考虑粗糙度的船舶水润滑高分子轴承弹流润滑性能研究

为了揭示表面粗糙度对船舶水润滑高分子材料轴承润滑性能的影响规律,开展水润滑轴承弹流混合润滑理论研究;建立考虑内衬材料粗糙度和弹性变形的水润滑轴承混合润滑模型,并对模型进行仿真验证;分析内衬粗糙峰对水膜厚度、水膜压力分布和承载能力的影响规律。研究结果表明：在转速增大的过程中,内衬粗糙度的增大会减缓水膜厚度的增幅比,使轴承需要更高的转速来进入流体动压润滑状态;减小轴承内衬粗糙度能有效降低轴承起飞转速,加快轴承由混合润滑转变为流体动压润滑的过程,减小轴承与轴颈的局部接触,降低轴承异常振动噪声发生的可能性。研究结果揭示了内衬粗糙度变化对轴承润滑特性的影响机制,为水润滑轴承的优化设计提供理论参考。     

A hydrodynamic lubrication model for the deep-drawing process

A steady hydrodynamic lubrication model that includes the pressure viscosity factor has been developed for the deep-drawing process. Equations for lubricant film thickness, radial and drawing stresses are presented. Analysis reveals that the pressure viscosity factor has a significant influence on estimating lubricant film thickness and radial and drawing stresses.     

UHMWPE复合材料水润滑轴承润滑状态转变性能研究

水润滑轴承润滑介质的黏度较低,轴承动压润滑难以形成。研究水润滑轴承润滑状态转变特性,可为水润滑复合材料轴承的设计和优化提供依据。建立水润滑轴承流固耦合计算模型,研究轴承承载力、水膜压力、轴承变形量随工况的变化关系,提出水膜厚度测试方法,研究轴承摩擦因数、水膜厚度随转速、负载的变化规律。研究结果表明:随偏心率和转速增大,轴承承载力、最大水膜压力和最大变形量均逐渐增大;随转速增大,轴承承载力、最大水膜压力和最大变形量的增幅逐渐减小。试验发现随着负载增大,改性UHMWPE轴承从混合润滑向动压润滑转变的膜厚比逐渐减小。     

Hydrodynamic lubrication in hemispherical punch stretch forming—Modified theory and experimental validation

An inlet zone analysis is incorporated in a previously developed hydrodynamic lubrication theory of hemispherical punch stretch forming. Refined calculations of the lubricant film thickness, the hydrodynamic friction and the strains in the sheet metal are carried out. Several sheet materials and liquid lubricants are tested with the use of a punch stretch apparatus, and the strains in the sheet metal are measured. The comparison between the calculated and measured strain distributions confirms the validity of the refined lubrication model, which identifies a dimensionless parameter that characterizes the state of lubrication at the punch-sheet interface.     

The Effectiveness of Boundary and Hydrodynamic Lubrication when Cold Rolling Aluminum Metal

How hydrodynamic and boundary lubrication affect a lubricant's film strength when cold rolling aluminum was studied using a laboratory mill. The film strength of the lubricant was determined by increasing the amount of reduction until a rapid rise in load and temperature produced a herringbone pattern on the surface of the metal. The hydrodynamic lubrication was changed by increasing the viscosity of the base oil or by increasing the rolling speed. The boundary lubrication was changed by increasing the concentration of the additives or by changing the type of additives. The results of the test showed that either increasing the amount of the hydrodynamic lubrication or increasing the amount of the boundary lubrication were effective ways to increase the film strength of the lubricant; however, the effectiveness of each decreased as the calculated film thickness of the lubricant increased. It is proposed that this can be explained by the decrease in contact area between the work roll asperities and the surface of the sheet as the thickness of the lubricant film increases.     

Experimental Study on Lubrication Film Thickness Under Different Interface Wettabilities

This paper describes some experimental studies about the effect of interface wettability on hydrodynamic lubrication film thickness by a custom-made slider bearing tester. The lubricated contact pair consists of a fixed-incline slider and a transparent disc, and a thin lubrication film can be generated when the disc rotates. The film thickness was measured by interferometry. The wettability of different slider surfaces was evaluated by the contact angle of the lubricant on them. The relationship of film thickness versus disc speed was measured under different liquid–solid interfaces, and the results showed that slider surfaces with strong wettability to the lubricant could generate higher film thickness. Furthermore, case experiments were carried out to validate the hydrodynamic effect by tailored-slippage. By numerical simulations, the experimental findings were tentatively explained with the phenomenon of wall slippage.     

Hydrodynamic lubrication analysis for tube spinning process

A theoretical analysis based on the two dimensional isothermal Reynolds equation was developed for the hydrodynamic lubrication of the tube spinning process. The linear velocity of the forming tool and rotational velocity of the mandrel both influence the establishment of a hydrodynamic lubricant film thickness at the inlet zone. Formation of a hydrodynamic lubricant film thickness at the inside of the tube is ruled by the eccentricity of the mandrel and tube. The theoretical and experimental estimates of film thickness were compared and are in agreement.     

The effect of surface roughness upon the lubrication of rigid cylindrical rollers. II. Experimental

An experimental study is made of hydrodynamic effects on the motion of rough cylindrical rollers on an inclined plane submerged in a bath of viscous lubricant. The observations are analysed in relation to the theoretical predictions for lubricated rollers having surface roughness characteristics represented by circumferential grooves presented in Part I. The results demonstrate that the “rigid” lubrication theory for rough rollers predicts, in qualitative terms, many of the features of the roller motion in this mixed lubrication regime, but that it fails to predict the hydrodynamic resistance with adequate accuracy. It is suggested that the reasons for this discrepancy are to be found in the inadequate representation of the surface topography by the V-shaped circumferential grooves on the model roller and the difficulty of determining the hydrodynamic lubrication force components when the peak to valley roughness is close to twice the mean minimum film thickness.     

Non-newtonian thermal analysis of an EHD contact lubricated with MIL-L-23699 oil

A thermal and non-Newtonian fluid model under elastohydrodynamic lubrication conditions is proposed, integrating some particularities, such as the separation between hydrodynamic and dissipative phenomena inside the contact. The concept of apparent viscosity is used to introduce the non-Newtonian behaviour of the lubricant and the thermal behaviour of the contact into the Reynolds equation, acting as a link element between the hydrodynamic and dissipative components of the EHD film, independently of the rheological and thermal models considered. The apparent viscosity enables the application of the rheological model better adapted to each lubricant, without appealing to special formulations of the EHD problem.The Newton–Raphson technique is used to obtain the lubricant film geometry and the pressure distribution inside the EHD contact. The shear stresses developed in the fluid film are evaluated assuming the non-linear Maxwell rheological model. The surfaces and lubricant temperature distributions are determined using the simplified Houpert's method, applied to the inlet contact zone, and the thermal method proposed by Tevaarwerk is applied in the high pressure contact zone.The non-Newtonian thermal EHD model is applied to the analysis of a contact lubricated with MIL-L-23699 oil. Significant results are obtained for the centre and minimum film thickness, for the inlet shear heating and film thickness reduction factor (φ_T), for the temperature rise of the lubricant and of the surfaces and for the friction coefficient inside the contact, considering wide ranges of the operating conditions (maximum Hertzian pressure, inlet oil temperature, rolling speed and slide-to-roll ratio).Finally, the numerical traction curves determined are compared with the corresponding experimental results, showing very good correlation.     

Investigation of the strain distribution with lubrication during the deep drawing process

A lubrication/friction model can be implemented in FEM codes to predict the contact area ratio, friction coefficient and strain distribution in lubricated deep drawing process. In the lubrication analysis, the surface roughness effect on lubrication flow is included by using Wilson and Marsault's average Reynolds equation that is appropriated for mixed lubrication with severe asperity contact. With regard to the asperity contact theory, the well-known flattening effect is considered. Friction is expressed in terms of variables such as lubricant film thickness, sheet roughness, lubricant viscosity, interface pressure, sliding speed, and strain rate. The proposed lubrication/friction model combined with a finite element code of deep drawing process to predict the contact area ratio, friction coefficient and strain distribution. Numerical results showed that the present analysis provides a good agreement with the measured strain distributions.     

Calculation of oil‐film thickness in journal bearings running at varying rotational speeds

There are many methods of calculating the properties of lubricated hydrodynamic sliding bearings running at variable loads, but, in some cases, sliding bearings of heavy‐duty machines run under constant load and at variable speeds; this can lead to reduced film thickness in the bearing and boundary lubrication. The minimum oilfilm thickness in such a bearing needs to be calculated so that the proper lubricant viscosity can be selected to reduce solid‐solid contact during machine operation. In this study, a method is presented for calculating the film thickness of sliding bearings operating with alternating rotational directions. The results of the calculations show that the squeeze effect can develop enough load‐carrying capacity to prevent solid‐solid contact between the rubbing surfaces during operation, provided the change of direction of rotation is quick enough.     

冷挤压塑性流体动力润滑分析

应用流体动力润滑理论和塑性成形原理，分析了冷挤压润滑过程。在挤压的起始和终止阶段为非稳态流体动力润滑，而中间阶段可近似为稳态流体动力润滑。考虑冷挤压在高压及大剪切应变率工况下润滑剂的非牛顿特性，运用Ostwald非牛顿体模型，分别建立了冷挤压非稳态和稳态的塑性流体动力润滑（PHD）模型。采用Monte Carlo法得到了冷挤压润滑过程的油膜厚度、油膜压力以及摩擦力的分布规律。     

柴油机滑动轴承热流体动力润滑仿真研究

根据径向滑动轴承热流体动力润滑理论,基于JFO理论提出的质量守恒边界条件,建立同时包含油膜完整区和空 穴压力变化的单缸柴油机滑动轴承热流体动力润滑模型,采用有限差分法求解模型方程,仿真分析滑动轴承的油膜厚度、油膜压力、润滑油流量和温度等参数对润滑性能的影响,分析内燃机滑动轴承润滑特性,为轴承润滑可靠性设计提供一定的理论依据.     

乏油条件下乳化液润滑复合塑料轴承等温弹流润滑分析

塑料轴承是常用的水润滑轴承,而乳化液由于无污染、来源广、节省能源、安全性等特点成为一种具有良好应用前景的润滑剂.以乳化液润滑复合塑料轴承为研究对象,建立塑料轴承弹流润滑模型,分析乏油条件下转速和载荷对润滑膜膜厚的影响,并与充分供油条件下的润滑膜膜厚进行比较.结果表明:随着供油量的增加,轴承油膜膜厚增加,但当供油量超过一临界值时,油膜膜厚不再变化.在乳化液润滑条件下,膜厚及最小膜厚均随转速的增大而明显增大,随载荷增大而减小,且供油条件没有造成明显的影响.     

活塞环-缸套二维润滑特性的研究

基于二维平均流量模型和微凸体接触模型，研究了活塞环的二维润滑特性，并考虑了活塞系统偏摆、润滑油粘度变化及表面粗糙度等因素的影响。通过计算获得了活塞环－缸套间油膜厚度的二维分布。结果表明，油膜厚度沿周向是不均匀的。本文还对活塞环开口位置及偏摆的影响做了定量的分析。     

Basics of mixed lubrication

This paper reviews recent research in mixed lubrication, focusing on the current understanding of lubricant entrainment, and thus film thickness, and of friction in thin‐film, rough‐surface lubricated contacts. By combining research using optical interferometry on the experimental side and numerical modelling on the theoretical side, we now have a reasonable understanding of micro‐elastohydrodynamic lubrication, although design rules are still lacking. The regime of true mixed lubrication, where there are both elastohydrodynamic and boundary lubricated regions within a single contact, remains quite poorly understood. New experimental techniques as well as new information about very thin‐film rheology under high‐strain and high‐pressure conditions are probably needed before much further progress can be made in this area.     

润滑油粘度对缸套/活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

在内燃机实际运行中,润滑油的粘度直接影响到润滑油膜的状态,因而活塞环在缸套中不同位置时的摩擦、润滑状态各不相同。文中以缸套活塞环为研究对象,建立了润滑计算模型,并运用该模型对缸内压力、温度、油膜厚度和摩擦系数进行了分析。结果表明,润滑油膜厚度和摩擦系数随转速改变而发生变化,而剪切稀化导致润滑油粘度减小是引起该变化的主要原因。最后,通过对计算结果的分析,提出了适用于缸套活塞环的润滑油粘度指标。     

Quantitative Viscosity Mapping Using Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements

Lubricant viscosity is a key driver in both the tribological performance and energy efficiency of a lubricated contact. Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication produces very high pressures and shear rates, conditions hard to replicate using conventional rheometry. In situ rheological measurements within a typical contact are therefore important to investigate how a fluid behaves under such conditions. Molecular rotors provide such an opportunity to extract the local viscosity of a fluid under EHD lubrication. The validity of such an application is shown by comparing local viscosity measurements obtained using molecular rotors and fluorescence lifetime measurements, in a model EHD lubricant, with reference measurements using conventional rheometry techniques. The appropriateness of standard methods used in tribology for high-pressure rheometry (combining friction and film thickness measurements) has been verified when the flow of EHD lubricant is homogeneous and linear. A simple procedure for calibrating the fluorescence lifetime of molecular rotors at elevated pressure for viscosity measurements is proposed.     

Effect of shot peening on rolling contact fatigue and lubricant film thickness within mixed lubricated non-conformal rolling/sliding contacts

The effect of shot peening on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and lubricant film thickness within non-conformal rolling/sliding contacts operated under mixed lubrication conditions was observed in this study. Rolling contact fatigue tests and film thickness measurements were carried out using specimens with modified surface topography by shot peening process using glass beads having diameter between 0.07 and 0.11 mm. It has been shown that the effect of shot peening on RCF has no positive effect even if shot peened surface of the roller exhibited somewhat higher hardness in contrast to the grounded surface. The reduction of RCF may be caused due to asperities interactions because after shot peening the surface roughness of the roller was increased. Film thickness measurements confirmed that the contact is realized actually only between asperity peaks of shot peened ball and smooth disc.Conversely, no negative effect on RCF was observed when the shot peened surface of the roller was polished. The polish of asperity peaks causes the creation of lands and micro-cavities, which may be employed as lubricant micro-reservoirs. From film thickness measurements it has been observed that lubricant emitted by shallow micro-cavities can provide the local increase in lubrication film thickness, which thereby reduces asperities interactions. Similar results were obtained for start-up conditions where the squeeze lubricant enlarges film thickness and reduces surface interactions.From the obtained results, it can be suggested that properly designed surface topography modification could help to increase the efficiency of lubrication films leading to the enhancement of contact fatigue life of non-conformal mixed lubricated rolling/sliding contacts.     

冷轧铝工作区的混合润滑特性研究

为研究冷轧铝工作区的混合润滑特性,基于平均流量理论建立考虑表面粗糙度的冷轧铝工作区混合润滑模型,并通过相关文献的数据验证模型的正确性.在不同轧制速度、润滑油黏度以及前后张应力条件下对整个工作区内的润滑特性进行分析,研究轧制工艺参数对油膜厚度、接触面积比以及应力分布的影响.仿真结果表明:随着轧制速度的提高,轧制压力有一定...