气提法弱化超高浓度乙醇发酵过程中自絮凝酵母振荡行为

超高浓度(very high gravity,VHG)连续乙醇发酵过程中的振荡行为会导致发酵终点的乙醇浓度振荡和降低,是VHG连续乙醇发酵面临的主要问题。研究表明,游离酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4126和自絮凝酵母BHL01在VHG连续乙醇发酵过程中,生物量、残糖、乙醇、甘油等发酵参数都呈现130～145 h的周期性振荡,且絮凝酵母发酵体系的平均乙醇浓度和乙醇生产强度都明显高于游离酵母体系。在絮凝酵母VHG连续乙醇发酵过程中利用发酵尾气气提分离乙醇,酵母细胞振荡行为被明显弱化,达到拟稳态状态,并且使发酵液中的残糖浓度控制在0.1 g·L^-1以下,平均乙醇浓度为110.87 g·L^-1,乙醇产率达到2.99 g·L^-1·h^-1。因此,本研究为弱化VHG连续乙醇发酵中的参数振荡行为提供了新的技术手段。     

木块填料对高浓度乙醇连续发酵过程中振荡行为的弱化机制

前期研究发现,添加木块填料可有效弱化管式反应器中的振荡行为,并推测其机理可能与酵母细胞的固定化、酵母细胞生长微环境的改变和管式反应器中稀释速率的改变三方面因素有关。本文实验证明了木块填料反应器的稀释率的改变不是导致振荡弱化的主要原因。进一步研究表明：一方面,与其他填料体系相比,木块填料体系不仅维持了较高的生物量浓度,而且维持了较高的细胞活性,从而具备了弱化振荡的前提条件;另一方面,与无填料体系培养出的酵母细胞相比,木块填料体系培养的酵母细胞具有较高的乙醇耐受性,从而弱化了乙醇浓度变化导致的发酵参数的大幅度波动。     

高浓度酒精连续发酵过程中振荡行为的模拟及填料弱化振荡的机理

在利用酿酒酵母进行高浓度酒精连续发酵中,观察到了一种持久稳定的振荡现象,表现为当严格控制发酵参数时,发酵罐中残糖浓度、酒精浓度和生物量浓度呈现大幅度的周期性波动。前期研究工作推测,细胞对环境胁迫的延迟反应是引起这种振荡行为的主要原因之一,并发现填料具有弱化这种振荡行为的作用,但描述这种振荡行为的动态模型尚未建立,填料弱化振荡的机理也尚不清楚。通过引入时滞加权函数,建立了预测高浓度发酵（VHGF）条件下振荡行为的过程动态模型。并在前期实验研究基础上,分别采用3种性质不同的填料,通过考察其弱化振荡行为的差异,在一定程度上揭示填料对振荡行为弱化作用的机理。实验结果表明：采用木块填料能明显地弱化振荡现象,金属丝网环和聚氨酯填料则不能弱化振荡现象;填料弱化振荡现象的原因与酵母细胞生长微环境的改变有关;利用聚氨酯作为填料能显著提高反应器中的生物量浓度,从而显著提高反应器系统的设备生产强度指标。     

锌离子对自絮凝酵母乙醇耐性和絮凝颗粒大小的影响

研究了6种金属离子在合成培养基中对摇瓶培养的自絮凝酵母乙醇耐性的影响,发现锌离子对高浓度乙醇冲击下的酵母细胞活性有保护作用,并进一步研究了乙醇连续发酵过程中锌的添加对自絮凝酵母乙醇耐性的影响。发酵培养基中分别添加0.01、0.05 和 0.1 g·L^-1的硫酸锌时,自絮凝酵母颗粒平均粒度减小,同时乙醇耐性和高温耐性都得到明显提高,并且发现细胞活性的提高与酵母细胞内麦角固醇和海藻糖的增加密切相关。对酵母细胞内锌的含量的分析表明,3个添加组胞内锌的积累量基本相似,比对照组均增加了6倍。相关性分析表明,酵母胞内锌含量与酵母细胞的胁迫耐性密切相关并显著影响其胁迫耐性。各添加组的乙醇产量均有提高,其中添加0.05 g·L^-1的硫酸锌时乙醇产量最高,比对照组高8.4%。以上研究结果表明,调控连续乙醇发酵过程中培养基中锌离子浓度,是提高酵母细胞乙醇耐受性、高温度耐受性和乙醇产量的有效途径。     

产朊假丝酵母分批发酵生产谷胱甘肽的代谢通量分析

根据产朊假丝酵母利用葡萄糖作为惟一碳源生物合成谷胱甘肽的代谢网络,利用代谢通量分析方法分析了谷胱甘肽分批发酵不同阶段各代谢途径碳通量的分布和变化规律.在此基础上,通过分阶段温度控制和L-半胱氨酸添加等策略,调节谷胱甘肽分批发酵过程中的代谢通量分布,谷胱甘肽生物合成的产量明显提高,最大增加幅度分别达到23%和91%.同时对这些策略下谷胱甘肽的过量合成机理进行了解释.     

溶氧对Candida glycerinogenes产甘油发酵代谢流分布的影响

分析了耐高渗高产甘油工业菌株产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)的摇瓶发酵过程,发现溶氧水平是影响C.glycerinogenes 生长、代谢产物生成的重要因素。在此基础上,以5 L发酵罐研究了不同恒溶氧水平甘油的合成过程,通过代谢流分析表明,低溶氧环境下乙醇碳流量增加,导致糖耗快而甘油合成相对较少;碳流分布表明HMP途径在甘油过量合成中起着重要的作用。分析C.glycerinogenes发酵过程中能量代谢和物质代谢（氧化磷酸化和底物水平磷酸化）的变化发现高溶氧环境下ATP合成水平高,一定程度抑制底物水平磷酸化从而使碳流更多地流向了甘油合成;C.glycerinogenes胞内氧化还原平衡(NADH/NAD+比率)的研究进一步解释了产甘油假丝酵母中甘油合成和乙醇生成的竞争关系。     

氮源影响酵母耐受超高浓度乙醇发酵胁迫条件

为考察蛋白胨和酵母浸出膏对酵母耐受超高浓度乙醇发酵胁迫条件的影响,以300g/L起始浓度葡萄糖开展实验。结果表明,与对照组(3g/L蛋白胨+5g/L酵母浸出膏作为氮源)相比,单独提高发酵培养基蛋白胨至6g/L或酵母浸出膏至12g/L,均可明显促进菌体生长和葡萄糖利用,终点乙醇体积分数由对照组的13.1%分别提高至14.4%和14.7%。研究表明,在发酵过程中,生长于提高蛋白胨浓度或酵母浸出膏浓度培养基的菌体,其质膜ATP酶活力和胞内海藻糖积累量明显高于对照组,而且发酵参数(如菌体生长、葡萄糖利用和终点乙醇体积分数)的提高与酶活力和海藻糖含量的增加密切相关,提示质膜ATP酶和胞内海藻糖在酵母耐受超高浓度乙醇发酵胁迫条件中的作用。     

乙醇连续发酵过程中自絮凝酵母颗粒粒径分布的模拟

以酿酒酵母和粟酒裂殖酵母的融合株——自絮凝颗粒酵母SPSC01为研究对象,选择搅拌式反应器为模式系统,利用聚焦光束反射测量仪（FBRM）在线检测了絮凝酵母颗粒的弦长频率分布.研究表明,在含有絮凝缓冲液的模拟系统中,自絮凝酵母颗粒粒径分布符合对数正态分布.粒径分布的特征参数（M）与搅拌转速（r）之间的关系可用对数方程表示,从而简化了絮凝酵母颗粒粒径分布的定量表征.在真实的乙醇连续发酵过程中,细胞代谢生成的CO₂对测量体系产生了干扰,利用建立的自絮凝酵母颗粒粒径分布的在线检测和定量表征方法,在数据处理过程中排除了这种干扰,得到了自絮凝酵母SPSC01絮凝颗粒的粒径分布.     

细胞生长、葡萄糖代谢及副产物重新利用对法夫酵母虾青素合成的影响分析

以两株产虾青素法夫酵母菌株为研究对象,分别在不同摇床转速、初始葡萄糖浓度、乙醇的存在与否等培养条件下,考察葡萄糖浓度、添加乙醇及溶氧状况对法夫酵母细胞生长、代谢副产物产生的影响及其与虾青素合成之间的关系,进一步阐明法夫酵母虾青素合成的机理。实验结果表明:法夫酵母JMU-VDL668菌株的生长速率、葡萄糖代谢速率和乙醇积累量均高于法夫酵母JMU-MVP14菌株,但前者的虾青素合成速率却远低于后者;当发酵液中的葡萄糖含量降低时,酵母细胞对糖代谢副产物进行二次利用,导致有利于虾青素合成的情况出现,虾青素产量得到进一步提高;在初始培养基中添加1 g?L?1乙醇能够在一定程度上促进虾青素的合成。     

絮凝颗粒酵母悬浮液流变特性比较分析

絮凝酵母细胞流变特性是影响发酵过程重要的基础数据之一。利用旋转黏度计测定自絮凝颗粒酵母悬浮液和其亲本游离酵母悬浮液的流变特性,分别建立流变本构方程并进行模型比较分析。低质量浓度絮凝酵母悬浮液近似为牛顿性流体,随着菌体质量浓度的增加流动行为指数降低,悬浮液为非牛顿性流体。絮凝酵母悬浮液表观黏度随剪切速率增加而降低,表明剪切使絮凝酵母颗粒聚合力降低从而产生剪切稀化现象。利用柠檬酸对絮凝酵母解絮凝从而改变颗粒聚集分布状态,进一步测定流变行为。结果证明,不同絮凝酵母颗粒聚集状态的分布是决定絮凝酵母流变行为的主要因素。     

Effect of oscillation amplitude on velocity distributions in an oscillatory baffled column (OBC)

This paper presents a numerical study of the effect of oscillation amplitude in oscillatory baffled column (OBC) using computational fluid dynamics. The numerical work was carried out for single phase liquid flow for an unsteady 3-D model using commercial software, Fluent (2006). This work was concentrated on the effect of oscillation amplitude. Three amplitudes of 5, 10 and 15 mm with constant frequency of 1 Hz are applied. Vortex and cycle average velocities at different points are analyzed. The studies show the maximum velocity for 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm in an OBC are 0.11 m/s, 0.25 m/s and 0.40 m/s respectively in the first cycle of oscillation. At a constant frequency, greater oscillation amplitude displaces the liquid to a further distance and builds a larger vortex. Vortex length was 1.5 times bigger when oscillation amplitude changes from 5 mm to 10 mm and 2 times when the amplitude is triple from 5 mm. The detailed validation is presented somewhere else; this research is focused on the effect of oscillation.     

化学振荡指纹图谱用于凉茶表征的研究

运用非线性分析方法,探讨了B-Z化学振荡系统的复杂现象及机理。研究了以凉茶（潘高寿）、8%的硫酸、5%的丙酮、1.67%的硫酸锰、1.07%的溴酸钠形成的反应振荡体系。通过只改变凉茶的量（其他条件均不变）,温度为（37.5±0.1）℃,测定离子选择性电极上的电势U随时间（t）变化的U-t曲线。由B-Z振荡曲线可以了解其反应随时间作周期性的变化,即可得到以下振荡参数：振荡诱导期、振荡周期、振荡寿命、振荡△E等等。结果表明：随着凉茶的量的增加,其振荡的时间逐渐缩短,诱导期缩短,周期也逐渐缩短且趋于稳定。但振幅的改变率不明显。初步说明了反应物与电极电势之间存在良好的线性关系。当加入氧化剂溴酸钠时,振荡图形整体向上漂移。     

溶氧强制振荡对L-苏氨酸发酵产率及其代谢流迁移的影响

为有效降低L-苏氨酸发酵过程中副产物的积累,考察了发酵过程中的溶氧强制振荡对L-苏氨酸发酵产率及其多种副产物积累的影响,并深入探讨了振荡行为对L-苏氨酸生物合成代谢网络的代谢流分布的影响。结果表明:采用溶氧强制振荡工艺能够明显提高L-苏氨酸的发酵产率和降低多种抑制性产物的合成。与非振荡工艺相比,经过36h培养,细胞生物量达到29.5g·L-1,苏氨酸的质量浓度达到118.9g·L-1,而乙酸质量浓度下降到0.8g·L-1,副产的其他氨基酸也大大降低。通过代谢流分析表明,在发酵后期的一个振荡周期(30h至31h)内,与非振荡组相比,HMP途径的代谢流量由6.5提高至95.88,CO2固定反应代谢流量由45.1提高至86.1,TCA循环相对代谢流量从1.86提高至17.78,从而导致苏氨酸对葡萄糖的质量转化率从30.0%增加至57.0%。溶氧强制振荡条件下的苏氨酸发酵液中各种副产物更少,更适合今后的大规模工业化生产。     

Studies on melt spinning. V. Draw resonance as a limit cycle

The exact wave form of draw resonance in isothermal spinning of Newtonian liquids was sought by solving numerically the simultaneous partial differential equations¹ of melt spinning in their original nonlinear form without recourse to perturbation. When the draw-down ration of spinning exceeded 20, solution of the equations became a limit cycle, a sustained oscillation having amplitude and period independent of initial conditions. As the draw down ratio was further increased, the amplitude of the limit cycle grew very rapidly, and the wave form became close to a pulse train predicting an extreme thinning of the thread at regular intervals along the thread. The above solution for Newtonian liquids agreed well with experiment with respect to oscillation period. Agreement, however, was poor in amplitude, indicating that possibly the amplitude of draw resonance is affected by deviations of polymer viscosity from Newtonian.     

循环流化床中颗粒振荡循环现象的实验研究

颗粒的循环特性是循环流化床研究的重点及热点之一,在建立颗粒循环时,颗粒循环由非稳态向稳态过渡。本文在循环流化床实验装置中,采用摄像法和压力检测法研究了不稳定颗粒循环条件下颗粒流动结构和各段压降的变化情况。首次发现了不稳定颗粒循环状态下的颗粒振荡循环现象及其具有的两个特征:下降段、提升段气固流动结构呈周期性变化;下降段压降p_d和提升段压降p_r周期性波动且p_d>p_r和p_dr交替出现。进一步对颗粒振荡循环过程进行受力分析,建立了颗粒振荡周期的计算公式。研究还发现在颗粒藏量一定的条件下,循环气流量或颗粒循环段阀门开度大于某一临界值时才能诱发颗粒振荡循环;颗粒振荡循环周期随着循环气流量的增大而增大,与阀门开度无关。研究结果为动态颗粒循环建立过程的研究奠定了基础,有助于快速地建立颗粒的稳定循环。     

168 kA新型阴极高效节能铝电解槽节能机理

为了研究168 kA新型阴极铝电解槽的节能机理,对新型阴极电解槽内部热场、电磁场以及铝液流场进行了数值模拟,并利用自行研制的铝液波动动态检测系统对新型阴极电解槽阴极铝液液面波动进行了测量。结果表明：新型阴极电解槽的阴极凸起可降低槽内阴极铝液的流速,其阴极铝液X向、Y向水平流速均小于普通阴极电解槽,并且能够有效地减弱阴极铝液的波动。因此,新型阴极电解槽的极距为3.8 cm,比同系列普通阴极电解槽低1 cm,其电解质压降比普通阴极电解槽的电解质压降低380 mV。新型阴极电解槽能量利用率比同系列普通阴极电解槽能量利用率高5％。     

Dispersion in steady and time-oscillatory flows through an eccentric annulus

A multiple-scale perturbation is conducted to derive an averaged equation for predicting the longtime solute transport in an eccentric annulus in which the uniaxial flow may oscillate periodically in time. A proof for the positiveness of the dispersivity is presented, implying that over a cycle of oscillation a solute cloud always broadens. For a steady flow driven by a fixed pressure gradient, increasing the eccentricity and annulus size gives rise to stronger dispersion. This relationship holds when the flow becomes unsteady. In the limit of slow oscillation, dispersion due to an oscillatory flow asymptotes to one-half of that by a steady flow. Increasing the oscillation frequency leads to a two-step decay of the dispersivity. The maximum dispersion in an oscillatory flow can be achieved in the limit of slow oscillation and large eccentricity, where dispersion can be O(10³) times larger than that in an otherwise concentric annulus.     

Cavity formation and stress-oscillation during the tensile test of injection molded specimens made of PET

Summary Behavior of specimens produced from one-way polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles by milling, drying and injection molding was studied under tensile load. Uniform and stable necking and neck propagation during tensile testing has been replaced under certain tensile rates by an oscillation of stress and neck propagation. Studying the crystallinity and density of specimens undergoing oscillation it was observed that they exhibit more than 50% cavitation. Results of acoustic emission measurements performed during tensile testing revealed that cavitation occurred simultaneously with neck propagation, periodically. Cavities were studied by scanning electron microscopy. In order to study the heat effects coupled with uniform neck propagation heat radiation of the surface was also detected. Infrared thermograms taken by an camera have shown that, within the oscillation cycle, simultaneously with the increase of the stress the temperature of the deformation zone increased, but when the stress decreased (during neck propagation) the temperature decreased.     

Performance Improvement of Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment by Nonlinear Natural Oscillations

The paper describes a novel operation strategy for improvement in the performance of biochemical reactors. The dynamic behavior of two coupled continuous stirred‐tank reactors with recycle is studied when one of the reactors is being operated under limit cycle regimes producing self‐sustained natural oscillations. The periodic output from one reactor is then used as forced input into the other reactor. The novel operation strategy is applied to wastewater treatment by the activated sludge process. It was observed and demonstrated through computation that the overall performance of the system can be enhanced in terms of time‐averaged conversion by employing the above‐mentioned operation strategy for a particular combination of reactor volume, recycle ratio and other operating parameters. The most significant criterion of this operation strategy lies in the fact that the performance enhancement of the overall system is achieved through natural oscillation rather than forced oscillation. In experimental studies and in eventual application to industrial processes this new concept of coupling free and forced oscillation is advantageous, as it does not require any additional external energy.     

破坏压力对含有弱顶面受限空间内油气爆燃超压荷载的影响

基于实验研究了静态破坏压力（p_ST）对含有弱顶面受限空间内油气爆燃超压荷载的影响，实验结果显示：不同p_ST下超压时序曲线分为4种类型，超压峰值包括破膜峰值（Δp₁）、泄流峰值（Δp₂）、外部爆燃峰值（Δp₃）和局部不稳定燃烧峰值（Δp₄）。当0≤p_ST≤2.5 kPa时，内部的最大峰值为Δp₃；而当5 kPa≤p_ST≤30 kPa时，内部的最大峰值为Δp₁。对于受限空间外部，最大峰值均为Δp₃。当2.5 kPa≤p_ST≤20 kPa时，外部爆燃和泄放负压耦合会诱导容器内形成压力振荡，振荡周期和持续时间与p_ST有关。破膜阶段持续时间与p_ST呈正比，而泄流、外部爆燃、压力荷载振荡阶段持续时间与p_ST呈反比。内外超压峰值均随着p_ST的增大而升高，内部Δp₁和Δp₂的数值与p_ST呈线性关系，外部Δp₃的数值与p_ST呈二次函数关系。