Effect of lamina orientation,crack severity,and fillers on dynamic parameters of hybrid composite cantilever beam with double transverse cracks

Modern-day research in composite material development primarily focuses on tailoring combinations by proportions of constituent materials and monitoring the changes in their targeted properties. In line with this trend, a new class of glass fiber reinforced polymer hybrid composite beam of size 600 mm×50 mm×6 mm is fabricated by adding graphene (average particle size:10 μm), and flyash (average particle size: 60 μm). The dynamic behavior of the hybrid beam by introducing two transverse cracks at different positions with varying crack depths is studied by employing analytical, finite-element, and experimental approaches. The dimensionless relative natural frequencies of the cracked/faulty hybrid beam obtained by the proposed methods are compared with the intact hybrid beam. Also, a comparison is made for the hybrid beam with a single crack. An increase in relative crack depth resulted in an increase in values of dimensionless compliances. Further, the effect of fiber orientation and lamina stacking sequence on the dynamic parameters of the hybrid beam are also analyzed. The introduction of the second crack induces higher nonlinearity in bending modes of vibration.     

复合柔性结构航天器动力学建模研究

柔性航天器动力学建模的传统方法是采用混合坐标法,针对中心刚体带大型柔性附件类的航天器,这种方法在理论建模和工程应用方面都获得了极大的成功。在中心刚体加柔性附件类航天器柔性动力学研究成果基础上,通过计及柔性体与柔性体连接点间的复合位移变形,利用混合坐标法建立了复合柔性结构航天器动力学模型,其软件系统DASFA 2.0已初步用于工程分析设计。     

Charpy impact damage behaviour of single and multi-delaminated hybrid composite beam structures

The ply delamination which is known as a principle mode of failure of layered composites due to separation along the interfaces of the layers is one of the main concerns in designing of composite material structures. In this regard, the effect of hybrid laminate lay-up with different delamination positions in composite beam was investigated. The Charpy impact test was chosen to study the energy absorbing capability of delaminated composite beam. Hybrid composite beams were fabricated from combination of glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy composites. It was shown that composite beams with closer position of delamination to impacted surface are able to absorb more energy in comparison with other delamination positions in hybrid and non-hybrid ones. The Charpy impact test of delaminated composite beams was also simulated by finite element software LS-DYNA and the results were verified with the relevant experimental results.     

The hybrid Laplace transform/finite element method applied to the quasi-static and dynamic analysis of viscoelastic Timoshenko beams

The quasi-static and dynamic responses of a linear viscoelastic beam are solved numerically by using the hybrid Laplace transform/finite element method. In the analysis, the Timoshenko beam theory, which includes the transverse shear and rotatory inertia effect and conventional beam theory, are used to solve this problem. The temperature field is assumed to be constant and homogeneous and that the relaxation modulus has the form of the Prony series. In the hybrid method, the Laplace transform with respect to time is applied to the coupled equations and the finite element model is developed by applying Hamilton's variational principle without any integral transformation. The numerical results of quasi-static and dynamic responses for the models of Maxwell fluid and three parameter solid types are presented and discussed.     

SMA纤维混杂层合梁的振动分析

提出一类形状记忆合金(SMA)纤维混杂层合梁的数学模型。采用多胞模型、形状记忆合金一维本构关系分析方法,同时考虑铁木辛柯剪切和马氏体相变的影响。目的是为了更进一步了解层合梁的振动控制。SMA纤维用来作为驱动器,它能够改变弹性模量和回复力,以此改变梁的频率。分析了SMA纤维含量、铺设角度和横向剪切变形的影响。结果表明,通过激活形状记忆合金纤维及改变初始变形,对层合梁的自振频率有很强的控制和调节能力。     

旋转几何非线性复合材料薄壁梁的自由振动分析

研究具有几何非线性的旋转复合材料薄壁梁的自由振动。梁的变形引入了Von Kármán几何非线性, 基于Hamilton原理和变分渐进法 (Variational-Asymptotical Method -VMA),导出旋转复合材料薄壁梁的非线性振动偏微分方程组。采用Galerkin法将振动方程离散化为常微分方程组。借助于谐波平衡法 (Harmonic Balance Method -HBM) 建立自由振动的振幅-非线性固有频率关系方程。将上述方程化为非线性特征值问题,采用迭代算法进行求解。将所建立的旋转复合材料薄壁梁非线性自由振动分析模型和计算方法,应用于周向均匀刚度配置(Circumferentially Uniform Stiffness –CUS) 构型复合材料薄壁梁,通过数值计算揭示了纤维铺层角、旋转速度对非线性振动固有频率-振幅关系的影响。     

Fatigue behaviour of carbon fibre-reinforced aluminium laminates

A new hybrid composite (CARALL), consisting of thin layers of carbon fibre/ epoxy prepreg sandwiched between aluminium sheets, has been developed. It is shown that this class of materials offers higher modulus, higher tensile strength and lower density than 2024-T3 alloy in the longitudinal direction. Under tension-tension fatigue loading, the hybrid laminates showed superior fatigue crack propagation resistance in the longitudinal direction, which may be attributed to the bridging effect imposed by the intact fibres in the crack wake. It has also been shown that the effectiveness of fatigue crack growth reduction increases with the thickness of the carbon fibre/epoxy layer. The resistance to fatigue crack propagation can be further improved by introducing compressive residual stresses in the aluminium layer by postcure stretching the laminate in the plastic region of the aluminium alloy.     

高强钢组合K形偏心支撑钢框架抗震性能混合试验

为进一步研究混合试验方法的有效性以及高强钢组合K形偏心支撑钢框架的抗震性能,建立了一套基于OpenFresco试验平台的混合试验系统,进行了一个1:2缩尺的3层高强钢组合K形偏心支撑钢框架结构模型的混合试验。首先通过小工况的预加载研究试验系统的有效性,分析了试验子结构的位移加载精度,作动器加载时差。然后对试件进行正式的混合试验加载,分析了高强钢组合K形偏心支撑钢框架结构在不同工况下的自振频率、位移反应、水平地震作用、滞回性能以及关键部位应变。结果表明:作动器加载位移峰值与计算位移峰值比较接近,最大相对误差为13.60%,各工况下作动器平均每步的加载时差保持在20 ms左右;随着地震波加速度峰值的增大,模型的自振频率下降,刚度出现了一定的退化。各层的变形主要产生在消能梁段的腹板处,以剪切变形为主。模型结构在多遇地震和罕遇地震作用下的最大层间侧移角分别为1/1068和1/197,符合抗震设计规范对层间侧移角限值。综上,基于OpenFresco试验平台的混合试验系统能够较好的反应结构的地震响应,高强钢组合K形偏心支撑钢框架结构具有良好的抗震性能。     

编织结构复合材料动态特性的实验模态分析

利用实验模态分析方法对碳纤维/环氧树脂编织结构增强复合材料的动态力学特性进行了实验研究, 确定了编织复合材料梁、管的振动模态参数与传递函数, 并与钢质梁、管的动态性能相比较。结果表明: 在冲击脉冲载荷作用下, 先进编织结构复合材料与传统金属材料相比具有较高的固有频率、阻尼比, 以及比刚度大、稳定性好、对冲击脉冲载荷作用的减震效果等良好的综合动力学特性。      

A new hybrid concept for sandwich structures

Sandwich structures are considered as optimal designs for carrying bending loads and can be either metal (aluminium faces and honeycomb or metal foam cores) or polymer structures (composite faces with polymer foam cores). In this paper, a new hybrid sandwich structure has been developed by combining most of the advantages of metallic and polymeric materials while avoiding some of their main disadvantages. For this new concept metal sheets are used at the outer surfaces to maximize rigidity while introducing in between lightweight cores adhesively bonded to keep the whole structure together. Furthermore, composite or wood layers may be used as intermediate layers to improve impact resistance. Potential methods for the manufacturing of this new structure are based on compression under vacuum. The results include the study of several panel configurations theoretically based on Finite element analysis and on the modified simplified equations and experimental results in the most representative cases of the study.     

The mechanical behaviour of aluminium foam structures in different loading conditions

The use of foam has the potential for energy absorption enhancement. Many types of materials can be produced in the form of foams, including metals and polymers. Of the metallic based foams, aluminium based are among the most advanced. Aluminium foams couple good specific mechanical properties with high thermal stability. Among the various aspects still to be investigated regarding their mechanical behaviour is the influence of a hydrostatic state of stress on yield strength. Unlike metals, the hydrostatic component affects yields. Therefore, different loading conditions have to be considered to fully identify the material behaviour. Another important issue in foam structure design is the analysis of composite structures. The mechanical behaviour of an aluminium foam has been examined. The foam was subjected to uniaxial, hydrostatic stress, pure deviatoric stress, and combinations thereof. Results obtained will be presented as quasi-static and dynamic uniaxial compression and quasi-static bending and shear loading. Moreover, composite structures were made by assembling the foam into aluminium cold extruded closed section 6060 aluminium tubes. The results show that the energy absorption capability of the composite structures is much greater than the sum of the energy absorbed by the two components, the foam and the tube.     

基于动力刚度法的体外预应力梁自振频率分析

用预应力梁-杆组合结构模拟体外预应力梁,以体外预应力简支梁为例,建立了预应力梁杆单元动力刚度矩阵。采用动力刚度法,进一步推导出预应力梁-杆组合结构的整体动力刚度矩阵,利用Williams-Wittrick算法求解频率。本文以理论推导为基础,引入了动力刚度法。最后通过算例,讨论了各种因素对梁横向的振动特性的影响,并与试验值比较。计算结果表明:动力刚度法能够精确有效的求解体外预应力混凝土梁的横向振动问题。     

Parametric study on design of composite–foam–resin concrete sandwich structures for precision machine tool structures

In this paper, sandwich structures for micro-EDM machines are optimized by using parametric study varying composite geometries and parameters like stacking sequence, thickness and rib geometry. The structures are composed of fibre reinforced composites for skin material and resin concrete and PVC foam (Closed cell, Divinycell) for core materials. Column structure was designed by a beam with cruciform rib and performance indices such as static bending stiffness (EI) and specific bending stiffness (EI/ρ) for dynamic stability are examined by controlling the thickness and stacking sequence of composites. For the machine tool bed, which usually has a plate shape, was designed to have high stiffness in two directions at the same time controlling stacking sequence and rib geometry; that is, rib thickness and number of ribs. The sensitivity of design parameters like rib thickness and composite skin thickness was examined and the optimal condition for high stiffness structure was suggested. Finite element analysis was also performed to verify the static and dynamic robustness of the machine structure. L-shaped joint for combining bed and column of the micro-EDM machine was proposed and fabricated using adhesive bonding. The dynamic performance such as damping characteristics was investigated by vibration tests. From the results optimal configuration and materials for high precision micro-EDM machines are proposed.     

SRC柱-钢梁混合框架直接基于位移的抗震设计方法研究

型钢混凝土（SRC）柱-钢梁混合框架结构具有较好的抗震性能,在大跨度结构及高层建筑中得以广泛应用,然而对于SRC柱-钢梁混合框架结构的抗震设计方法研究较少。根据SRC柱-钢梁混合框架结构的特点,将其性能划分为使用良好、暂时使用、修复后使用、接近倒塌四个水平,采用层间位移角限值予以量化,并在此基础上提出SRC柱-钢梁混合框架直接基于位移的抗震设计方法。利用通用有限元软件ABAQUS中的PQ-FIBER模型对SRC柱-钢梁混合框架进行静力弹塑性分析,并采用已有的试验研究成果对PQ-FIBER模型的适用性进行了验证。采用此方法对某8层SRC柱-钢梁混合框架结构进行了设计,然后采用静力弹塑性分析法验证该方法的可行性,为SRC柱-钢梁混合框架结构直接基于位移的抗震设计方法提供一定依据。     

Geopolymer concrete-filled pultruded composite beams – Concrete mix design and application

The limited research on the geopolymer concrete mix design for targeting a specific strength is identified an obstacle for their effective design and wide use. In this paper, a mix design procedure has been proposed for fly-ash based geopolymer concrete and its use as infill hybrid composite beam is investigated. Then, the structural performance of geopolymer concrete filled hybrid composite beam is investigated to determine their possible application in civil infrastructure. Firstly, a detailed procedure of mix design for fly-ash based geopolymer concrete is presented. Secondly, three hybrid beams filled with geopolymer concrete were prepared and tested in a four-point bending setup to evaluate their flexural modulus and modulus of rupture. Numerical and analytical evaluation of the behaviour of hybrid beam were performed and results showed a good agreement with the experimental investigation. Thirdly, the suitability of the beam for a composite railway sleeper is evaluated and compared with existing timber and composite sleepers. Finally, the beams’ performance in a ballast railway track is analysed using Strand7 finite element simulation software and the results showed that the new concept of using geopolymer concrete as infill to pultruded composite section satisfied the stiffness and strength requirements for a railway sleeper.     

Ellipsometric and X-ray specular reflection studies on naturally grown overlayers on aluminium thin films

The results of detailed investigations on the natural surface layer formed at room temperature on aluminium films exposed to air are presented. Aluminium films of high perfection, deposited onto very smooth glass substrates, have been studied over a 2 year period using ellipsometry. Soft X-ray specular reflection analysis revealed a composite surface layer structure composed by a thin (d₂ = 0.8 nm) very compact alumina layer in contact with the aluminium substrate and by a thick (d₃ = 3 nm) hydrated oxide layer. A new computer procedure was applied for this composite layer system, which evaluated 72 ellipsometric experimental data and achieved a best fit of the measured and calculated Ψ and Δ values. The resultant optical constants of the aluminium substrate were n = 1.09, 0.95, 0.535 and 0.370 for λ = 579 nm, 546 nm, 436 nm and 365 nm respectively, whereas k = 6.72, 6.40, 4.96 and 4.23 respectively for the same mercury lines. Among widely scattered data from the literature, these are in good agreement with results of Hass on the assumption of a similar surface layer structure, using n₂ = 1.77 (alumina) and n₃ = 1.58 (hydrated oxide).

Our optical constants for aluminium were applied for evaluating ellipsometric experimental data obtained during the 2 year period. A slight systematic change in the d₂ and d₃ values of the samples was found, owing to hydration.     

钢管混凝土柱排架-核心筒结构抗震性能研究

以钢管混凝土柱钢框架-核心筒结构为工程背景,将钢梁与柱、核心筒的节点修改为螺栓连接的铰接节点,制作1/40的缩尺结构模型进行振动台测试,研究结构的损伤特点、动力特性、最大侧向位移、层间位移角、扭转角、地震惯性力、楼层剪力和延性需求等。结果表明:震损出现在下部楼层的混凝土楼板与柱连接、楼板与核心筒连接、楼板与钢梁连接、核心筒角部等部位;基本自振周期和阻尼比随震损增加而增大,动力放大效应减小,长周期地震动反应较显著;核心筒最大层间位移角达1/26,超过规范框架-核心筒结构体系不倒塌限值3.8倍未出现倒塌;钢排架抗扭刚度小,结构扭转反应由核心筒主导;地震惯性力和楼层剪力受地震长周期分量的影响小,楼层延性需求差异大。     

非铵盐型PUA乳液接枝PVC复合树脂的制备与表征

采用聚乙二醇单甲醚(MPEG)、异氟尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)和甲基丙烯酸β-羟乙酯(HEMA)合成混合单体。然后与丙烯酸丁酯(BA)反应,通过乳液聚合的方法合成了聚氨酯-丙烯酸酯(PUA)复合乳液。以此为种子进行氯乙烯(VC)原位接枝乳液共聚,制造出了一种新型的PUA/PVC复合树脂。采用透射电镜(TEM)、动态力学分析仪、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对PUA/PVC乳胶粒的形态、乳液PUA动态力学性能以及材料的断面形貌进行了研究。     

基于混合单元法的预应力混凝土梁非线性分析

利用共旋坐标法提出了一种预应力钢筋混凝土梁非线性分析的混合单元模型,在随转坐标系内,采用分层梁单元来模拟混凝土结构,带初应变的杆单元来模拟预应力钢筋,预应力钢筋杆元和混凝土梁元的变形协调则通过非线性刚臂来实现,通过刚臂单元两端节点位移和力的关系形成预应力钢筋对混合单元刚度矩阵的贡献,从而导出随转坐标系下预应力混凝土梁考虑材料非线性的切线刚度矩阵,几何非线性则由单元随转坐标系到结构坐标系的转换矩阵及其微分来体现,从而获得结构坐标系下混合单元模型的几何与材料双非线性切线刚度矩阵。数个钢筋混凝土及预应力钢筋混凝土梁非线性分析算例表明:所提出的混合单元模型能较好地分析预应力钢筋混凝土梁非线性性能,具有一定的实用价值。     

Design of hybrid steel/composite circular plate cutting tool structures

Substituting composite structures for conventional metallic structures has many advantages because composite materials have both high specific stiffness and damping characteristics compared to conventional metallic materials. In this study, circular plate cutting tools which are used for rough machining of bearing sites in crankshafts or camshafts were designed with the fiber reinforced composite material to reduce tool mass and to improve the dynamic stiffness of circular plate cutting tools. The hybrid steel/composite circular plate cutting tool was analyzed by finite element method with respect to material types such as composite and foam, stacking angles of the composite, adhesive bonding thickness, and dimensions of the cutting tool. Also, the constrained damping characteristics of the tools were experimentally investigated with respect to the adhesive bonding thickness and material type such as composite and PVC foam. From the finite element analysis and experimental results, optimal design parameters for the hybrid steel/composite circular plate cutting tool were suggested.