Folate content in processed legume foods commonly consumed in Egypt

Industrial food processing and household cooking are reported to affect folate content. This study examined the effects of industrial and household processing methods on folate content in traditional Egyptian foods from faba beans (Vicia faba) and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum). Overnight soaking increased folate content by ∼40–60%. Industrial canning including soaking, blanching and retorting did not affect folate content (p = 0.11) in faba beans, but resulted in losses of ∼24% (p = 0.0005) in chickpeas. Germination increased folate content 0.4–2.4-fold. Household preparation increased the folate content in germinated faba bean soup (nabet soup) one-fold and in bean stew (foul) by 20% (p < 0.0001). After deep-frying of falafel balls made from soaked faba bean paste, losses of 10% (p = 0.2932) compared with the raw faba beans were observed. The folate content (fresh weight) in the traditional Egyptian foods foul and falafel and in the beans in nabet soup was 30 ± 2, 45 ± 2 and 56 ± 6 μg/100 g, respectively. The traditional Egyptian foods foul, falafel and nabet soup are good folate sources and techniques like germination and soaking, which increase the folate content, can therefore be recommended.     

Aflatoxin determination in commonly consumed foods in Tunisia

BACKGROUND: To investigate natural aflatoxin occurrence, a total of 180 samples of different foods widely consumed in Tunisia were analysed by an in‐house‐validated high‐performance liquid chromatography method including affinity column clean‐up and post‐column bromination techniques. RESULTS: The method used appeared to be rapid, selective and reproducible, and its performances were established. Detection limits were 0.05 ng g^?1 for aflatoxin B1 and 0.025 ng g^?1 for aflatoxins B2, G1 and G2. Aflatoxins were detected in all investigated commodities except rice, with an overall contamination frequency of 34.4% and concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 40.6 ng g^?1. Aflatoxin B1 was found in all contaminated samples. Sorghum, spices and nuts were most contaminated. CONCLUSION: This study has provided an effective analytical method for the reliable determination of aflatoxins in food samples. Over one‐third of the samples investigated were contaminated with aflatoxins. Sorghum, spices and nuts were most contaminated, whereas rice showed no contamination. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Tannin content of foods commonly consumed in India and its influence on ionisable iron

The tannin content of a number of foods and diets commonly consumed in India has been determined. Most of the tannin in legumes resides in the seed-coat. Decortication of seeds reduced tannin to a low level with a significant increase in ionisable iron. Germination of the legumes also resulted in a decrease in tannin and an increase in ionisable iron. Diets consumed in different parts of the country had tannin contents ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 g. Much of this appeared to be contributed by spices. A high level of tannin in these foods is associated with low ionisable iron. It is suggested that besides phytates, tannin may be an important factor responsible for the low absorption of iron from habitual diets in India.     

Copper content of commonly consumed food in Brazil

Little is known of copper content of Brazilian food. In this paper, copper contents of several typical Brazilian foods were determined. The samples were bought in retail stores in cities of the southeast region of Brazil. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry with wet oxidation of the organic material was employed. The highest copper content was found in beef liver (6.06 mg/100 g of fresh product). Lowest copper content was found in milk and in fish fillet, with values below 0.01 mg/100 g of fresh product. Crude beans, Nescau^TM and whole wheat had copper contents from 0.44 to 1.04 mg/100 g of fresh food. Other foods, such as fruits, vegetables, grain products, baked products, roots and meat products had copper contents varying from 0.02 to 0.41 mg/100 g.     

Iodine content of commonly consumed foods and water from the goitre-endemic northeast region of India

Iodine content of commonly consumed foods and water from goitre-endemic northeast India is reported. The iodine content of water ranged between 3.0 and 31.5 μg litre⁻¹ with 82% of the samples containing 5–10 μg litre⁻¹. Pooled mean water iodine content from northeast India (7.38±2.7 μg litre⁻¹) was very low compared with non-endemic areas like Hyderabad (36.5±4.8 μg litre⁻¹. Similarly, foods from northeast India had low iodine with all the samples analysed exhibiting iodine contents below 30 μg per 100 g sample. Commonly consumed foods like cereals, legumes, spices, roots and tubers were 30–76% lower than values encountered from non-endemic areas like Hyderabad. The low iodine in foods and water from goitre-endemic northeast India reflects the environmental iodine deficiency in the region.     

Folate content of various Nigerian foods

Various raw and processed food items commonly consumed in three selected communities around Zaria, in northern Nigeria, have been examined for their folate contents using Lactobacillus casei. The folate levels of most of the foodstuffs were low. The estimated folate intake by individuals consuming these foodstuffs, calculated on a normal three-meals-a-day basis, was less than recommended daily intake levels.     

N-(carboxymethyl)lysine content of foods commonly consumed in a Western style diet

The potential adverse effects on health of diet-derived advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) is of current interest, due to their proposed involvement in the disease progression of diabetic and uraemic conditions. However, accurate information about levels of AGEs in foods is lacking. The objective of this investigation was to determine the level of one particular AGE, N^ε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), a marker of AGE formation, in a wide range of foods commonly consumed in a Western style diet. Individual foods (n = 257) were mixed, lyophilised, ground, reduced, fat-extracted, hydrolysed, and underwent solid-phase extraction. Extracts were analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Cereal (2.6 mg/100 g food) and fruit and vegetable (0.13 mg/100 g food) categories had the highest and lowest mean level of CML, respectively, when expressed in mg/100 g food. These data can be used for estimating potential consumer intakes, and provide information that can be used to educated consumers on how to reduce their CML intake.     

Folate Content of Dairy Products Measured by Microbiological Assay with Trienzyme Treatment

ABSTRACT: Folate contents of a total of 210 dairy products, including milk, yogurt, ice cream, sherbet, frozen yogurt, pudding, sour cream and cheese, were measured by Lactobacillus casei microbiological assay after the extraction using trienzyme treatment. These values are compared with those using traditional folate conjugase treatment alone and those in previously published food tables. Folate contents by the method using trienzyme treatment were uniformly higher than those using the traditional method and the published contents. To our knowledge, the values published here are the largest collection of folate content of dairy products and can be used to accurately assess dietary folate intake in the general population.     

Increasing the folate content in Egyptian baladi bread using germinated wheat flour

The main objective of this study was to increase the folate content in Egyptian baladi bread using germinated wheat flour (GWF). The effect of germination temperature and drying conditions on the folate content of wheat grains was studied. Wheat flour was substituted with unsieved and sieved GWF at different levels and the effects on folate content and the rheological properties of dough were determined. Germination of wheat grains resulted in a 3- to 4-fold higher folate content depending on the germination temperature. Maximum folate content (61 μg/100 g dry matter (DM)) occurred at 30 °C. Drying did not affect folate content in germinated grains. After replacement with GWF, folate content in both flour and bread increased 1.5- to 4-fold depending on the level of replacement. Rheological properties of dough were adversely affected by increasing replacement level (as determined by farinograph). While the folate content in bread was as high as 66 μg/100 g DM at complete replacement of flour with sieved GWF, the bread was dark and layers were not separated. After replacement of half of the flour with sieved GWF (50 g/100 g), the baladi bread was acceptable with respect to colour and layer separation. The folate content in this bread was 50 μg/100 g DM, compared with 30 μg/100 g DM in bread without GWF (0 g/100 g).     

天冬酰胺酶降低膨化食品丙烯酰胺含量的初步研究

丙烯酰胺是一种具有神经毒性、遗传毒性和潜在致癌性的物质,食物中丙烯酰胺的存在具有一定的安全隐患,监测食品中的丙烯酰胺含量并探索控制其含量的方法十分重要.采用高效液相色谱法对随机购买的14种市售休闲膨化食品的丙烯酰胺含量进行了检测,结果显示,检测样品中的丙烯酰胺含量范围为0～8.21 mg/kg,不同样品品间存在较大差异.天冬酰胺酶可以将形成丙烯酰胺的主要前体物天冬酰胺转化成不易生成丙烯酰胺的天冬氨酸,进而来控制食品中丙烯酰胺的生成量.以2种自制板栗膨化样品为研究对象,在制备过程中采用添加天冬酰胺酶处理法来降低样品中的丙烯酰胺含量,结果表明,添加天冬酰胺酶可以一定程度的降低样品中的丙烯酰胺含量,此方法对微波膨化和油炸膨化均适用,相比之下,在油炸膨化中效果更显著,当添加量为500ppm时可以降低油炸样品中44.49％的丙烯酰胺,当添加量为2000ppm时最高可以降低油炸样品中65.2％的丙烯酰胺.     

Low folate content in gluten-free cereal products and their main ingredients

Folate content in some gluten-free cereal products and their main ingredients was determined using a validated method based on reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and diode array detection. The main folate forms found in gluten-free products were 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate. Starches and low protein flours commonly used as main components in gluten-free products appeared to be poor folate sources with folate content ?6 μg/100 g fresh weight. Folate content in gluten-free breads was higher (15.1–35.9 μg folate/100 g fresh weight) due to use of bakery yeast which is a rich folate source. Overall, folate content in gluten-free products was lower than in their gluten-containing counterparts. Therefore, fortification of gluten-free products with folic acid or enrichment of these products with nutrient-dense fractions of cereals naturally free from gluten (such as buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth or millet) can be of interest.     

0～36月龄婴幼儿配方食品及婴幼儿辅助食品中糖含量分析

目的 了解我国市售婴幼儿配方食品（婴儿配方食品、较大婴儿配方食品和幼儿配方食品）及婴幼儿辅助食品（婴幼儿谷类辅助食品和罐装辅助食品）中葡萄糖、半乳糖、果糖、乳糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖的含量,为婴幼儿配方食品及婴幼儿辅助食品相关的食品安全标准管理提供数据支持。方法 根据随机抽样原则,采集国内市场常见的婴幼儿配方食品及婴幼儿辅助食品83例,涵盖婴幼儿配方食品、婴幼儿谷类辅助食品和婴幼儿罐装食品等,利用离子色谱-脉冲安培法对葡萄糖、半乳糖、果糖、乳糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖进行含量检测,并对检测结果进行分析。结果 婴幼儿配方食品中总糖含量的中位数为433.43～476.99 g/kg,其中乳糖占总糖的比均高于95%,乳糖含量由高至低分别为婴儿配方食品、较大婴儿配方食品和幼儿配方食品。婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中总糖检出率为36.8%,含量中位数为0～28.35 g/kg,其乳糖和蔗糖的中位数较高,为84.30和70.17 g/kg,而蔗糖在饼干第三四分位数（Q3）的含量较高,为53.43 g/kg。国产和原装进口配方食品的添加糖含量进行比对,差异没有统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 我国市售的婴幼儿配方食品中乳...     

测定食物中5种类黄酮物质的高效液相色谱法的改进

目的优化、完善分析植物性食物中5种类黄酮成分的方法。方法采用Nova-Pak C18(3.9 mm×150mm,4μm)色谱柱;流动相为0.1%三氟乙酸(A)-5%乙腈甲醇溶液(B),梯度洗脱(0～5min,90%A→60%A;5～18 min,60%A→40%A;18～21 min,40%A→10%A;21～25 min,10%A→10%A;25～30 min,10%A→90%A),流速1 ml/min;检测波长365 nm,柱温35℃。结果杨梅黄酮、槲皮素、玉米黄酮、坎二菲醇、芹菜配基5种类黄酮在0.156～20μg/ml浓度范围内与色谱峰高呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)为0.9995～0.9999;检测限为0.0195μg/ml(S/N≥3);低、中、高浓度的平均加标回收率(n=3)为88.5%～105.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于6.32%。结论该方法灵敏、准确,具有良好的重复性和稳定性,可用于植物性食物中5种类黄酮含量的检测。     

Phenolic acid content of fruits commonly consumed and locally produced in Scotland

Despite fruit, vegetables and many processed products counting towards achieving the recommended five-a-day strategy, it is inevitable that produce choice will affect the benefits delivered. Fruits locally produced and commonly consumed in Scotland were compared for their phenolic acid content and form. The phenolic acid composition was highly variable, but the locally produced fruits were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in total concentration (1.61–4.89 g/kg compared to 0.06–0.22 g/kg). The majority of the phenolic acids were conjugated to other plant components, suggesting that any health benefits derived from these compounds are likely to be after they are released/metabolised by the colonic microbiota. Although the potential protective effects of the individual compounds will not be ascertained until the exact role of these compounds in disease prevention has been clarified, it is clear that the total amount of phenolic acids in the diet will vary enormously depending on the types of fruits consumed.     

Occurrence of bound 3-monochloropropan-1,2-diol content in commonly consumed foods in Hong Kong analysed by enzymatic hydrolysis and GC-MS detection

The aim of this study was to determine the level of bound 3-monochloropropan-1,2-diol in foodstuffs commonly consumed in Hong Kong, China, by an enzymatic hydrolysis indirect method which proved to be free from interferences. A total of 290 samples were picked up randomly from the local market and analysed. About 73% of these samples were found to contain detectable amounts of bound 3-MCPD. Amongst the 73 food items, bound 3-MCPD was not detected in 13 food items, including extra virgin olive oil, beef ball/salami, beef flank, ham/Chinese ham, nuts, seeds, soy sauce, oyster sauce, butter, yoghurt, cream, cheese and milk. For those found to contain detectable bound 3-MCPD, the content ranged up to 2500 µg kg^?1. The highest mean bound 3-MCPD content among the 14 food groups was in biscuits (440 [50–860] µg kg^?1), followed by fats and oils (390 [n.d.–2500] µg kg^?1), snacks (270 [9–1000] µg kg^?1), and Chinese pastry (270 [n.d.–1200] µg kg^?1). Among the samples, the highest bound 3-MCPD content was in a grape seed oil (2500 µg kg^?1), followed by a walnut flaky pastry (1200 µg kg^?1) and a grilled corn (1000 µg kg^?1). Basically, the results of this study agreed well with other published results in peer-reviewed journals, except for cheese, cream, ham, nuts and seeds.     

电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪测定面制食品中的铝含量的方法

探讨了应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定面制食品中铝含量的方法。运用微波消解系统对样品进行消解,消解液用ICP‐AES进行检测,并采用国家标准方法（ ICP‐MS法）对其结果进行验证。利用已知浓度的能力验证样品及回收率试验验证方法的准确性和可靠性。结果表明,该方法的线性相关系数为0．9997,检出浓度为4．64 mg／kg ,回收率为95．2％,其测定结果与国家标准方法测定结果的相对偏差在2．72％～5．23％。同时,因面制食品中的铝存在本底值,区分本底值与含铝添加剂的添加量成为判定是否合格的一个关键问题。因此,建议将面制食品中铝的限量要求规定为20 mg／kg。     

发酵食品中多种防腐剂检测方法的建立

该实验建立了高效液相色谱法同时测定苯乳酸、苯甲酸、山梨酸的方法。在以C18柱为分离柱,流动相为甲醇-0.020 mol/L乙酸铵（20∶80,V/V）,色谱柱温为25 ℃,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为220 nm条件下,12 min内可实现苯乳酸、苯甲酸、山梨酸的分离。该方法在0.25～50.00 mg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系（相关系数R2＞0.998）,检出限（LOD）＜50.00 ng/mL,回收率为96.93%～118.42%,精密度试验结果相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.39%～6.21%。该方法操作简便、结果准确度高,可用于发酵食品中苯乳酸、苯甲酸和山梨酸的同时分析检测。     

Folate content in frozen vegetarian ready meals and folate retention after different reheating methods

Folate content and retention were evaluated in 10 different precooked vegetarian ready meals before and after reheating. Folate was quantified using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. The only form of folate found was 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Folate content in thawed ready meals varied from 23 to 81 μg/portion (400 g) on fresh weight basis. Products served with couscous and potatoes contained more folate than products served with rice. Folate retention during reheating was investigated in the microwave oven (900 W/5.5 min), in a saucepan on stove until the food reached 85 °C, and in oven (225 °C/40 min). The true vitamin retention varied for the three investigated portions as follows: on stove (63-93%), microwaving (55-89%) and in oven (50-92%). Our results indicate that folate content in the ready meals prior to reheating, contributed to 6-27% of the recommended intake (300 or 400 μg folate per day). After reheating folate content was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in some meals but were kept constant in others and folate content was reduced to 3-25% of the recommended value. No clear pattern in folate retention between different heating methods was seen. However, the meals with ingredients suggesting high concentrations of antioxidants were less prone to loose folate when heated since the antioxidants probably protected the folates.     

Oxalate content of some leafy vegetables and dry legumes consumed widely in Egypt

Oxalic acid and total oxalate contents were determined in four leafy vegetables and six dry legumes consumed widely in Egypt. The four vegetables, normally eaten raw, can be arranged according to their oxalate content, in descending order, as follows: green onion (leaves), green onion (bulbs), leek, radish (leaves), radish (roots) and roquette. Oxalic acid represented 76–86% of the total oxalates.Dry faba beans had the highest oxalic acid content, followed, in descending order, by fenugreek, lentils, peas, chickpeas and lupin. The ratio of oxalic acid to total oxalates differs according to the total oxalate content of the legume variety. Decortication, steeping, sprouting, stewing, boiling and baking reduced the oxalate content of seeds in different ways. Sprouting and steeping, followed by decortication, resulted in the most pronounced decrease in oxalates, especially in faba beans and lupin.     

高效液相色谱法测定保健食品中长春西汀的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定保健食品中长春西汀含量的方法。方法样品中的长春西汀经80%甲醇水溶液超声提取、过滤后,采用Ultimate XB-C_(18)柱(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm)为分离柱,以甲醇-0.2 mol/L乙酸铵溶液为流动相,等度洗脱,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长272nm,柱温35℃,标准曲线法定量。结果长春西汀分离度良好,线性相关系数r为0.9997,精密度、重复性、稳定性实验长春西汀峰面积的RSD为0.03%～1.30%,加样回收率96.90%～108.42%, RSD为1.2%～2.8%。结论该方法专属性强、重现性好,加样回收率实验满足要求,可用于测定保健食品中长春西汀的含量。