Statistical Estimation of Fast Varying Channels for Cellular Mobile Telecommunications Systems

The time variant environment in fast channels severely impacts on the performances of classical equalization techniques. A method is proposed here to circumvent this problem, particularly in the severe channel with fast behaviour. To improve the Bit Error Rate (BER) at the receiver, a new approach is proposed for the channel impulse response (CIR) estimation in the Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)cellular system. The computation of the CIR h(t) (finite impulse response filter) is performed by using the Least Squares algorithm. Then, a statistical estimation of the CIR is achieved to update the coefficients of the equalizer filter. Computer simulation results show that statistical estimation (CIR re-estimation) provides significant improvement with 250 km/h vehiclespeed (RA250): the bit error rate (BER) is 20% lowered for data bits far from the middle of the burst.     

Equalization concepts for EDGE

An equalization concept for the novel radio access scheme Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is proposed by which high performance can be obtained at moderate computational complexity. Because high-level modulation is employed in EDGE, optimum equalization as usually performed in Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) receivers is too complex and suboptimum schemes have to be considered. It is shown that delayed decision-feedback sequence estimation (DDFSE) and reduced-state sequence estimation (RSSE) are promising candidates. For various channel profiles, approximations for the bit error rate of these suboptimum equalization techniques are given and compared with simulation results for DDFSE. It turns out that a discrete-time prefilter creating a minimum-phase overall impulse response is indispensable for a favorable tradeoff between performance and complexity. Additionally, the influence of channel estimation and of the receiver input filter is investigated and the reasons for performance degradation compared to the additive white Gaussian noise channel are indicated. Finally, the overall system performance attainable with the proposed equalization concept is determined for transmission with channel coding     

一种水声通信Turbo均衡中的软迭代信道估计算法

 Turbo均衡技术是水声相干通信克服信道多径、消除码间干扰(ISI)的有效工具。Turbo均衡实际使用时需要对时变、多径信道进行良好的估计。为了提高信道估计的效果,该文基于时变横向滤波和相位旋转信道模型,提出一种水声通信Turbo均衡中的软迭代信道估计算法。该算法采用快速自优化最小均方算法得到各数据符号处的横向滤波器系数矢量并与二阶锁相环联合优化计算。通过仿真比较,该算法明显优于硬迭代信道估计算法,且相位估计性能优于其他文献中的软迭代信道估计算法。在海上试验中,水声通信距离5 km,方向近似垂直,接收阵起伏周期10 s,起伏幅度5 m左右,在此情况下进行数据采集。将该算法用于对海试数据的单通道Turbo均衡处理,实现无误码输出,验证了所提算法在软迭代信道相位估计方面的优势。     

基于PSP均衡技术的CPM检测算法

针对时变频率选择性衰落信道,研究了连续相位调制（CPM）信号的逐幸存检测算法。该算法在未知信道状态的条件下,利用训练序列对信道参数进行初始估计。在对CPM信号进行Viterbi解调过程中,采用PSP技术实现信道的无延时跟踪。基于频域均衡的CPM检测算法虽然可以有效抗多径干扰且计算复杂度较低,但不能对时变信道进行跟踪。仿真结果表明,在时变多径信道下,基于PSP均衡的CPM检测算法能有效地进行信道参数估计,比频域均衡算法具有更好的误码性能。     

Iterative Joint Channel Estimation and Signal Detection for OFDM System in Double Selective Channels

Intercarrier interference caused by fast time-varying multipath fading channels degrades the system performance of high-mobility orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. This study considers the challenging problem of joint channel estimation and signal detection in high mobility environments. The estimation method is based on a pilot-aided linear approximation channel modeling and iterative process. After each iteration, the channel estimates are refined with the fed-back detection signal. The channel is re-estimated iteratively, detected increasingly reliable signals. The proposed method is independent of the Doppler-spectrum, delay-profile shape and the number of paths. Numerical simulation results indicate that the proposed method is highly robust to fast time-varying multipath fading channels.     

数字并行接收机在时变信道下的信道估计与均衡方法

为了适应高速宽带无线通信的需要,本文在一种高速数字并行接收机(APRX)结构的基础上,提出了一种时变信道下的信道估计和均衡方法。使用伪随机(pseudo-randomnumber,PN)序列相关进行信道估计,将所得到的信道频率响应粗估计按照一个DFT块的长度在一帧内进行线性内插得到信道频率响应细估计,将其用来在频域进行信道均衡。这种结构能适应高速率传输的要求,并且能有效地对抗时间和频率选择性衰落。仿真结果表明,在多径衰落信道下,APRX已经无法工作,而本文提出的数字并行接收机的信道估计和均衡方法有较好的性能,并且该方法实现简单,便于应用。     

高速场景下基于叠加导频的迭代EKF信道估计方法

针对正交频分复用（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM）系统在高速移动场景下时/频域选择性衰落（双选衰落）和非平稳特性给信道估计带来的技术挑战,本文采用导频与数据叠加的帧结构,提出一种基于基扩展模型（Basis Expansion Model,BEM）的迭代扩展卡尔曼滤波（iterative Extend-Kalman Filter,iEKF）信道估计方法.基于BEM信道模型且采用EKF信道估计方法可以联合估计出信道冲激响应（Channel Impulse Response,CIR）与时变的时域自相关系数,有效消除子载波间干扰（Inter Carrier Interference,ICI）.同时,为了进一步消除叠加导频位置处的数据符号干扰,我们提出将叠加位置处的数据和导频先解耦、后重构再进行迭代EKF的信道估计方法.仿真分析表明,相较传统叠加导频的信道估计方法和导频符号辅助调制（Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation,PSAM）估计方法,本文提出的信道估计方法在高速场景特别是低信噪比的条件下,具有更高的估计精度,更强的鲁棒性及更大的吞吐量.     

Joint equalization and interference suppression for high data ratewireless systems

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) is currently being standardized as an evolution of GSM in Europe and of IS-136 in the United States as an air interface for high speed data services for third generation mobile systems. In this paper, we study space-time processing for EDGE to provide interference suppression. We consider the use of two receive antennas and propose a joint equalization and diversity receiver. This receiver uses feedforward filters on each diversity branch to perform minimum mean-square error cochannel interference suppression, while leaving the intersymbol interference to be mitigated by the subsequent equalizer. The equalizer is a delayed decision feedback sequence estimator, consisting of a reduced-state Viterbi processor and a feedback filter. The equalizer provides soft output to the channel decoder after deinterleaving. We describe a novel weight generation algorithm and present simulation results on the link performance of EDGE with interference suppression. These results show a significant improvement in the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) performance due to both diversity (against fading) and interference suppression. At a 10% block error rate, the proposed receiver provides a 20 dB improvement in SIR for both the typical urban and hilly terrain profiles     

快时变OFDM系统中非采样间隔信道的信道估计

摘要：在快时变环境下的OFDM（orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,正交频分复用）系统中,针对非采样间隔信道CIR（channel impulse response,信道冲击响应）能量泄漏和ICI（inter-carrier interference,子载波间干扰）的问题,提出了一种基于分数抽头信道近似的复指数基扩展联合反馈离散傅里叶变换信道估计算法。该算法首先根据基于分数抽头信道近似的复指数基扩展模型计算信道参数,再根据该信道参数计算出快时变环境下OFDM系统的ICI系数,然后将初次消除ICI的信号作为反馈进行离散傅里叶变换,进一步消除噪声和ICI。该算法在一定程度上抑制了CIR能量泄漏,消除了ICI和噪声,有效地近似了实际信道。仿真结果表明,该算法在误比特率和信道均方误差方面均有明显提高。     

Variable forgetting factor linear least squares algorithm forfrequency selective fading channel estimation

In this article, the variable forgetting factor linear least squares algorithm is presented to improve the tracking capability of channel estimation. A linear channel model with respect to time change describes a time-varying channel more accurately than a conventional stationary channel model. To reduce the estimation error due to model mismatch, we incorporate the modified variable forgetting factor into the proposed algorithm. Compared to the existing algorithms-exponentially windowed recursive least squares algorithm with the optimal forgetting factor and linear least squares algorithm-the proposed method makes a remarkable improvement in a fast fading environment. The effects of channel parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio and fading rate are investigated by computer simulations     

基于信道线性内插估计的短波块均衡

短波信道上常见的多径传播易引起严重的码间干扰,必须采取有效的信道均衡技术予以克服,同时还要估计信道在训练周期内的随机波动。采用信道线性内插估计技术,将信道冲击响应(CIR)建模为线性时变函数,在分布于数据符号两端的导频符号辅助下进行信道估计。随后结合传统块均衡技术快速恢复原始发送数据。仿真结果显示该信道估计方法信道跟踪性能较好,系统整体误码率性能适中,复杂度较低。     

一种OFDM导频的信道估计算法的研究

提出了一种基于编码的OFDM系统的导频符号迭代辅助信道估计。利用信道解码器中的APP符号来形成虚拟的导频。与原有的信道估计算法相比,此种算法不仅在一般的信道条件下具有良好的性能,而且更加适合快变信道条件下的OFDM系统。仿真结果表明:提出的OFDM信道估计算法不仅可以给出精度较高的信道信息,而且近似达到EM信道估计的性能。     

A new adaptive equalizer with channel estimator for mobile radiocommunication

For unknown mobile radio channels with severe intersymbol interference (ISI), a maximum likelihood sequence estimator, such as a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) having both feedforward and feedback filters, needs to handle both precursors and postcursors. Consequently, such an equalizer is too complex to be practical. This paper presents a new reduced-state, soft decision feedback Viterbi equalizer (RSSDFVE) with a channel estimator and predictor. The RSSDFVE uses maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) to handle the precursors and truncates the overall postcursors with the soft decision of the MLSE to reduce the implementation complexity. A multiray fading channel model with a Doppler frequency shift is used in the simulation. For fast convergence, a channel estimator with fast start-up is proposed. The channel estimator obtains the sampled channel impulse response (CIR) from the training sequence and updates the RSSDFVE during the bursts in order to track changes of the fading channel. Simulation results show the RSSDFVE has nearly the same performance as the MLSE for time-invariant multipath fading channels and better performance than the DFE for time-variant multipath fading channels with less implementation complexity than the MLSE. The fast start-up (FS) channel estimator gives faster convergence than a Kalman channel estimator. The proposed RSSDFVE retains the MLSE structure to obtain good performance and only uses soft decisions to subtract the postcursor interference. It provides the best tradeoff between complexity and performance of any Viterbi equalizers     

Adaptive maximum-likelihood sequence estimation by means ofcombined equalization and decoding in fading environments

This paper proposes an adaptive maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) by means of combined equalization and decoding, i.e., adaptive combined MLSE, which employs separate channel estimation for respective states in the Viterbi algorithm. First, an approximate metric including channel estimation is derived analytically for this proposed adaptive combined MLSE. Secondly, procedures to accomplish blind equalization are investigated for the proposed MLSE. Finally, its excellent BER performance on fast time-varying fading channels is confirmed by computer simulation, when the proposed MLSE operates as a blind equalizer     

On the Performance of FFT/DWT/DCT-based OFDM Systems with Chaotic Interleaving and Channel Estimation Algorithms

The efficiency of data transmission over fading channels in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems depends on the employed interleaving method. In this study, we propose an improved chaotic interleaving scheme which aims to improve the performance of OFDM system under fading channel. In the proposed scheme, the binary data is interleaved with chaotic Baker map prior to the modulation process. In the sequel, significant degree of encryption is being added during data transmission. The performance of the proposed approach is tested on the conventional fast Fourier transform OFDM, discrete wavelet transform OFDM, and discrete cosine transform OFDM with and without chaotic interleaving. Furthermore, an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm is proposed for improving channel impulse response (CIR) estimation based on a maximum likelihood principle. The proposed scheme makes use of EM algorithm to update the channel estimates until convergence is reached. The simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed algorithms under Rayleigh fading environments where the symbol error rate essentially coincides with that of the perfect channel case after the fifth EM iteration.     

Joint MAP channel estimation and data detection for OFDM in presence of phase noise from free running and phase locked loop oscillator

This paper addresses a computationally compact and statistically optimal joint Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) algorithm for channel estimation and data detection in the presence of Phase Noise (PHN) in iterative Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) receivers used for high speed and high spectral efficient wireless communication systems. The MAP cost function for joint estimation and detection is derived and optimized further with the proposed cyclic gradient descent optimization algorithm. The proposed joint estimation and detection algorithm relaxes the restriction of small PHN assumptions and utilizes the prior statistical knowledge of PHN spectral components to produce a statistically optimal solution. The frequency-domain estimation of Channel Transfer Function (CTF) in frequency selective fading makes the method simpler, compared with the estimation of Channel Impulse Response (CIR) in the time domain. Two different time-varying PHN models, produced by Free Running Oscillator (FRO) and Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) oscillator, are presented and compared for performance difference with proposed OFDM receiver. Simulation results for joint MAP channel estimation are compared with Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB), and the simulation results for joint MAP data detection are compared with “NO PHN” performance to demonstrate that the proposed joint MAP estimation and detection algorithm achieve near-optimum performance even under multipath channel fading.     

单载波频域均衡信道估计分析

针对高速率信息传输系统中多径衰落对单载波频域均衡(SC-FDE)信道估计造成的影响,在SC-FDE原理基础上,将无线通信中信噪比估计和SC-FDE中信道估计结合起来,对现有信噪比估计算法进行优化。分析和仿真结果表明,此方法能有效地改善多径衰落信道中信道估计的有效性,提高了频域均衡的效果,从而改善了SC-FDE系统的误码率(BER)性能。     

MIMO-OFDM快衰落信道的稀疏自适应感知估计

在多输入多输出（MIMO）-正交频分复用（OFDM） 系统中,怎样在较高频谱利用率的情况下对快时变信道进行较为准确的估计是一个具有挑战性的课题。该文在利用压缩感知理论可提高系统频谱利用率的基础上,提出了一种适合于快时变环境下MIMO-OFDM 系统的稀疏自适应信道估计方法。该方法不再受到奈奎斯特采样频率条件约束,避免了传统导频辅助信道估计方法频谱利用率低的缺点。该文方法通过构建多天线群时频结构特征稀疏基,利用多天线间和群时变OFDM符号内信道冲激响应具有更强稀疏性的特点,对MIMO-OFDM快衰落信道进行稀疏变换。由于实际MIMO-OFDM快衰落信道往往处于频率选择性、时变性和多种干扰并存的复杂环境,受到干扰的信道参数对系统而言是未知,采用该方法克服了现有基于压缩感知理论的信道估计方法需要预先知道信道冲激响应稀疏度才能重构信道参数的不足,在信道稀疏度未知道的情况下,运用稀疏自适应的方法来对不同时频结构特征的信道参数进行估计。仿真结果表明所提估计方法具有对快时变信道参数估计的鲁棒性和较高频谱利用率,且均方误差小。      

基于粒子滤波的Turbo盲均衡

粒子滤波是一种基于贝叶斯估计的算法,在信道盲辨识和盲均衡问题上具有快收敛、抗深衰信道等优势。Turbo盲均衡在低信噪比条件下有较好的误码性能。为了在深衰信道下使通信具有良好的误码性能,对粒子滤波盲均衡算法进行改进,改进算法的重要性采样函数利用了粒子的先验信息,得到一种软输入软输出的粒子滤波盲均衡算法。依据Turbo盲均衡的框架结构实现了一种基于粒子滤波的Turbo盲均衡算法,该算法利用信道编码带来的编码增益,提高了均衡和信道辨识的性能。仿真结果表明相比粒子滤波盲均衡算法本文提出算法的误码率性能提高1dB左右,误帧率性能则提高了3dB以上,经分析可知在信道系数估计较为准确的条件下,系统数据帧几乎没有误码。      

一种基于频域加窗的OFDM信道估计算法

该文分析了实际OFDM系统时域信道估计中的信道冲激响应(CIR)泄漏问题。提出了一种新的OFDM时域信道估计算法,利用频域加窗降低CIR泄漏,对CIR进行过门限判决,最大限度删除CIR中的噪声。在非整数采样多径衰落信道下与已有的OFDM时域信道估计算法进行了仿真对比,证明该算法有效降低了信道估计MSE值,改善了系统BER性能。