Robust adaptive control: a unified approach

A complete tutorial review of the entire field is presented, beginning with simple instability examples to identify the causes of nonrobust behavior in adaptive control. Some of the mathematical groundwork is presented, and the theory for the design and analysis of adaptive laws is developed. Commonly used adaptive controller structures are discussed, highlighting their particular robustness properties. Particular attention is paid to model reference, pole placement, and linear quadratic controller structures. Designs and analyses of model reference, pole placement, and linear quadratic controllers, based on combining the corresponding controller structures with the various robust adaptive laws, are presented. Suggestions for future research are given     

Extrinsic information in iterative decoding: a unified view

We address the use of the extrinsic information generated by each component decoder in an iterative decoding process. The BJCR algorithm proposed by Bahl et al. (1974) and the soft-output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) are considered as component decoders. In both cases, we consider, in a unified view, various feedback schemes which use the extrinsic information in different fashions. Numerical results for a classical rate-1/2 turbo code and a serially concatenated code transmitted over a memoryless additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel are provided. The performance of the considered schemes leads to interesting remarks about the nature of the extrinsic information     

Degrees of freedom in some underspread MIMO fading channels

Consider a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fading channel in which the fading process varies slowly over time. Assuming that neither the transmitter nor the receiver have knowledge of the fading process, do multiple transmit and receive antennas provide significant capacity improvements at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)? For regular fading processes, recent results show that capacity ultimately grows doubly logarithmically with the SNR independently of the number of transmit and receive antennas used. We show that for the Gauss-Markov fading process in all regimes of practical interest the use of multiple antennas provides large capacity improvements. Nonregular fading processes show completely different high-SNR behaviors due to the perfect predictability of the process from noiseless observations. We analyze the capacity of MIMO channels with nonregular fading by presenting a lower bound, which we specialize to the case of band-limited slowly varying fading processes to show that the use of multiple antennas is still highly beneficial. In both cases, regular and nonregular fading, this capacity improvement can be seen as the benefit of having multiple spatial degrees of freedom. For the Gauss-Markov fading model and all regimes of practical interest, we present a communication scheme that achieves the full number of degrees of freedom of the channel with tractable complexity. Our results for underspread Gauss-Markov and band-limited nonregular fading channels suggest that multiple antennas are useful at high SNR.     

Degrees of freedom for MIMO interference broadcast channels

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interference broadcast channel (IBC) plays an important role in the modern wireless communications. The upper bound of degrees of freedom (DoF) and its Corresponding achievable schemes was investigated. However, all the achievable schemes require perfect channel state information at transmitters (CSIT). In absence of CSIT, the DoF value is still unknown. This article mainly focuses on the G-cell K-user MIMO IBC, where there are M antennas at each transmitter and N antennas at each receiver. The transmitters only know channel coherence time internals rather than the values of channel coefficients. The users in the same cell are assumed to be able to share the channel information. Based on a heterogeneous semi-staggered block fading model, a blind interference alignment (IA) scheme was proposed for this scenario. It is shown that when R≥1/(G-1) and R = min(M,KN)/max(M,KN), a total of GKMN/(M + KN) DoF can be achieved. The inner bound is same with the decomposition DoF upper bound. Since the complexity is an important performance index to evaluate the achievable scheme, the quantitative analysis for the complexity is presented.     

Degrees of freedom of MIMO interference channel with distributed space-time interference alignment

In the context of K-user MIMO interference channel (IC),achievable degrees of freedom (DoF) were investigated with distributed space-time interference alignment (DSTIA).By precoding with distributed current and outdated channel state information at the transmitters (CSIT),new tradeoff regions between achievable DoF and CSI feedback delay/frequency were achieved for MISO system.The impact of the number of transmit antennas on achievable DoF in the MISO system was analyzed,revealing that DoF results approach to the outer bound as the number of transmit antennas increases.Further,the impact of the number of receive antennas on achievable DoF was characterized,deriving the range of CSI feedback delay that preserves achievable DoF in the MIMO system.Theoretical and numerical analyses show that,the proposed DSTIA scheme can achieve better sum-DoFs by eliminating inter-user interference perfectly,tighten the gap between achievable DoF and outer bound,as well as improve the achievable rate of the system.     

Demodulation level selection in adaptive modulation

A novel, uneven protection, modulation scheme is proposed for the transmission of control symbols in adaptive modulation. Theoretical and simulated results for transmissions over Rayleigh channels are presented and compared with those obtained using other techniques. A 5 dB signal-to-noise (SNR) improvement is recorded for computer data transmission     

Upper bound performance of adaptive modulation in a slow Rayleighfading channel

The upper bound bit error rate (BER) performance of a time division duplex (TDD) system, where the number of modulation levels is adapted on a very short term basis, depending upon the channels conditions, is derived and solved by numerical integration. The performance shows very close correspondence with simulated results     

DC compensated adaptive modulation in MIMO systems

A DC offset compensated variable rate variable power (VRVP) adaptive modulation (AM) MIMO system with perfect channel state information is introduced. By this approach, BER degradation of AM MIMO due to DC offset is removed considerably. This technique provides a good trade-off between BER and average spectral efficiency (ASE) and increases the robustness of the system relative to DC offset.     

自适应调制技术在OFDM系统中的应用

基于OFDM系统的自适应调制与解调根据信道估计的结果进行比特和功率的分配,进而自适应的选择相应的调制方式,能够最大限度的提高频谱利用率和系统的整体性能。介绍一种主流的自适应调制算法,并进行了系统仿真,得到误码率曲线图,比较直观的对比出采用自适应调制和固定调制方法的优劣。     

Tilt modulation of high resolution radar backscatter crosssections: unified full wave approach

The unified full wave approach is used to determine the tilt modulation of the like- and cross-polarized (high-resolution) radar backscatter cross sections for the rough sea surface. Real or synthetic aperture radars (SARs) with small effective footprints (resolution cells) are considered. Since the unified full-wave approach accounts for Bragg scattering as well as specular point scattering in a self-consistent manner, it is not necessary to adopt a two-scale model for the rough sea surface. The sea surface slope probability density function is assumed to be Gaussian. The backscattering cross sections are evaluated for all angles of incidence (normal to grazing). For tilts in the plane of incidence, the modulation of all the cross sections is largest at angles of incidence of 10°. The cross-section modulation due to tilts perpendicular to the plane of incidence critically depends on the incident and scattered polarizations. The effective filtering of the large-scale spectral components of the rough sea surface by the high-resolution radar is accounted for, and the dependence of the cross-section tilt modulation on the size of the effective footprint is determined     

A unified view of parametric processing algorithms for prewindowed signals

This paper offers a unified overview of the algorithms developed for the processing of ‘prewindowed’ signals. The prewindowing assumption leads to simple and efficient schemes which find applications in many areas of modern DSP but especially in the digital communications field (adaptive equalization, echo cancellation, etc.). Algorithms for both least-squares filtering and linear prediction of multichannel signals are considered. The multichannel approach was chosen here instead of the single-channel one because in some situations the generalization of the single-channel case is not trivial. (The inverse is trivial.) On the other hand, an increasing number of researchers is willing to practice multichannel DSP (biological signals, beamforming techniques in radar applications, etc.) and can find in those algorithms a tool ‘ready for use’. The presentation covers fast order-recursive schemes and sequential methods for direct (transversal) and lattice-ladder implementations. In the latter case, normalized and unnormalized lattice-ladder forms are discussed. The derivation of all algorithms using a unified approach reveals the relationships among the various variables and between fast algorithms for direct and lattice-ladder structures.     

OFDM系统中自适应调制技术的研究

研究了正交频分得用OFDM系统中基于子载波组的自适应调制技术,提出了一种新的OFDM自适应调制策略,该策略可在上行链路发生错误时,要求重新传送信道信息,使发射机仍能根据信道的实际情况正确选择合适的调制制式,达到降低误比特率,提高系统性能的目的.     

On the performance of adaptive modulation in cellular systems

Adaptive modulation techniques have the potential to substantially increase the spectrum efficiency and to provide different levels of service to users, both of which are considered important for third-generation cellular systems. In this work, we propose a general framework to quantify the potential gains of such techniques. Specifically, we study the throughput performance gain that may be achieved by combining adaptive modulation and power control. Our results show that: (1) using adaptive modulation even without any power control provides a significant throughput advantage over using signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) balancing power control and (2) combining adaptive modulation and a suitable power control scheme leads to a significantly higher throughput as compared to no power control or using SINR-balancing power control. The first observation is especially important from an implementation point of view. Adjusting the modulation level without changing the transmission power requires far fewer measurements and feedback as compared to the SINR-balancing power control or the optimal power control. Hence, it is significantly easier to implement. Although presented in the context of adaptive modulation, the results also apply to other variable rate transmission techniques, e.g., rate adaptive coding schemes, coded modulation schemes, etc. This work provides valuable insight into the performance of variable rate transmission techniques in multi-user environments     

Spectral efficiency of adaptive coded modulation in urbanmicrocellular networks

This tutorial paper describes a general adaptive coded modulation scheme for airlinks in urban wireless networks. Each airlink is degraded by shadowed Nakagami multipath fading, interference from other airlinks, and signal path loss. An instance of the adaptive coding scheme utilizes a set of trellis codes originally designed for additive white Gaussian noise channels. A model of the worst and best case interference configurations of a fully loaded network is developed to approximate the average link spectral efficiency (ALSE) of an arbitrary instance of the coding scheme. It is then shown why the ALSE of the adaptive coding scheme is larger than the fixed link spectral efficiency of a traditional nonadaptive coding scheme. Moreover, the ALSE approximation is modified to approximate the average area spectral efficiency (AASE) of the network, and how the cellular layout influences the AASE is shown     

A unified approach to the design of linear constraints in minimumvariance adaptive beamformers

A simple, systematic procedure for designing linear constraints in minimum-variance beamformers which allows an arbitrary specification of the quiescent response (the beamformer response when only white noise is present) is described. In this approach, the first constraint is dedicated to the imposition of a desired quiescent response, and additional constraints are included to assure proper reception of the desired signal. These additional constraints make the overall beamformer response equal to the quiescent response in the desired signal region so that the signal is not cancelled when it is present. Optionally, the response can be fixed in other regions of interest by adding more constraints. This design procedure demonstrates that the key to designing efficient constraints is finding the weighting coefficients which specify the desired quiescent response, a problem identical to the synthesis of desired beam patterns for nonadaptive arrays. The effectiveness of the procedure is illustrated by examples in both narrowband and broadband arrays     

Broadband detection of phase modulation in 10 MHz frequency rangeusing a GaAs adaptive photodetector

Results on the performance of an adaptive photodetector based on the effect of non-steady-state photoelectromotive force for the detection of phase-modulated signals over a 10 MHz bandwidth are presented. A flat response for frequencies from 20 kHz up to 10 MHz and a signal/noise ratio of 10:1 have been demonstrated experimentally     

Implementation of adaptive modulation as A fade countermeasure

Three key problem areas associated with implementation of the concept of adaptive modulation as a fade countermeasure in a practical VSAT system are addressed in this paper. First, the heart of such a system, an adaptive modem, is described; such a device should be able to support a number of different modulation schemes, independently for modulation and demodulation. It is shown how an adaptive modulator can be built around a VLSI numerically controlled oscillator and that an adaptive demodulator is feasible once the universal carrier tracking loop is implemented with use of digital signal processing. As regards system operation, a data transfer scenario is described which highlights that it is important to expand the set of commands and responses of the data link control protocol in order to cater for the new abilities of the system. Finally, the article describes a computer simulation of system performance evaluation under dynamic rain fading propagation conditions and applied to a K_a band link. The results confirm earlier theoretical work and show great advantage over systems using fixed modulation schemes and fixed link propagation budget margins.