高氨氮垃圾渗滤液SBR法短程深度生物脱氮

以实际垃圾填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,应用SBR系统对该类废水短程生物脱氮的可行性进行研究,重点考察了短程生物脱氮实现、稳定及系统的脱氮性能.结果表明,经过95天的运行,SBR系统成功实现并维持了稳定短程生物脱氮,平均亚硝积累率在92.5%以上.获得了稳定的脱氮性能,NH4+-N,TN平均去除率分别在97.2%和91.7%以上.DO、ORP和pH曲线的特征点能够准确判断硝化和反硝化终点,可作为SBR处理垃圾渗滤液短程生物脱氮过程的控制参数.相对于氨氧化菌,亚硝酸盐氧化菌对FA、FNA更敏感,因此两者协同作用抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌活性,再辅以过程控制,能够准确判断硝化终点,实现NOB从系统硝化菌群中逐渐被淘洗,AOB成为优势菌种的目标,这是系统长期维持稳定短程生物脱氮的决定因素,FISH检测结果证明了这一点.     

FA与FNA对两级UASB-A/O处理垃圾渗滤液短程硝化的影响

采用两级UASB-A/O组合工艺处理实际高氨氮城市生活垃圾渗滤液,在获得稳定的有机物与氮同步去除的前提下,重点考察游离氨(FA)与游离亚硝酸(FNA)对短程硝化稳定性的影响。在UASB1中进行反硝化同时产甲烷以去除部分TN和部分COD,在UASB2通过产甲烷进一步去除COD,在A/O反应器中主要实现高氨氮的短程去除和剩余COD的降解。试验共进行104 d,历经短程硝化稳定、破坏和恢复3个阶段。结果表明,当最小FA浓度控制在3.1 mg.L-1以上时,系统可维持稳定的短程硝化,NH+4-N去除率、NO-2-N积累率、TN去除率分别可达到99%、95%和86%。当FA浓度小于0.6 mg.L-1时,在原水碱度充足且过曝气的条件下,仅依靠FA对NOB的抑制作用,难于维持短程硝化,NO-2-N积累率下降到29%。前两阶段的FNA浓度均低于0.011 mg.L-1,没有对NOB起到抑制作用,而在第3阶段,FA浓度仍维持在较低浓度,但系统FNA浓度通过降低pH值而大幅度提高(最大值为0.414 mg.L-1),从而利用FA和FNA的协同抑制作用迅速恢复并维持短程硝化,NO-2-N积累率升高到92%。可见FA与FNA是实现并维持城市生活垃圾渗滤液短程硝化的重要影响因素。     

Long-term nitritation performance of ammonium-rich landfill leachate☆

This study presents a biological system combined upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) with sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to treat ammonium-rich landfill leachate. The start-up and operation of the nitritation at low temperatures were investigated. The synergetic interaction of free ammonia (FA) inhibition on nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and process control was used to achieve nitritation in the SBR. It is demonstrated that nitritation was successful y started up in the SBR at low temperatures (14.0 °C–18.2 °C) by using FA inhibition coupled with process control, and then was maintained for 482 days at normal/low temperature. Although ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and NOB co-existed within bacterial clusters in the SBR sludge, AOB were confirmed to be dominant nitrifying population species by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. This confirmation not only emphasized that cultivating the appropriate bacteria is essential for achieving stable nitritation performance, but it also revealed that NOB activity was strongly inhibited by FA rather than being eliminated altogether from the system.     

FA与FNA对A/O工艺短程硝化处理垃圾渗滤液的影响

针对垃圾渗滤液的特殊水质特点,研究了游离氨(FA)与游离亚硝酸(FNA)对A/O工艺短程硝化反硝化处理垃圾渗滤液脱氮效果的影响。试验结果表明,当初始氨氮平均增大到300 mg/L时,系统可实现稳定的短程硝化反硝化,亚硝态氮积累率达到60.79%,并随着初始氨氮浓度的增加进一步提高,系统对氨氮的去除率始终维持在80%以上。初始氨氮浓度对系统硝化类型有极大影响,FA与FNA的交替抑制作用是系统启动并维持稳定短程硝化过程的关键。     

城市生活垃圾晚期渗滤液氨氮的常温短程去除

试验用水为典型的晚期城市生活垃圾渗滤液。第一阶段试验采用“两级UASB+A/O”系统，在一级UASB中进行回流处理水反硝化，二级UASB进行产甲烷反应，A/O反应器进行NH4+-N硝化反应。第一阶段研究表明可生化有机物在一级UASB几乎全部降解，所以第二阶段试验取消第二级UASB形成“一级UASB+A/O”系统。系统的有机物去除率＝50~70％，系统出水COD＝1000~1500 mg•L-1。当运行温度为17~29℃时，实现了稳定的NO2--N累积率为90~99％的短程硝化。试验期间 NH4+-N负荷（ALR）=0.28~0.60 kgNH4+-N•m-3•d-1，NH4+-N硝化率=90~100%。当ALR <0.45 kgNH4+-N•m-3•d-1，硝化率>98％，出水NH4+-N<15mg•L-1。在进水COD/NH4+-N＝2~3时，无机氮TIN去除率＝70~80％。采用荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对活性污泥进行检测，结果表明，A/O工艺活性污泥中的NH4+-N氧化菌（AOB）为细菌总数的4％左右，NO2--N 氧化菌（NOB）数量不足细菌总量的0.2％。     

CANON工艺处理实际晚期垃圾渗滤液的启动实验

针对晚期垃圾渗滤液NH₄^--N浓度高、C/N低、深度脱氮困难的问题,采用CANON工艺在曝气/缺氧搅拌循环交替的运行方式下,处理晚期垃圾渗滤液实现了深度脱氮。系统经过130 d的驯化培养后成功启动,长期试验研究结果表明,在进水COD、NH₄^--N、TN浓度（mg·L^-1）分别为2050±250、1625±75和2005±352情况下,出水COD、NH₄^--N、TN浓度（mg·L^-1）能达到407±14、8±4和19±4,总氮去除率达到了98.76%。在未投加外碳源的情况下,CANON工艺在曝气/缺氧搅拌的运行方式下实现了对晚期垃圾渗滤液的深度脱氮。此外,经荧光原位杂交（FISH）检测表明,在该运行方式下能够成功富集氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌,各占总菌数的19.5%±1.3%和42.7%±5.02%,为CANON工艺用于处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的工程应用提供参考。     

单级SBR厌氧/好氧/缺氧处理中期垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮

为了考察单级SBR处理实际中期垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮的可行性,采用单级SBR在“厌氧/好氧/缺氧”(AOA)运行方式下处理实际中期垃圾渗滤液。试验发现,厌氧/好氧/缺氧交替运行下驯化的微生物能在厌氧段消耗胞内糖原,并将水中部分溶解性有机物以聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)形式储存;在好氧段微生物消耗胞内PHAs,转化为胞内糖原,氨氧化的同时也伴随着同步硝化反硝化脱氮;好氧段氨氧化结束后贮存的碳源(PHAs和糖原)能为后置缺氧反硝化提供碳源。经长期试验研究,进水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN浓度分别为6430～9372 mg·L^-1、1025.6～1327 mg·L^-1、1345.7～1853.9 mg·L^-1,出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN浓度能达到525～943 mg·L^-1、1.2～4.2 mg·L^-1、18.9～38.9 mg·L^-1。在未投加外碳源的情况下,SBR法AOA运行方式下能够实现中期垃圾渗滤液的深度脱氮,出水TN<40 mg·L^-1。其中,好氧段(DO<1 mg·L^-1)通过同步硝化反硝化去除TN占总去除量的1/3左右;缺氧后置反硝化去除的TN占总去除量的2/3左右。     

COD removal from landfill leachate using a high-performance and low-cost activated carbon synthesized from walnut shell

An activated carbon with high adsorption capacity was synthesized from walnut shell as a solid waste using different chemical reagents. It was used to mitigate chemical oxygen demand from municipal landfill leachate. The activated carbon synthesized with impregnation ratio of 4:1 (H₃PO₄ to char) at a temperature of 500°C (ACH4-500) demonstrated the best textural properties based on Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, i.e., specific surface area of 1,851.1?m²/g, total pore volume of 1.03?cm³/g, and mean pore diameter of 2.24?nm and was selected for adsorption experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity and removal were 123.1?mg/g and 84.7% under optimum condition, respectively. The equilibrium data were fitted with different model isotherms and Redlich–Peterson model showed the best match with experimental data. Kinetic data were well described by pseudo-second-order equation. Study of adsorption thermodynamics revealed spontaneous and endothermic nature of adsorption. In addition, the adsorbent showed satisfactory results, e.g., 100% removal of Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Mn²⁺, in diminishing heavy metals as hazardous materials from landfill leachate.     

单一缺氧/厌氧UASB同步反硝化产甲烷与A/O组合工艺处理实际晚期渗滤液

以实际高氮晚期渗滤液为研究对象,应用缺氧/厌氧UASB-A/O组合工艺重点研究有机物和氮的去除特性,同时考察了A/O系统内短程硝化实现途径及稳定方法。试验结果表明,该生化系统可实现有机物和氮的同步、深度去除。在原液COD平均为6537 mg·L^-1,NH⁺₄-N为2021 mg·L^-1的条件下,系统最终出水分别为300 mg·L^-1和15.6 mg·L^-1,去除率分别为95.4%和99.2%。UASB反应器的平均COD负荷为6.5 kg COD·m^-3·d^-1,去除速率为5.3 kg COD·m^-3·d^-1。在单一UASB反应器内,发生了缺氧反硝化和厌氧产甲烷的双重生化反应,UASB反应器内获得了几乎100%的反硝化率。通过高游离氨（FA）和游离亚硝酸（FNA）的协同作用,使A/O反应器实现并维持了稳定的短程硝化,通过99%以上的亚硝化率实现高效的氨氮去除。     

Pollutant removal from municipal sewage in winter via a modified free-water-surface system planted with edible vegetable

The operation of constructed wetland (CW) in winter is prone to fail partially due to the vegetation senescence and subsequent nutrient release. Water celery (Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC), an amphibian vegetable that can grow well in winter and has edible seedlings and leaves, was therefore selected to be planted in a lab-scale free-water-surface (FWS) system in order to purify municipal sewage in winter at a mean water temperature of 7.3-8.3 °C. Under the quasi-steady-state conditions at 6- and 2-d hydraulic retention times, pollutant removal through the system was 40-61% for chemical oxygen demand, 17-36% for total phosphorus, 16-30% for total nitrogen, 6-32% for NH₃-N, and 82-84% for nitrogen oxides (including NO₂-N and NO₃-N). An optimal aspect ratio, i.e., the ratio of the length to the width of the reactor, of 3 was recommended on the basis of the variation of water quality indicators along the waterway of the FWS system. It was demonstrated that water celery played a minor role in both pollutant removal and oxygen release.     

MUCT工艺处理实际生活污水实现亚硝酸型硝化

采用MUCT工艺处理低C/N比实际城市生活污水,研究在连续流工艺中实现亚硝酸型硝化的调控措施。试验在常温下共进行了121 d,结果表明：经过87 d的启动期,最终在水力停留时间（HRT）8h,溶解氧浓度（DO）0.3～0.5 mg·L^-1,污泥回流比80%,缺氧回流比120%,硝化液回流比300%的条件下,成功启动了短程硝化,并稳定维持了35 d。 短程硝化期间,好氧区亚硝酸盐积累率平均62%,最高达到80%;氨氮去除率65%,最高达87%。短程硝化影响因素的分析表明：pH值,游离氨（FA）,游离亚硝酸（FNA）对本试验短程硝化无影响;温度和污泥停留时间（SRT）影响较小;HRT和DO是短程硝化实现的控制因素。荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH）试验结果表明：当系统由全程硝化状态转为短程硝化状态后,氨氧化细菌（ammonia oxidizing bacteria, AOB）的比例明显提高,最高达到9.3%;亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(nitrite oxidizing bacteria,NOB)以Nitrospira为主,其所占比例明显下降。     

改良型A~2/O工艺对低碳源城市污水的脱氮除磷效果

以城市污水为原水,考察了一种分点进水的改良型A2/O工艺的脱氮除磷效果。试验结果表明,原水按照6∶4的体积比分别进入厌氧池和缺氧池后,增加了缺氧池的碳源浓度,提高了该系统的脱氮效果。当进水中碳氮质量比平均为6.84、硝化液回流比为200%,CODCr、TN、NH3-N和TP的平均质量浓度分别为237.02、36.39、22.99和4.98mg/L时,出水CODCr、TN、NH3-N和TP的平均质量浓度分别为34.29、10.70、0.18和0.46mg/L,去除率分别为85.53%、70.60%、99.22%和90.76%。