镍基自熔合金Ni67的空蚀磨损特性研究

对Ni67合金进行了模拟三牙轮钻头流道内实际工况条件下的空蚀磨蚀试验,用失重法评价了Ni67材料的抗空蚀磨损性能,并分析了空蚀试件表面磨痕.结果表明:Ni67的空蚀失重曲线分为孕育期、上升期、衰减期和稳定期.在孕育期中,材料失重量很小;在上升期中,材料的空蚀失重率增加.Ni67试样磨损15 h之前为孕育期,平均失重量为22.1 mg;磨损15～20 h为空蚀磨损的上升期,磨损30 h时,试件平均失重量为79.3 mg.Ni67材料的空蚀磨损特性主要是微射流对试件表面的冲击而产生的低周疲劳损伤,同时存在针眼和剥落坑.     

低冲蚀角下40Cr冲蚀与空蚀耦合磨损特性研究

基于CFD理论,数值模拟了低冲角下(冲蚀角α40°)冲蚀和空蚀耦合磨损的流场特性,并将数值分析结果与实验结果进行对比,研究了40Cr在低冲角下耦合磨损的失效特性。研究发现:1)耦合磨损的破坏程度随着冲蚀角的增加先增大后减小降,在临界角α=30°时磨损最严重,此时耦合磨损流场的溃灭冲击压强达到了最大的1×107Pa,在这种高强度冲击的反复作用下,材料更容易发生疲劳失效;2)当α30°时,40Cr材料表面的磨痕主要为微切削犁沟,并有少量的针孔状蚀坑;3)当α30°时,材料表面的磨痕主要为瞬时高温氧化和疲劳剥落引起的夹杂着白色氧化铁颗粒的蚀坑。40Cr试件失重量随冲蚀角变化趋势与三次样条曲线吻合得很好。     

一种模拟舰船表面破坏的冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀交互磨损试验研究

海洋装备表面材料破坏的主要原因是冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀及其交互作用,而量化其表面磨损程度对海洋装备材料和结构的设计具有重要意义。冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀交互磨损试验台是研究海洋装备表面材料破坏的有效工具。通过流场数值对比分析,在研究冲蚀和空蚀交互作用的基础上,优化设计了冲蚀、空蚀和电化学腐蚀交互磨损综合试验台,完成了人造海水中,不同材料的舰船工作表面受到高速流体冲击产生的冲蚀、空蚀和电化学腐蚀交互磨损试验。结果表明:同一种金属材料冲蚀、空蚀和电化学腐蚀交互作用的失重量大于冲蚀、空蚀和自然腐蚀交互作用的失重量,高强度塑性金属材料的腐蚀磨损较为严重,其三者交互作用的磨损程度大于低强度塑性金属材料。     

压强影响下40Cr的冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损特性

数值分析压强对三相流场中40Cr试件冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损的影响;试验研究不同压强下交互磨损过程中40Cr试件的失重量、空泡的密度及分布的变化规律,分析压强对40Cr试件的作用机制。结果表明:特定工况下,40Cr试件交互磨损失重量随压强的增大呈高斯曲线变化;在0.075 MPa时其失重量达到峰值1.86 g;流体压强越小水中空泡含量越高,空泡越多其溃灭破坏强度越大;但是水中空泡增加时会增大水的可压缩性,从而对空泡溃灭冲击起到缓冲作用,反而使交互磨损破坏作用减弱。数值分析结果和实验结果吻合较好。     

冲击形式产生的冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损试验研究

舰船等海洋运输装备在海水中行驶时,船体表面受到含沙海水的冲蚀磨损,舰船行驶速度变化引起的空蚀磨损,以及海水的腐蚀磨损,因此舰船表面材料的破坏形式是冲击式的冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损。为了研究联合磨损的影响因素,研制冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损试验台,并实验研究沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度以及冲蚀速度对45钢试件的联合磨损影响规律。实验结果表明:冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损程度强于冲蚀和空蚀交互磨损或单纯腐蚀磨损,在较低的沙粒浓度和较低的含盐浓度条件下,金属材料联合磨损质量损失与沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度和冲蚀速度均成正比关系。磨损面形貌分析表明:随着沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度、冲蚀速度的增加,试件表面的冲蚀沟和空蚀孔的磨痕深度和面积增大,而在人造海水中,试件表面不仅存在冲蚀沟和空蚀孔,还产生了腐蚀坑。     

基于流体机械工况的冲蚀磨损特性研究

在圆盘式磨蚀试验台上，对流体机械常用材料HT200、45与40Cr钢进行了模拟实际工况的冲蚀磨蚀试验，研究了试验材料的表面失效规律及微观破坏机理。结果表明：冲蚀分为跑合期、稳定期和上升期三个阶段。灰铁HT200的冲蚀磨损以脆性断裂为主；45钢的冲蚀磨损是以切削磨损为主；40Cr是以犁沟剥落为主。     

空蚀与冲蚀交互作用下锡黄铜的材料流失及力学性能研究

利用转盘式磨损试验机模拟船用螺旋桨实际运行工况,通过失重分析、表面和截面形貌观察及力学性能测试,探讨了锡黄铜在含沙量不同的介质中空蚀与冲蚀交互作用下的材料流失规律及力学性能。结果表明:在含沙量为1kg/m3的测试介质中,空蚀与冲蚀交互作用下锡黄铜的材料流失孕育期很短,主要经历上升期、稳定期、衰减期,而当含沙量增加至2 kg/m3时,在相同交互作用时间内材料失重率明显增加,且稳定期不明显。空蚀与冲蚀交互作用后,锡黄铜表面呈现无明显方向性的短程犁沟状、鱼鳞状凹坑,存在明显的加工硬化现象。     

WC喷焊层对Ni60自熔合金冲蚀磨损机制的影响

在转盘式磨蚀实验台上,对N i60和N i60 35%WC涂层进行冲蚀磨损实验,研究了试验材料的表面失效规律及微观破坏机制。结果表明:2种试样的冲蚀磨损规律相同,分为跑合期和稳定期;由于硬质点WC的加入,使得2种试样的冲蚀磨损机制不一样,但N i60 35%WC涂层的耐冲蚀性能明显高于N i60材料;N i60 35%WC涂层的冲蚀磨损机制主要是剥落坑和疲劳点蚀,而N i60材料主要是微切削和犁沟剥落。     

空化水射流冲蚀纯铜的表面空蚀损伤

利用自制空化水射流设备对纯铜进行了不同时间的冲蚀,研究了冲蚀后试样的显微组织、损伤形貌、表面粗糙度以及截面硬度,分析了空蚀损伤过程及机制。结果表明:一次射流区空蚀坑底部晶粒弯曲变形,而混合射流区的截面组织无明显变化;一次射流区在水射流冲蚀5min时,表面就已经出现空蚀坑、空蚀针孔,随冲蚀时间的延长,空蚀坑和空蚀针孔数量增多,晶粒形貌逐步显现,同时出现大量的变形滑移带和金属剥落现象;混合射流区的空蚀坑大而浅,且随着时间的延长整个晶粒形貌全部显现;空蚀坑是以空蚀针孔聚集导致少量金属剥落这种形式长大的;随冲蚀时间的延长,两区的表面粗糙度逐渐上升,且混合射流区的表面粗糙度大于一次射流区的,其硬化层厚度和近表层硬度也相对较大。     

含沙水流绝对速度对冲蚀、空蚀交互磨损的影响

在转盘式磨损试验装置上进行了含沙水流绝对速度对冲蚀和空蚀交互磨损影响的试验,基于计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法,模拟水轮机工况,数值研究了不同含沙水流绝对速度下,试件表面气液固三相流场及特性。结果表明:在4种入射绝对速度参数下,交互磨损失重量随着绝对速度的增大而递增,即绝对速度越大交互磨损程度越严重;数值计算的转盘表面总压等值线、气相体积比等值线两者的叠加区域与试验结果中试件的交互磨损表面形貌基本一致,即数值计算结果和试验结果吻合得较好。     

Time dependant measurements of cavitation damage

Due to the extremely long length of experiments, in most studies of cavitation erosion only damage in the incubation period is measured and the final damage (mass loss rate) is then predicted by extrapolation. The methods of extrapolation are usually very basic since there were almost no in depth time dependant measurements of cavitation erosion performed in the past. A rotating disc test rig that generates a very aggressive cavitation and pure copper specimens, as erosion sensors, were used to investigate the correlation between the damage within the incubation period and final mass loss. The damage was measured optically three times during the incubation period and by weighing the specimen during the rest of the experiment.The results confirmed that the same clear relationship between the damage in the incubation period and the final mass loss rate exists, what means, that the mass loss rate can indeed be qualitatively predicted on the basis of measurements performed within the incubation period. This is a good basis for developing laws of extrapolation from a short time scale (laboratory measurement within the incubation period) to the real time scale (machine operation).     

Cavitation erosion of NiAl-bronze layers generated by friction surfacing

Friction surfacing is a solid-state process, which allows deposition welding at temperatures below the melting range. For this investigation coating layers of NiAl-bronze were deposited by friction surfacing on self-mating substrates, followed by microstructural characterisation. Further, cavitation tests were performed in order to investigate wear resistance. Cavitation erosion mechanisms were analysed by means of optical and electron microscopy. All coatings show incubation periods about twice as long as those of the substrate material, while their average rate of material loss is about one half of that of the substrate. The differences in cavitation erosion resistance are due to more ductile behaviour of the coatings, as well as corrosion increasing the wear of the as-cast material.     

碳钢奥氏体不锈钢材料在水电工程中应用的局限性

通过对水电站典型应用材料(55钢、1Cr18Ni9Ti、0Cr13Ni5Mo)在冲蚀磨损过程中电化学腐蚀及抗冲蚀磨损性能研究,区分出纯磨损、纯腐蚀、磨损对腐蚀的促进分量及腐蚀对磨损的促进分量等在材料失效过程中各占的比例,考察了试验材料的抗冲蚀磨损特性及其磨损与腐蚀间的交互作用,分析了其失效机制。结果表明:不同的冲蚀速度下,0Cr13Ni5Mo不锈钢的冲蚀磨损失重率最小,55钢最大;纯磨损是材料失去的主要方式:55钢虽然纯磨损量较小,但腐蚀及其磨损与腐蚀的交互作用失去量大,1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢虽然纯腐蚀量小,但纯磨损量大,因而都有应用的局限性。     

40Cr的冲蚀磨损性能研究

在自制的转盘式冲蚀磨损试验台上以45^#钢为对比材料,对40Cr的冲蚀磨损性能进行了试验研究,结果显示40Cr的冲蚀磨损规律与45^#钢基本相似,而耐冲蚀磨损性能比45^#钢稍强。在电子显微镜（SEM）下对40Cr和45^#钢冲蚀磨损表面形貌进行观察,分析表明：40Cr和45^#钢的冲蚀磨损机制都是硬质砂粒对材料表面的微切削作用。     

Cavitation Erosion and Sliding Wear to Assess Carbide Integrity in AISI D2 Tool Steel

Ultrasonic cavitation and ball-on-disk wear tests were conducted in order to assess the carbide integrity in AISI D2 steel specimens with different heat treatments and carbide orientations on the exposed surface. The response of the tested materials under cavitation erosion was clearly distinguishable for each carbide orientation and heat treatment. Particularly, carbide predominant orientation can be successfully associated with the incubation period of cavitation damage. Validity of the cavitation erosion tests as a useful characterization technique in materials with reinforcement phases is discussed based on the small contact areas associated with the microjets generated in the ultrasonic cavitation test. On the other hand, ball-on-disk tests in conjunction with conventional wear analysis (coefficient of friction graph, wear volume) did not provide a clear relationship between research variables. However, by using discrete Fourier analysis from friction coefficient data, it was possible to establish a correlation between integrity of primary carbide, its orientation and matrix hardness.     

冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损三相流场仿真与试验研究

基于计算流体力学方法,数值研究在模拟水轮机工况下,冲蚀与空蚀交互作用时,试件表面上汽液固三相流场的动力学特性(压力场、速度场、汽相体积比分布),然后在转盘式磨损装置上,进行汽液固三相冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损试验,并对试件微观形貌进行分析。结果表明:数值分析得到试件表面最小和最大压力值、气泡速度最大值和汽相比例最大值均出现在空化孔附近,其他位置基本不变,说明空化孔附近交互磨损比单一空蚀磨损严重。就某一空化孔而言,顺着转盘旋转方向的孔边某一夹角展开区域汽相比例较大,并且出现最小和最大压力;从试件微观磨痕分析,其上存在短程犁沟和空蚀孔,磨痕呈现规律性。仿真的气泡轨迹和试件磨痕基本一致,数值计算结果和试验结果吻合得较好,从而证明了数值分析的正确性和合理性。上述数值仿真为揭示流体机械过流部件冲蚀与空蚀交互作用磨损机理奠定了基础。     

Effects of strain induced martensitic transformation on the cavitation erosion resistance and incubation time of Fe–Cr–Ni–C alloys

The effect of a strain-induced martensitic transformation on the cavitation erosion resistance and incubation time of Fe–10Cr–10Ni–xC (x = 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 wt%) austenitic steels has been studied. As the carbon concentration increased, mass loss in the alloys also increased, while the incubation period and the amount of transformed martensite decreased. In addition, the martensite volume fraction increased with increasing testing time and reached a saturation point for each test alloy. After the saturation point was reached, the martensite volume fraction did not change throughout the remainder of the test, even though the transformed martensite phase was removed. This result indicates that new martensite phases were formed immediately after the removal of the previously formed martensite. Martensitic transformation exerts significant effects on wear resistance and incubation time by steadily absorbing the cavity collapse energy.     

钢的气蚀规律的研究

在旋转圆盘仪上对五种钢的气蚀破坏规律进行了研究。结果表明：钢的气蚀累积失重量与工作时间符合指数关系，且不同性能的钢有不同的气蚀孕育期。     

冲蚀速度对40Cr材料抗冲蚀性能影响的研究

对40Cr及对比材料45#钢进行冲蚀磨损模拟现场试验,研究了冲蚀速度对冲蚀磨损的影响规律,结合微流边界层理论,分析了冲蚀速度对冲蚀磨损量的影响,推导了冲蚀速度与磨损量的数学关系式。结果表明:冲蚀速度U与磨损量W呈指数关系,随着U地增大,W也相应地增加,40Cr材料对应的指数n是2.3。