。特别地,大压下15 mm时,铸坯宽度1/2位置、1/4位置处,连铸坯中心靠外弧侧出现负偏析,最大负偏析值为0.916。     

管线钢连铸轻压下工艺的研究

为了充分发挥铸机动态轻压下技术在提高铸坯内部质量方面的作用,进行了管线钢连铸轻压下技术的试验研究。通过分析中心偏析的形成机理,研究连铸轻压下工艺的设计原则。利用枝晶检验和化学成分分析等手段,研究不同轻压下位置对连铸坯中碳、锰、磷元素偏析的影响,从而对现行的动态轻压下位置进行了优化调整,进一步提高了管线钢连铸坯的内部质量。     

连铸板坯轻压下位置的研究

结合某厂板坯连铸机的实际情况,采用射钉法对生产的Q345和模具钢连铸坯进行凝固规律计算,计算结果与现有的连铸专家系统计算相互验证。根据连铸专家系统计算,计算得到板坯轻压下的位置。板坯经轻压下之后,连铸坯内部质量明显改善。     

高强船板钢中心偏析的成因及其改善措施

分析了高强船板钢中心偏析的成因及其影响因素.中心偏析的形成是因枝状晶晶间富含溶质的钢液流动和积累造成的.这种钢液流动的驱动力来自两方面:一是凝固坯壳收缩和铸辊对坯壳的压缩,二是坯壳在未收缩时开口和铸辊间发生鼓肚引起负压.采取控制钢水化学成分和过热度、稳定拉速、优化二冷配水、加大凝固末端辊缝收缩量等措施可减少连铸坯中心偏析,改善高强船板钢的内部质量.凝固末端实施轻压下对减少中心偏析效果明显.     

凝固末端电磁搅拌和轻压下复合技术对大方坯高碳钢偏析和中心缩孔的影响

基于ANSYS软件建立了310 mm×360 mm断面大方坯连铸过程二维凝固传热数学模型,并采用窄面射钉试验及铸坯表面测温试验对模型的准确性进行了验证.通过模型研究了过热度、拉速和二冷比水量对铸坯中心固相率以及凝固坯壳分布的影响,并结合高碳耐磨球钢BU的高温拉伸试验结果,确定了最佳的拉速以及最优轻压下压下区间要求.通过工业试验对理论模型进行了验证,并分析研究了拉速对采用凝固末端电磁搅拌(F-EMS)以及凝固末端17 mm大压下量的轻压下技术生产310 mm×360 mm断面大方坯高碳耐磨球钢BU铸坯的偏析和中心缩孔的影响.结果表明:采用凝固末端电磁搅拌和轻压下复合技术,通过调整拉速优先满足轻压下压下区间要求,可显著降低中心偏析、V型偏析及中心缩孔,但如果仅达到凝固末端电磁搅拌位置要求时,则铸坯中心质量不会得到明显改善.拉速为0.52 m·min-1且轻压下压下区间铸坯中心固相率为0.30~0.75时,偏析和中心缩孔有很大程度的改善,不合理的压下量分配会引起铸坯出现内裂纹以及中心负偏析.      

Elimination of Hot Tears in Steel Castings by Means of Solidification Pattern Optimization

A methodology of how to exploit the Niyama criterion for the elimination of various defects such as centerline porosity, macrosegregation, and hot tearing in steel castings is presented. The tendency of forming centerline porosity is governed by the temperature distribution close to the end of the solidification interval, specifically by thermal gradients and cooling rates. The physics behind macrosegregation and hot tears indicate that these two defects also are dependent heavily on thermal gradients and pressure drop in the mushy zone. The objective of this work is to show that by optimizing the solidification pattern, i.e., establishing directional and progressive solidification with the help of the Niyama criterion, macrosegregation and hot tearing issues can be both minimized or eliminated entirely. An original casting layout was simulated using a transient three-dimensional (3-D) thermal fluid model incorporated in a commercial simulation software package to determine potential flaws and inadequacies. Based on the initial casting process assessment, multiobjective optimization of the solidification pattern of the considered steel part followed. That is, the multiobjective optimization problem of choosing the proper riser and chill designs has been investigated using genetic algorithms while simultaneously considering their impact on centerline porosity, the macrosegregation pattern, and primarily on hot tear formation.     

Effect of Shrinkage on Primary Dendrite Arm Spacing during Binary Al-Si Alloy Solidification

Upward and downward directional solidification of hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys were numerically simulated inside a cylindrical container. Undercooling of the liquidus temperature prior to the solidification event was introduced in the numerical model. The finite-volume method was used to solve the energy, concentration, momentum, and continuity equations. Temperature and liquid concentrations inside the mushy zone were coupled with local equilibrium assumptions. An energy equation was applied to determine the liquid fraction inside the mushy zone while considering the temperature undercooling at the solidifying dendrite/liquid interface. Momentum and continuity equations were coupled by the SIMPLE algorithm. Flow velocity distribution at various times, G, R, λ ₁, and solidification time at mushy zone/liquid interface during solidification were predicted. The effect of shrinkage during solidification on these solidification parameters was quantified. Transient temperature distribution, solidification time for the mushy zone/liquid interface, and λ ₁ were validated by laboratory experiments. It was found that better agreement could be achieved when the fluid flow due to solidification shrinkage was considered. Considering shrinkage in upward solidification was found to only have a marginal effect on solidification parameters, such as G, R, and λ ₁; whereas, in the downward solidification, fluid flow due to shrinkage had a significant effect on these solidification parameters. Considering shrinkage during downward solidification resulted in a smaller R, stronger fluid flow, and increased solidification time at the mushy zone/liquid interface. Further, the flow pattern was significantly altered when solidification shrinkage was considered in the simulation. The effect of shrinkage on G and λ ₁ strongly depended on the instantaneous location of the mushy zone/liquid interface in the computational domain. The numerical results could be validated by experimental data only when both the undercooling of the liquidus temperature prior to solidification and fluid flow in the liquid caused by the effect of shrinkage during solidification were included in the model.     

不同厚度连铸板坯的合理总轻压下量

板坯连铸合理总轻压下量是决定轻压下效果的重要工艺参数之一,采用数学模型手段对合理总轻压下量的定量计算进行了研究。通过建立2D铸坯凝固传热分析模型及轻压下过程2D热-力耦合模型,对比铸坯凝固末端枝晶间残余浓化钢水体积收缩与轻压下引起的糊状区压缩变形量,研究了铸坯厚度、轻压下起始位置处固相率等因素对给定钢种合理总轻压下量的影响。结果表明:铸坯厚度对合理总轻压下量有显著影响,厚度分别为150、230、300和400mm时,开始实施轻压下工艺时铸坯横截面中心节点固相率在0.7~0.3之间变化时,轻压下区间内的合理总压下量分别应为2.42~3.14、2.95~4.65、3.66~5.82和4.55~7.26mm。     

Using a Two-Phase Columnar Solidification Model to Study the Principle of Mechanical Soft Reduction in Slab Casting

A two-phase columnar solidification model is used to study the principle of mechanical soft reduction (MSR) for the reduction of centerline segregation in slab casting. The two phases treated in the model are the bulk/interdendritic melt and the columnar dendrite trunk. The morphology of the columnar dendrite trunk is simplified as stepwise growing cylinders, with growth kinetics governed by the solute diffusion in the interdendritic melt around the growing cylindrical columnar trunk. The solidifying strand shell moves with a predefined velocity and the shell deforms as a result of bulging and MSR. The motion and deformation of the columnar trunks in response to bulging and MSR is modeled following the work of Miyazawa and Schwerdtfeger from the 1980s. Melt flow, driven by feeding of solidification shrinkage and by deformation of the strand shell and columnar trunks, as well as the induced macrosegregation are solved in the Eulerian frame of reference. A benchmark slab casting (9-m long, 0.215-m thick) of plain carbon steel is simulated. The MSR parameters influencing the centerline segregation are studied to gain a better understanding of the MSR process. Two mechanisms in MSR modify the centerline segregation in a slab casting: one establishes a favorable interdendritic flow field, whereas the other creates a non-divergence-free deformation of the solid dendritic skeleton in the mushy region. The MSR efficiency depends not only on the reduction amount in the slab thickness direction but also strongly on the deformation behavior in the longitudinal (casting) direction. With enhanced computation power the current model can be applied for a parameter study on the MSR efficiency of realistic continuous casting processes.     

连铸板坯中心线偏析的预测

从生产经验和文献可知,结晶过程中产生的凝固收缩会导致中心线偏析,很多情况下,在热轧产品的中心也会发现结晶过程中产生的微细缩孔。从这方面讲,板坯凝固过程中形成缩孔簇的尺寸大小,以及形成这种缩孔的条件是首要的,在全面分析统计数据的基础上,对此进行了讨论,得出一个重要结论:当固液比率达到一定的值后,在此部位的铸坯中心只有糊状物,实际上没有更多的液体可以补充。建立了数学模型,用于计算板坯中心部位的流动速度和方向以及预测的疏松。计算表明,在给定的成分和冷却条件下,中心线偏析主要受支承辊的设置、形变和偏心度的影响,同时支承辊之间铸坯的鼓肚也是重要影响因素之一。     

连铸板坯三维二冷动态配水与精准压下研究与应用

在现有工艺条件下,校验和完善二冷区铸坯凝固传热计算数学模型,开发三维二冷配水模型,解决目前设备状况下冷却水分布不均匀对铸坯温度的影响,从而控制铸坯表面质量,特别是铸坯的角部裂纹,同时对板坯连铸二冷配水制度进行改进和优化,使之满足高效连铸生产条件和改善铸坯质量的需要。提出压下参数计算公式,结合所开发三维二冷配水模型,优化现有压下工艺,提出并应用精准可控单段压下、非稳态压下控制,集中解决连铸板坯中心偏析、中心疏松和缩孔等内部质量问题。同时优化模型数据库,使之数据更加完备,模型计算更加准确,同时模型具备异钢种混浇过程二冷及压下控制功能,能够进行凝固终点W形预测与控制,可进一步提高模型适用性和准确性。模型开发并成功在多家钢厂现场应用,有效改善了铸坯裂纹和偏析等铸坯表面和内部的质量问题。      

Modeling of solute redistribution in the mushy zone during solidification of aluminum-copper alloys

A mathematical model has been established to predict the formation of macrosegregation for a unidirectional solidification of aluminum-copper alloys cooled from the bottom. The model, based on the continuum formulation, allows the calculation of transient distributions of temperature, velocity, and species in the solidifying alloy caused by thermosolutal convection and shrinkage-induced fluid flow. Positive segregation in the casting near the bottom (inverse segregation) is found, which is accompanied by a moving negative-segregated mushy zone. The effects of shrinkage-induced fluid flow and solute diffusion on the formation of macrosegregation are examined. It is found that the redistribution of solute in the solidifying alloy is caused by the flow of solute-rich liquid in the mushy zone due to solidification shrinkage. A higher heat-extraction rate at the bottom increases the solidification rate, decreasing the size of the mushy zone, reducing the flow of solute-rich liquid in the mushy zone and, as a result, lessening the severity of inverse segregation. Comparisons between the theoretical predictions from the present study and previous modeling results and available experimental data are made, and good agreements are obtained.     

Effects of heavy reduction technology on internal quality of continuous casting bloom

Heavy reduction technology of the bloom is realised without modifying the hydraulic equipment if a crown roll is used. Experimental results of GCr15 showed that the ratio of reduction amount to broadening amount increased from 2.0 (flat roll reduction) to 4.4 (crown roll reduction), which indicated that reduction efficiency is significantly improved. It is evident that the enriched molten steel in the mushy zone will be squeezed out if the crown roll heavy reduction technology is adopted. Thus, centre segregation and V segregation is suppressed or even eliminated. The average centre carbon segregation index is reduced from 1.74 to 1.06, and negative segregation may occur. Meanwhile, the centre shrinkage cavity is clearly decreased and the centre porosity grade is remarkably reduced to 1.0. The calculation results of elastic–plastic FEM model showed that heavy reduction at the solidification end is very beneficial to improve the centre shrinkage cavity.