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Is construction an industry?

There has been a frequent misconception in analyses of construction sectors of the national economy: the tendency to describe these activities as ‘an industry’ or a small and stable set of ‘industries’. This has led to confusion. Construction was inappropriately assimilated to various forms of manufacturing industry. Characteristics of the construction process were treated as ‘problems’, to whose solution substantial energies were unnecessarily diverted. There has been muddle about the extent to which macro-level planning is appropriate, notably on R&D strategies and innovation for improved industrial efficiency. Construction projects increasingly use unfamiliar technological bases, comparable to ‘technology fusion’ in other sectors. A more fruitful emphasis may be to regard construction as organized as agglomerations of projects - rather than as a discrete industry or a fixed constellation of firms. The idea of the ‘demand chain’ is introduced.

The paper concludes that a ‘technological paradigm’ should replace the ‘industry paradigm’ and that an enduring question remains to explore what is meant by construction ‘capacity’.     

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宋朝光(1)抗战时期毛泽东的和谐社会思想吴庆张允熠(1)从“类存在物”及其生命实践看马克思的道德批判——基于与亚里士多德相关概念的比较何良安(1)早期社会主义者人道主义的价值向度裴德海(1)技术与社会:必要的张力李宏伟(1)论哈贝马斯的科学技术生产力观倪伟波任雪萍(1)论汉     

A Portrait of an Architect

This Special Issue displays a wide array of Pelli's projects. It is a gallery of his lifetime of achievement.One might be justifiably in awe of the imagination andcreativity that has produced such diverse and exciting works. This interview with a brief introduction for each aspect of Cesar Pelli's career as an architect, is an attempt to unveil a portrait of an outstanding architect.     

Thermal analysis of an electric power transformer inside an enclosure – a case study

Electric transformer inside an enclosure is used in the medium power transmission lines. It reduces the power losses more than other transformers in the transmission lines. In this study, thermal performance of a transformer inside an enclosure was investigated numerically and experimentally under different operating conditions. The experimental data were collected while the transformer was working in real operating conditions. The 3D numerical analysis was conducted and then verified with the experimental data. The results of this study show that despite lower power loss of the transformer, compared to the conventional transformers which are commonly installed on the overhead power line towers, the enclosure of the transformer has a serious problem of poor ventilation and it causes the transformer to run at higher temperature condition and this consequently decreases the transformer's efficiency. However, this problem can be fixed by implementing some changes in the enclosure's air vents and also by adding a fan on the roof of the enclosure.     

奥地利Neufeld an der Leitha幼儿园

Neufeld an der Leitha幼儿园是奥地利布尔根兰州当地政府的邀请项目。SOLID architecture受邀参加并且最终赢得了设计建设权。委托方要求新建筑中包含四间儿童活动室,并且希望在未来即使新增两间活动室,也不会影响到幼儿园内的日常教学。首先,幼儿园建筑为东西走向。建筑的北面相对封闭,机动车道、停车场以及幼儿园入口都位于此处,保证了西部与南部的露天活动空间免受来往车辆与人流的影响,为幼儿的活动提供较为安静的空间。     

The Stuttgart Region's Landscape Park – an efficient concept for the development of open spaces – an integrated approach to an attractive and resilient metropolitan landscape

This article focuses on the Stuttgart Region's Landscape Park concept, which is an instrument for the balanced development of open spaces within a densely populated region. The Stuttgart Region covers 5 counties and 179 independent municipalities over an area of 3650 square kilometres in the southwestern part of Germany. The competences of the Verband Region Stuttgart cover not only (mandatory) regional planning and spatial development, but also the construction and operation of the regional railway system, economic development and marketing.

In this context, the Landscape Park has been introduced to enhance the ecological quality and recreational value of open spaces. By now, it has become a successful instrument which helps local institutions to develop green infrastructure as an important locational factor.     

Statistical Relaxation of an Initially Coherent State

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The impact of immigration on interregional migrations: an input–output analysis with an application for Spain

Developed countries in general, Spain in particular, have experienced a dramatic rise in the reception of foreign workers in the last decade. Among all the economic and social effects originated by the arrivals of immigrants, the literature has paid some attention to the potential effect that this immigration can produce on the internal migration patterns (the so-called “displacement effect”). This paper proposes the use of a multi-region input–output model of migrations for measuring how the reception of immigrants in one region displaces population among all the regions included in the model. From some basic assumptions, the input–output methodology proposed describes how the arrival of one immigrant in one region i, by the dissemination of internal population from i, generates indirect effects on other region j. To illustrate the methodology proposed in the paper, an empirical application for Spain is also included.     

Baustellenabsicherung; Schäden an parkenden Autos

Weder eine Baustelle an sich, noch der Betrieb eines Baggers auf einer Baustelle sind als "gef?hrlicher Betrieb" zu werten, auf den die Grunds?tze der Gef?hrdungshaftung analog anzuwenden w?ren.     

Bauwerksmonitoring an einer Brücke aus Hochleistungsbeton

Structure Monitoring effected on a HPC Bridge In the year 2001 the bridge over the ‘Zickauer Mulde’ near Glauchau ‘Freistaat Sachsen’) was built in HPC B85 (C70/85). Due to the high compression strength of the concrete in combination with prestressing the maximum slenderness of the superstructure is 39, 0/1, 05 m = 37! This means to quit clearly the experience field of usual slendernesses of prestressed concrete bridges. For this reason as well because of the use of HPC on a large scale, the building structure was scientifically accompanied with the aim of verifying the design assumptions and basic construction principles. The following report shows the experiences received from the measuring during the construction phase, in the course of a test loading as well as from long-term measurements.     

Building performance in dam-break flow – an experimental study

The purpose of this study was to better understand the impacts of dam-break on houses. Physical model experiments were undertaken to reproduce the process of flood water flowing around and through a house. Measurements of water level were obtained using pressure gauges and ultrasonic wave gauges, with both of them being non-intrusive. The results showed that the water level upstream of the house increased rapidly and oscillated as the flood wave reached the house. Several scenarios were tested to investigate the impact of flood water on the house, including the orientation of the house and the distance between the dam-break site and the house. The impact of flood flow on the front door, caused by velocity-induced and pressure forces, was also investigated.     

Inhalts- und Formanforderungen an Nachprüfungsanträge

Ein Nachprüfungsantrag ist gem § 6 Abs 2 Z 3 O? VNPG unzul?ssig und zurückzuweisen, wenn das Verst?ndigungsschreiben an den Auftraggeber nicht "sp?testens gleichzeitig" mit der Einbringung des Nachprüfungsantrages übermittelt wurde.     

Zhengzhou – Political economy of an emerging Chinese megacity

Zhengzhou is one of the fastest growing cities in China, but has attracted comparatively little international attention. This paper charts the contemporary transformation of Zhengzhou and highlights some of the challenges that arise from its recent growth. It demonstrates the rise of Zhengzhou from small town to megacity. This transformation has occurred in less than seven decades with Zhengzhou benefiting from its geographic importance and its position as a provincial capital in China's hierarchical system of government. While western accounts typically focus on the role of market forces and agglomeration economies in explaining the rise of megacities, we show the role of political decisions in explaining the growth of Zhengzhou as an international centre for manufacturing, commerce and logistics. The paper concludes that innovation and reform in regional governance, particularly to deal with emerging challenges, are necessary, if it is to develop a well-functioning megacity.     

Resilient urban drainage – Options of an optimized area-management

There is a need for an integrated approach for all involved stakeholders to adapt urban infrastructures to climate change effects and to take into account uncertainties of future developments. By integrating all relevant planning disciplines, a first step towards implementation of resilient technical and social infrastructures can be achieved. With the major goal of optimizing area-management as part of water sensitive urban design, the water sector and its area requirements build the main focus of this study. After identifying local flood hazards and potential surficial retention areas, the additional usage of decentralized stormwater management facilities for flood protection is tested in selected sectors. The results of the study confirm that the combined usage of decentralized facilities for pluvial flooding is a first step to protect urban infrastructure. It shows that decentralized facilities are more flexible than centralized facilities and, thus, have a higher adaptation capacity which is needed considering the various effects of climate change.     

COMIS—an international multizone air-flow and contaminant transport model

A number of interzonal models have been developed to calculate air flows and pollutant transport mechanisms in both single and multizone buildings. A recent development in multizone air-flow modeling, the COMIS model, has a number of capabilities that go beyond previous models, much as COMIS can be used as either a stand-alone air-flow model with input and output features or as an infiltration module for thermal building simulation programs. COMIS was designed during a 12 month workshop at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in 1988–1989. In 1990, the Executive Committee of the International Energy Agency's Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems program created a working group on multizone air-flow modeling, which continued work on COMIS. The group's objectives were to study physical phenomena causing air flow and pollutant (e.g., moisture) transport in multizone buildings, develop numerical modules to be integrated in the previously designed multizone air flow modeling system, and evaluate the computer code. The working group supported by nine nations, officially finished in late 1997 with the release of IISiBat/COMIS 3.0, which contains the documented simulation program COMIS, the user interface IISiBat, and reports describing the evaluation exercise. This paper serves as an introduction for the other publications included in this Special Issue.