基于灰色模糊算法的机床产品制造系统能效评价方法

针对机床产品制造系统具有能耗主体构成的多样性、复杂性、以及动态变化的随机性的特点,从经济、产品、设备和任务流程4个方面,归纳出了10个评价指标,构建了机床产品制造系统能效评价指标体系.本文提出了一种组合能效评价方法,在确定权重的环节采用粗糙集-AHM组合的方法,充分综合了客观与主观两方面的指标权重值,在其他环节应用了灰色关联法和模糊评价法,克服了能效评价过程中的灰色性和不确定性.最后,通过实例分析和仿真对比验证了该能效评价方法的可行性、稳定性.     

多目标柔性车间调度的文化基因非支配排序粒子群算法

本文以离散型柔性制造车间为对象, 以缩短生产周期、减少机器空转时间和提高产品合格率为优化目标, 提出一种文化基因非支配排序粒子群算法. 该算法采用二维编码方式. 首先, 分别对工序和机器分配进行不同的变异操作, 建立了多目标离散型资源优化调度模型. 然后, 采用非支配排序策略和随机游走法获得Pareto最优解, 接着利用层次分析法给出资源优化配置方案. 最后, 利用实际生产数据进行仿真, 结果表明所提出的优化算法具有平衡全局搜索能力和局部搜索能力的特性.     

中厚板热轧生产调度优化方法

中厚板热轧生产调度, 是一个有优先约束、等待时间和缓冲容量有限的单机调度问题. 用AON (Activity-on-node)网络对问题进行描述, 提出并证明了面向单机调度问题的AON网络平衡定理, 根据平衡定理, 建立了以轧机利用率最大为优化目标的非线性约束优化数学模型, 并利用优化软件LINGO进行求解. 计算实例表明, 所提出的数学优化方法, 与现有的启发式方法相比, 能够获得更好的优化目标, 所得到的生产调度方案, 生产节奏稳定, 更有利于组织生产.     

电池特性驱动的变电压任务调度

研究了变电压任务调度技术在电池能效优化领域中的应用,通过全面分析与电池能效相关的非线性特性,提出启发式的电池非线性特性驱动的变电压任务调度算法．该算法能有效地利用系统空闲时间优化电池放电电流分布,从而提高电池能效,降低目标任务执行消耗的能量．实验结果表明,该算法能够将执行目标任务消耗的能量降低30％以上,同时降低系统峰值功耗和平均功耗．     

基于非线性能量收集的全双工认知中继网络的联合优化方法

针对信息传输过程的时间消耗和信道估计误差对网络能效的影响,提出了一种基于非线性能量收集的全双工认知中继网络的联合优化方法。所提方法是在中继采用非线性能量收集并考虑非完美信道状态信息（CSI）的情况下,首先通过将能效非凸优化问题转化为两个凸的子优化问题,从而求出次用户和中继的传输功率以及收集的能量;其次,在保证主用户干扰门限以及最优传输功率非负的情况下,求出传输的信道容量范围;最后,将传输功率代入表达式得到关于时间的目标函数,并利用海森矩阵证明该目标函数为凸函数,进而求出最优传输时间以及功率分割因子,最终得出能效最优解。实验结果表明,在相同条件下,所提联合优化方法的能效相较于仅优化传输功率的能效提升了约84.3%;同时验证了信道估计误差因子为0.01时,所提方法的网络能效降低了约1.9%。     

无线传感网络中覆盖能效动态控制优化策略

能量约束是无线传感网络测量控制的关键问题之一.本文针对移动节点位置优化问题,提出了无线传感网络通信能耗评价指标,采用微粒群优化策略更新节点位置,使无线传感网络具有更强的灵活性和能效性.利用Dijkstra算法获得网络最优通信路径计算能耗评价指标.采用动态能量控制策略使空闲节点进入睡眠状态减少网络运行能耗.通过优化能量指标降低了通信能耗,实现了无线传感网络覆盖与通信能量消耗的合理均衡.对移动目标跟踪仿真表明,覆盖能效优化算法与动态能量控制策略相结合提高了无线传感网络覆盖的能效性.     

混合模式下认知无线电网络的能效优化算法

认知无线电网络中,协作频谱感知利用多个节点同时感知可提高频谱感知检测性能。然而随着感知的次用户(SU)个数增加,导致能耗增高、能效(EE)降低。为解决这一问题,本文结合机会频谱接入和衬垫式频谱共享2种共享模式,构造基于混合频谱共享模式的能效模型,同时考虑3种不同的融合规则、主用户(PU)的再占据概率和报告信道误差,以最大化SU系统的EE为目标,使用拉格朗日乘子法与次梯度下降算法对感知时间、参与感知个数、次用户发射功率进行迭代优化求解。仿真结果表明,在最低服务质量要求(QoS)和发射功率的约束下,该能效优化算法能够实现更高的吞吐量和更高的能量效率。     

探讨:智能制造时代PLC面临的挑战和机遇

智能制造是基于新一代信息技术,贯穿设计、生产、管理、服务等制造活动各个环节,具有信息深度自感知、智慧优化自决策、精准控制自执行等功能的先进制造过程、系统与模式的总称。具有以智能工厂为载体,以关键制造环节智能化为核心,以端到端数据流为基础、以网络互连为支撑等特性,可有效缩短产品研制周期、降低运营成本、提髙生产效率、提升产品质量、降低资源能源消耗。智能制造系统是智能制造模式展现的载体.     

高能耗企业能效综合评估系统设计研究

为了优化能源资源配制、控制企业能耗,达到节能减排的目的,提出了适用于高能耗行业内推广的能效综合评估指标体系及评估方法,采用模糊Petri网进行企业能耗建模,设计了企业能效综合评估系统,用于仿真高能耗企业生产过程中能源使用与消耗的动态行为.该系统具备数据采集、分析、统计、预测等能效综合评估功能,具有行业通用性.选择离子膜法烧碱产品生产中液碱到固碱生产工艺片段为应用对象,验证了该系统的可行性.     

Macro/Femtocell异构网络基于能效的资源分配

能量效率(Energy Efficiency,EE)成为衡量网络性能新的指标,最大化网络能效已成为通信技术的研究热点。针对Macro/Femtocell异构网能量效率优化问题进行研究,首次将蝙蝠算法应用到能效优化问题中,并针对现有算法存在的收敛精度低,易陷入早熟等缺点,提出一种基于指数递减的惯性权重蝙蝠算法。以最大化异构网络能效EE作为优化目标,在满足异构网用户服务质量(quality of service,QOS)前提下,用改进蝙蝠算法进行频谱资源载波分配,并将算法跟标准蝙蝠、遗传算法进行性能比较。仿真结果表明,载波及用户的数量影响着网络系统能效,所提算法相比于遗传算法有效提高了系统传输速率,能效提高约11%。实验证明,在异构网络中,采用改进蝙蝠算法对载波分配可使能效得到改善。     

CPS-enabled and knowledge-aided demand response strategy for sustainable manufacturing

The utilization of advanced industrial informatics, such as industrial internet of things and cyber-physical system (CPS), provides enhanced situation awareness and resource controllability, which are essential for flexible real-time production scheduling and control (SC). Regardless of the belief that applying these advanced technologies under electricity demand response can help alleviate electricity demand–supply mismatches and eventually improve manufacturing sustainability, significant barriers have to be overcome first. Particularly, most existing real-time SC strategies remain limited to short-term scheduling and are unsuitable for finding the optimal schedule under demand response scheme, where a long-term production scheduling is often required to determine the energy consumption shift from peak to off-peak hours. Moreover, SC strategies ensuring the desired production throughput under dynamic electricity pricing and uncertainties in manufacturing environment are largely lacking. In this research, a knowledge-aided real-time demand response strategy for CPS-enabled manufacturing systems is proposed to address the above challenges. A knowledge-aided analytical model is first applied to generate a long-term production schedule to aid the real-time control under demand response. In addition, a real-time optimization model is developed to reduce electricity costs for CPS-enabled manufacturing systems under uncertainties. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated through the case study on a steel powder manufacturing system. The results indicate the exceptional performance of the proposed strategy as compared to other real-time SC strategies, leading to a reduction of electricity cost up to 35.6% without sacrificing the production throughput.     

A multi-agent and cloud-edge orchestration framework of digital twin for distributed production control

The demands for mass individualization and networked collaborative manufacturing are increasing, bringing significant challenges to effectively organizing idle distributed manufacturing resources. To improve production efficiency and applicability in the distributed manufacturing environment, this paper proposes a multi-agent and cloud-edge orchestration framework for production control. A multi-agent system is established both at the cloud and the edge to achieve the operation mechanism of cloud-edge orchestration. By leveraging Digital Twin (DT) technology and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), real-time status data of the distributed manufacturing resources are collected and processed to perform the decision-making and manufacturing execution by the corresponding agent with permission. Based on the generated data of distributed shop floors and factories, the cloud production line model is established to support the optimal configuration of the distributed idle manufacturing resources by applying a systematic evaluation method and digital twin technology, which reflects the actual manufacturing scenario of the whole production process. In addition, a rescheduling decision prediction model for distributed control adjustment on the cloud is developed, which is driven by Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) combined with Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) and attention mechanism. A self-adaptive strategy that makes the real-time exceptions results available on the cloud production line for holistic rescheduling decisions is brought to make the distributed manufacturing resources intelligent enough to address the influences of different degrees of exceptions at the edge. The applicability and efficiency of the proposed framework are verified through a design case.     

A self-learning scheme for residential energy system control and management

In this paper, we apply intelligent optimization method to the challenge of intelligent price-responsive management of residential energy use, with an emphasis on home battery use connected to the power grid. For this purpose, a self-learning scheme that can learn from the user demand and the environment is developed for the residential energy system control and management. The idea is built upon a self-learning architecture with only a single critic neural network instead of the action-critic dual network architecture of typical adaptive dynamic programming. The single critic design eliminates the iterative training loops between the action and the critic networks and greatly simplifies the training process. The advantage of the proposed control scheme is its ability to effectively improve the performance as it learns and gains more experience in real-time operations under uncertain changes of the environment. Therefore, the scheme has the adaptability to obtain the optimal control strategy for different users based on the demand and system configuration. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can financially benefit the residential customers with the minimum electricity cost.     

Discrete event-driven model predictive control for real-time work-in-process optimization in serial production systems

Advanced technologies (e.g., distributed sensors, RFID, and auto-identification) can gather processing information (e.g., system status, uncertain machine breakdown, and uncertain job demand) accurately and in real-time. By combining this transparent, detailed, and real-time production information with production system physical properties, an intelligent event-driven feedback control can be designed to reschedule the release plan of jobs in real-time without work-in-process (WIP) explosion. This controller should obtain the operational benefits of pull (e.g., Toyota’s Kanban system) and still develop a coherent planning structure (e.g., MRPII). This paper focuses on this purpose by constructing a discrete event-driven model predictive control (e-MPC) for real-time WIP (r-WIP) optimization. The discrete e-MPC addresses three key modelling problems of serial production systems: (1) establish a max-plus linear model to describe dynamic transition behaviors of serial production systems, (2) formulate a model-based event-driven production loss identification method to provide feedback signals for r-WIP optimization, and (3) design a discrete e-MPC to generate the optimal job release plan. Based on a case from an industrial sewing machine production plant, the advantages of the discrete e-MPC are compared with the other two r-WIP control strategies: Kanban and MRPII. The results show that the discrete e-MPC can rapidly and cost-effectively reconfigure production logic. It can decrease the r-WIP without deteriorating system throughput. The proposed e-MPC utilizes the available transparent sensor data to facilitate real-time production decisions. The effort is a step forward in smart manufacturing to achieve improved system responsiveness and efficiency.     

Real-time optimization of energy consumption under adaptive cruise control for connected HEVs

This paper presents a real-time energy optimization algorithm for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) that operates with adaptive cruise control (ACC). Real-time energy optimization is an essential issue such that the HEV powertrain system is as efficient as possible. With connected vehicle technique, ACC system shows considerable potential of high energy efficiency. Combining a classical ACC algorithm, a two-level cooperative control scheme is constructed to realize real-time power distribution for the host HEV that operates in a vehicle platoon. The proposed control strategy actually provides a solution for an optimal control problem with multi objectives in terms of string stable of vehicle platoon and energy consumption minimization of the individual following vehicle. The string stability and the real-time optimization performance of the cooperative control system are confirmed by simulations with respect to several operating scenarios.     

iCoSim-FMS: An intelligent co-simulator for the adaptive control of complex flexible manufacturing systems

We describe an intelligent co-simulator for real time production control of a complex flexible manufacturing system (CFMS) having machine and tool flexibility. The manufacturing processes associated with the CFMS are complicated with each operation being possibly done by several machining centers. The co-simulator design approach is built upon the theory of dynamic meta-model based supervisory control with the cooperation of its own embedded intelligent blocks. The system is implemented by coupling of the centralized simulation controller (CSC) and real-time simulator for enforcing dynamic strategies of shop floor control. The posteriori adaptive co-simulator is equipped with a concurrent bilateral mechanism for simulation optimization based on appropriate control rules enhancing performance criteria simulation efficiency. A working intelligent adaptive controller prototype (iCoSim-FMS) has been developed to validate the proposed approach and compare its performance with well known FMS heuristic methods.     

Simulation-based machine shop operations scheduling system for energy cost reduction

Owing to the ever increasing requirements in sustainability, manufacturing firms are trying to reduce their energy consumption and cost. In this paper, we propose a simulation-based machine shop operations scheduling system for minimizing the energy cost without sacrificing the productivity. The proposed system consists of two major functions: (1) real-time energy consumption monitoring (through power meters, a database server, and mobile applications) and (2) simulation-based machine shop operations scheduling (through a machine shop operations simulator). First, the real-time energy consumption monitoring function is developed to collect energy consumption data and provide real-time energy consumption status monitoring/electrical load abnormality warnings. Second, the simulation-based machine shop operations scheduling function is devised to estimate the energy consumptions and cost of CNC machines. In addition, an additive regression algorithm is developed to formulate energy consumption models for each individual machine as simulation inputs. The proposed system is implemented at a manufacturing company located in Tucson, Arizona state of USA. The experiment results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed system in achieving energy cost savings without sacrificing the productivity under various scenarios of machine shop operations.     

Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Control With Ultra-Local Model and Single Input Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control for Pitch Control of Wind Turbines

As wind energy is becoming one of the fastestgrowing renewable energy resources,controlling large-scale wind turbines remains a challenging task due to its system model nonlinearities and high external uncertainties.The main goal of the current work is to propose an intelligent control of the wind turbine system without the need for model identification.For this purpose,a novel model-independent nonsingular terminal slidingmode control(MINTSMC)using the basic principles of the ultralocal model(ULM)and combined with the single input interval type-2 fuzzy logic control(SIT2-FLC)is developed for non-linear wind turbine pitch angle control.In the suggested control framework,the MINTSMC scheme is designed to regulate the wind turbine speed rotor,and a sliding-mode(SM)observer is adopted to estimate the unknown phenomena of the ULM.The auxiliary SIT2-FLC is added in the model-independent control structure to improve the rotor speed regulation and compensate for the SM observation estimation error.Extensive examinations and comparative analyses were made using a real-time softwarein-the-loop(RT-SiL)based on the dSPACE 1202 board to appraise the efficiency and applicability of the suggested modelindependent scheme in a real-time testbed.     

Machine learning-based real-time monitoring system for smart connected worker to improve energy efficiency

Recent advances in machine learning and computer vision brought to light technologies and algorithms that serve as new opportunities for creating intelligent and efficient manufacturing systems. In this study, the real-time monitoring system of manufacturing workflow for the Smart Connected Worker (SCW) is developed for the small and medium-sized manufacturers (SMMs), which integrates state-of-the-art machine learning techniques with the workplace scenarios of advanced manufacturing systems. Specifically, object detection and text recognition models are investigated and adopted to ameliorate the labor-intensive machine state monitoring process, while artificial neural networks are introduced to enable real-time energy disaggregation for further optimization. The developed system achieved efficient supervision and accurate information analysis in real-time for prolonged working conditions, which could effectively reduce the cost related to human labor, as well as provide an affordable solution for SMMs. The competent experiment results also demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of integrating machine learning technologies into the realm of advanced manufacturing systems.     

Integration of process planning and scheduling using chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm

Process planning and scheduling are two of the most important manufacturing functions traditionally performed separately and sequentially. These functions being complementary and interrelated, their integration is essential for the optimal utilization of manufacturing resources. Such integration is also significant for improving the performance of the modern manufacturing system. A variety of alternative manufacturing resources (machine tools, cutting tools, tool access directions, etc.) causes integrated process planning and scheduling (IPPS) problem to be strongly NP-hard (non deterministic polynomial) in terms of combinatorial optimization. Therefore, an optimal solution for the problem is searched in a vast search space. In order to explore the search space comprehensively and avoid being trapped into local optima, this paper focuses on using the method based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm and chaos theory (cPSO). The initial solutions for the IPPS problem are presented in the form of the particles of cPSO algorithm. The particle encoding/decoding scheme is also proposed in this paper. Flexible process and scheduling plans are presented using AND/OR network and five flexibility types: machine, tool, tool access direction (TAD), process, and sequence flexibility. Optimal process plans are obtained by multi-objective optimization of production time and production cost. On the other hand, optimal scheduling plans are generated based on three objective functions: makespan, balanced level of machine utilization, and mean flow time. The proposed cPSO algorithm is implemented in Matlab environment and verified extensively using five experimental studies. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms genetic algorithm (GA), simulated annealing (SA) based approach, and hybrid algorithm. Moreover, the scheduling plans obtained by the proposed methodology are additionally tested by Khepera II mobile robot using a laboratory model of manufacturing environment.