Effect of pre-strain on fatigue crack growth of 2E 12 aluminum alloy

The influences of pre-strain on the mechanical property and fatigue crack growth of 2E12 aluminum alloy were evaluated by SEM, TEM, mechanical property and fatigue tests. The axial fatigue tests were conducted under a constant amplitude sinusoidal wave loading at stress ratio of 0.1 in laboratory air and salt fog at room temperature. The results show that the yield stress of pre strain material is higher than that of the material without undergoing pre-strain, but pre-strain can not make the increase of the growth rate of fatigue crack. Fatigue crack growth rates of the alloy in salt fog are higher than those in air. The increased fatigue crack growth of the alloy in a given environment and more brittle striations can be observed in salt fog.     

去应力退火对Ti40合金力学性能的影响

Ti40合金常规热处理后进行不同温度的去应力退火,观察并测试合金在不同去应力退火后的组织和力学性能。结果表明,不同的去应力工艺对材料的力学性能有较大的影响。当去应力温度在500℃到550℃之间时,Ti40合金室温、高温力学性能的强塑性匹配达到最好,此时持久性能虽有所降低,但能满足使用要求;而当去应力温度达到600℃以上时,合金的强度变化不大但是塑性急剧下降。推荐550℃×4 h为合金常规热处理后的最优退火工艺。     

Effects of precipitates on fatigue crack growth rate of AA 7055 aluminum alloy

The effects of precipitates on the fatigue crack growth rate of AA 7055 Al alloy subjected to different ageing treatments were investigated using transmission electron microscope and fatigue crack growth testing.The results show that the T77 treated samples exhibit the lowest crack growth rate,while the crack growth rate of over-aged samples is the highest.In terms of the model based on the reversibility of dislocation motion within the plastic zone close to the crack tip,the improved crack growth resistance is attributed to many precipitates that are coherent with Al matrix in the under-aged and T77 treated samples.When the precipitate is coherent with the Al matrix,the larger the precipitate is,the slower the fatigue crack grows.The effects of grain boundary precipitates and precipitate free zone on the fatigue crack growth resistance are less significant than those of precipitates within grains of the alloy.     

应用人工神经网络构造Ti40合金加工图

以Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机获得的Ti40钛合金压缩试验数据为基础,应用人工神经网络对数据进行训练和预测,建立该合金的高温流动应力与应变、应变速率和温度对应关系的预测模型,其中,应变、应变速率（对数形式）和变形温度作为模型的输入参数,流动应力作为模型的输出参数。结果发现,运用BP反向传播算法进行训练的神经网络模型具有良好的预测功能,其预测值与实验测量值基本吻合。同时,采用神经网络模型预测的数据构造Ti40合金的加工图,其安全区和失稳区的范围与实测数据获得的加工图基本相符,并对各自区域的相应组织状态进行金相观察。     

变形态Ti40合金高温变形行为

在GLEEBLE热模拟试验机上对变形态Ti40合金进行热压缩实验,采用基于Prasad准则的加工图技术,研究变形态Ti40合金在变形温度950℃～1100℃、应变速率0.001s-1～1.0s-1范围内的微观变形机制和流变失稳现象,并优化该合金的高温变形参数。结果表明,失稳区出现在低温、高应变速率区,当变形温度为950℃～1010℃、应变速率0.13s-1～1.0s-1时,失稳区会出现局部流动,在实际热加工时应尽量避开这一参数范围;变形温度950℃～1100℃、应变速率0.001s-1～0.01s-1为较佳的变形参数范围,其变形机制以动态再结晶为主,伴随动态回复,最佳的变形参数位于温度1050℃、应变速率0.001s-1附近,该区域发生了完全动态再结晶;除失稳区和较佳变形区以外的区域,变形机制以动态回复为主,伴随动态再结晶,是可加工的区域。     

TiN夹杂物对690合金传热管疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

采用销加载拉伸(PLT)方法和直流电压降法(DCPD)测试技术,测量了690合金管在室温和高温325℃空气中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。结果采用Priddle模型拟合分析,预测得到了690合金管在室温和325℃下的门槛应力强度因子幅值ΔK_(th)和断裂韧性K_c,高温下材料的疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显加快,表现为ΔK_(th)和K_c显著下降。试验结束后在扫描电镜下观察断口形貌,疲劳裂纹的扩展为穿晶形式,疲劳断口上观察到大量的TiN夹杂物,分析表明TiN夹杂物对690合金管的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展有促进作用。     

TC4ELI合金疲劳裂纹尖端塑性区对裂纹扩展的影响

研究了TC4ELI合金片层组织与短棒α组织中的疲劳裂纹尖端塑性区及裂纹扩展行为.首先通过SEM及TEM观察比较两种显微组织下的疲劳裂纹尖端塑性区,讨论两种显微组织中裂纹尖端塑性区对疲劳裂纹扩展路径及扩展断口的影响,分析裂纹扩展路径和裂纹尖端塑性区对裂纹闭合及裂纹扩展速率的影响.结果表明:与短棒α组织相比,片层组织中具有较大的裂纹尖端塑性区及曲折的裂纹扩展路径,并最终从疲劳裂纹闭合的角度,解释了片层组织具有较低的疲劳裂纹扩展速率的原因.     

铸态Ti40阻燃钛合金高温变形特性

在热模拟试验机上对铸态Ti40合金在950～1100℃、应变速率0.001～1.0 s-1范围内进行了热压缩实验,并基于动态材料模型理论建立了该合金的加工图,通过分析加工图和观察变形组织,研究了该合金的高温变形特性。结果表明,该合金加工图上失稳区范围为950～1040℃、0.1～1.0 s-1,功率耗散效率η值最小,为0.16～0.35,易出现局部流动现象。加工图上有两个η峰值区,范围分别为1070～1100℃、0.1～1.0 s-1和1000～1100℃、0.001～0.02 s-1,η值分别达到局部最大和整个加工图最大,分别为0.42～0.68和0.44～0.76,对应的变形特性均为动态再结晶,二者是优化的加工区。加工图上除失稳区和η峰值区以外,其它区域的η值为0.36～0.44,介于失稳区和峰值区的η值之间,是热变形时可选的区域。     

变形态Ti40合金的高温流变应力模型研究

利用变形态Ti40合金在变形温度范围为1223～1323K和应变速率范围为0.001～1.0s-1的不同应变下的热压缩实验数据研究了该材料的高温流变应力模型。利用实验数据分析了Arrhenius型方程对变形态Ti40合金的适用性,结果表明,采用双曲正弦型Arrhenius方程建立该材料的高温流变应力模型是适宜的,并通过对双曲正弦方程进行温度补偿及引入路径变量因子改进了模型。通过计算复相关系数和平均相对误差绝对值对该模型进行误差分析,经过改进的变形态Ti40合金的高温流变应力模型具有良好的精度。     

Effect of heat treatment on thermal stability of Ti40 alloy

Five new heat treatment processes were designed, which were divided into three groups by their characteristics. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the alloy after the five heat treatments and thermal exposure at 500, 550℃ for 100 h were tested. The results indicate that a little differences exist in the performance of mechanical properties at room-temperature after the five heat treatments, and the thermal stability is the key factor for determining heat treatment process. Among the three groups of heat treatment processes, the best thermal stability is achieved after the first group of heat treatment. After annealing treatment at intermediate temperature, some defects and uneven grain boundaries are remained, which leads to the reduction fractions of precipitations on unit grain boundary and the harmful effect of precipitations on grain boundary is weakened. The process of annealing at 650 ℃for 4 h is recommended the best heat treatment process for Ti40 alloy.     

焊接残余应力对7N01铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展影响

焊接残余应力作为平均应力影响裂纹扩展. 将残余应力与外载平均应力分离,通过构建典型焊接残余应力场,借助扩展有限元计算焊接残余应力场的应力强度因子. 开展了紧凑拉伸（CT）试样的疲劳扩展试验,基于Walker公式将裂纹尖端平均应力强度因子K_m（静态量）和应力强度因子幅值ΔK（动态量）分离,获得疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN与K_m及ΔK的非线性关系. 结果表明,不同外载荷下,应力比与裂纹长度为非线性关系;残余应力对裂纹扩展存在尺度效应:CT试样裂纹长度小于2 mm时,残余应力场明显影响疲劳裂纹扩展速率;当裂纹长度大于2 mm,外载荷为主导因素.     

A prediction for fatigue crack growth rate in diffusion bonded Al/Ti interface

A melt diffusion bonding technique was developed to make a joint of Ti and Al, which had been regarded as almost impossible because of high activity. Fatigue crack growth rates, da/dN of the Al/Ti interfaces were measured experimentally at various stress ratios and compared with pure Ti and Al. The interface showed a resistance to fatigue crack propagation as good as that of aluminum alloy. The proposed universal equations on the basis of the crack closure concept made it possible to predict da/dN for various ΔK and R. Fatigue crack was observed to grow in the Al side adjacent to the interface along the direction parallel to the interface. It was observed to form the intermetallic compounds in the interface region.     

A356铸造铝合金的疲劳裂纹萌生及短裂纹扩展研究

研究了A356-T6铸造铝合金的缺口疲劳裂纹萌生与早期扩展行为及机制.结果表明,热等静压试样的疲劳抗力优于非热等静压试样.对于钝缺口试样,疲劳裂纹萌生于缺口根部附近的多个平面,最终哪个裂纹源扩展成主裂纹取决于局部微观组织.对于缺口几何形状不同的热等静压和非热等静压疲劳试样,在疲劳过程中,不管是在高应力状态下,还是在低应力状态下,都出现了铝基体的循环塑性变形和共晶硅粒子断裂导致疲劳裂纹萌生.对于非热等静压试样,铸造缩孔在构件的疲劳过程中起着重要作用,但即使缺口根部存在较大尺度的铸造缩孔,导致了疲劳裂纹萌生,但也同时观察到疲劳裂纹从共晶硅粒子、金属间化合物、铝基体的滑移带和铁基金属间化合物等处萌生.对于脆性的A356铸造铝合金可采用修正的断裂力学参量ΔKn、局部应力范围Δσ或局部应变幅Δε/2作为控制参量来表征疲劳裂纹萌生行为,而缺口有效应力强度因子范围ΔKneff和ΔJs参量可用来表征缺口场中短裂纹扩展行为.     

690合金腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展研究

基于DCPD方法测量了690合金在室温空气、325℃空气和325℃除氧超纯水中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。试验结果采用Priddle模型进行拟合分析,得到690合金在3种条件下疲劳裂纹扩展的门槛应力强度因子幅值ΔK_(th)和失稳断裂应力强度因子Kc。结果表明,高温水环境下,疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展加快,这可以用滑移-溶解机理解释;高温下,材料强度下降,ΔK_(th)和Kc也下降,高温加速了材料的疲劳断裂。SEM断口形貌表明,空气中的疲劳断口观察到明显的滑移台阶,疲劳破坏形式为穿晶断裂;高温水下的疲劳断口则同时出现穿晶和沿晶开裂,为混合型断口特征。     

压载荷对LY12M铝合金中疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响的三种工程模型的验证(英文)

基于弹塑性断裂力学的裂纹扩展机理,用弹塑性有限元分析压载荷对LY12M铝合金疲劳裂尖应力场的影响。介绍了可用于负应力比试验数据描述的两种实际应用的工程模型和一种已发表的称作"张模型"的双参数裂纹扩展模型,通过在相应坐标系下描述试验数据,并比较各自拟合线的线性相关度R2。结果验证"张模型"的拟合效果较好,是一种负应力比下预测铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的较好的工程方法,同时,由于部分参数可用弹塑性有限元计算获得,所以可节省大量新材料研究的经费。     

激光表面熔凝处理对共晶铝硅合金疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

研究了共晶铝硅合金在激光表面熔凝处理后的显微组织变化及激光表面熔凝处理对合金疲劳裂纹扩展的影响.结果表明,激光表面熔凝处理使试验合金的表层微观组织发生显著变化,熔凝层中的初生α-Al枝晶相和共晶Si相均有明显细化,熔凝层的硬度显著提高;在应力比R为0.1和0.5的试验条件下,激光表面熔凝处理能显著提高共晶铝硅合金的疲劳裂纹扩展抗力.     

变形参数对Ti40钛合金开裂机制的影响

材料成形过程中,一个备受关注的问题是能否实现在不发生开裂的基础上达到要求的变形。本文基于热压缩实验（变形温度为1123K-1373K,应变速率为0.01-10s-1,变形量为70%）获得的开裂样本,证实了铸态Ti40合金的主要开裂模式为45°剪切开裂、自由表面纵向开裂和内部三叉晶界沿晶开裂。借助SEM重点分析了变形参数对开裂机制的影响规律,发现在低温1123K变形时,主要是穿晶解理脆性断裂,1273K变形时,转变为韧性断裂,高温1373K变形时,大量的小韧窝被观察到;应变速率对铸态Ti40合金的开裂行为也具有重要影响,在低应变速率0.01s-1变形时,样本没有发生开裂,在0.1和1s-1变形时,在开裂表面观察到大量的韧窝,属于韧性开裂,在高应变速率10s-1变形时,开裂表面呈现脆性开裂特征。最后深入探讨了铸态Ti40合金的损伤机制和开裂原因,绘制了铸态Ti40合金的开裂原理图。     

渗注磷酸盐对AZ31镁合金疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

交变载荷作用下在AZ31镁合金疲劳裂纹尖端渗注磷酸盐转化液,研究磷酸盐的沉积行为及其对AZ31镁合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)观察分析裂纹尖端的形貌和物相组成,并采用贴应变片方法确定渗注磷酸盐转化液前后应力强度因子的变化。结果表明:渗注的磷酸盐转化液在AZ31镁合金疲劳裂纹尖端形成Zn3(PO4).4H2O及MgZnP2O7复合覆层,能改变疲劳裂纹尖端的应力大小和分布状态,使应力强度因子降低约30%,从而有效地增强疲劳裂纹闭合效应,降低或延滞AZ31镁合金疲劳裂纹的扩展。     

TC4-DT电子束焊接头显微组织及疲劳裂纹扩展行为

在光学显微镜下对TC4-DT钛合金电子束焊接头显微组织进行了分析,讨论了接头不同位置显微组织特征.比较了疲劳裂纹始于焊接接头不同位置时的宏观裂纹扩展路径及裂纹扩展速率,依据焊接接头显微组织特点讨论了显微组织对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响.结果表明,电子束焊接头沿熔深方向显微组织存在一定的差异;文中条件下,与母材区相比焊缝熔合区及热影响区具有较高的疲劳裂纹扩展抗力,导致裂纹扩展路径逐步偏向母材区,最后讨论了裂纹扩展路径的偏折对裂纹扩展速率的影响.     

Effect of stress ratio on long life fatigue behavior of Ti-Al alloy under flexural loading

A new ultrasonic three-point bending fatigue test device was introduced to investigate fatigue life ranging up to 10^10 cycles and associated fr＇dcture behavior of Ti-Al alloy. Tests were performed at a frequency of 20 kHz with stress ratio R=0.5 and R=0.7 at ambient temperature in air. Three groups of specimens with different surface roughness were applied to investigate the effect of surface roughness on fatigue life. Furthermore, optical microscopy（OM） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM） were used for microstructure characteristic and fracture surface analysis. The S-N curves obtained show that fatigue failure occurs in the range of 10^5-10^10 cycles, and the asymptote of S-N curve inclines slightly in very high cycle regime, but is not horizontal for R=0.5. Fatigue limit appears after 10s cycles for R=0.7. Surface roughness （the maximum roughness is no more than 3 μm） has no influence on the fatigue properties in the high cycle regime. A detailed investigation on fatigue fracture surface shows that the Ti-Al alloy studied here is a binary alloy in the microstructure composed of α2-Ti3Al and γ-Ti-Al with fully lamellar microstructure. Fractography shows that fatigue failures are mostly initiated on the surface of specimens, also, in very high cycle regime, subsurface fatigue crack initiation can be found. Interlamellar fatigue crack initiation is predominant in the Ti-Al alloy with fully lamellar structure. Fatigue crack growth is mainly in transgranular mode.