辽河油田特石超稠油管线优化运行研究

为降低能耗,减少运行成本,对辽河油田特石超稠油输送管道进行了优化运行研究。建立了辽河油田特石超稠油管道优化运行的数学模型,并确定了求解方法。实例计算结果表明,特石超稠油管道的运行参数经过优化之后,总的运行费用显著下降。     

油田管线施工双侧带压封堵技术的应用

新时期,在油田的管线施工过程中,因管线中多为一些易燃易爆的介质,为了保证油田管线施工的安全,应采用双侧带压封堵技术,基于此,对双侧带压封堵技术在油田管线施工中的应用进行了研究,进行了双侧带压封堵技术在当前油田管线施工中运用的调查,并在此基础上提出了油田管线施工中双侧带压封堵技术的工艺和施工应用。     

原油管道伴热工艺热力分析

根据原油管道伴热方式,建立原油管道伴热系统能量平衡模型,对管道伴热系统进行数值模拟,计算原油和伴热水的沿程温度变化,并对比分析不同伴热方式下的伴热效果,根据管线长度,优化选择伴热方式。     

Safeguarding the energy supply—A challenge to the European community

The necessity of maintaining an adequate energy supply in the face of the two oil crises of the past seven years has challenged the European Community (EC) to formulate a joint European energy policy. An analysis of the energy consumption and the economic situation in the EC in 1979 shows heavy dependence on imported fuel, along with insufficient economic growth, rising prices and increasing pressure on the balance of payments because of the increasing burden of rising oil prices.Political measures have been agreed upon within the framework of the OECD, notably the “crisis management” strategy which has, however, not yet been tested. In addition, the EC has set three goals for its autonomie energy policy: coordination of energy conservation programs in the member states, encouragement of investment and of projects in the areas of energy conservation, increased use of coal and nuclear power, and a research and development program for new energy technologies. Consideration of the targets which have been set and the achievements so far obtained show that a great deal more must be done if adequate energy supplies are to be maintained in the face of increasing uncertainty.A management program for Europe. The threat of further reductions in oil production, produced by critical political problems in the Middle East and increasing oil prices if the oil-exporting countries take advantage of supply shortages, make it imperative that the EC member states make every possible use of opportunities within the Community to solve energy problems cooperatively.     

兰成渝输油管道阴极保护系统异常段的检测与修复

为查明造成阴极保护系统异常的原因，并采取有效的防护措施加以修复，对兰成渝输油管道成县-阳坝段的阴极保护系统进行了全面的综合性检测与评价，揭示了此类地段埋地长输管道阴极保护系统通常存在的问题，并对该类系统的有效修复提出了合理化建议。综合检测的结果表明，造成成县-阳坝段管道自然电位过负，从而导致其间2座阴极保护站不能正常投运的主要原因有3个方面：第一，管道沿线敷设了大量的在役牺牲阳极抬高了管道的阴极保护电位；第二，管道沿线存在大量的隐蔽干扰源，这些干扰源直接构成了对管道的交直流干扰；第三，异常段管道本身存在较多的防腐层破损点，致使交直流干扰电流能够顺利的通过破损点处流入管道，从而抬升了管道的自然电位。     

Prospects of biodiesel from Jatropha in Malaysia

The increasing energy demands along with the expected depletion of fossil fuels have promoted to search for alternative fuels that can be obtained from renewable energy resources. Biodiesel as a renewable energy resource has drawn the attention of many researchers and scientists because its immense potential to be part of a sustainable energy mix in near future.This report attempts to compile the findings on current global and Malaysian energy scenario, potential of biodiesel as a renewable energy source, biodiesel policies and standards, practicability of Jatropha curcas as a biodiesel source in Malaysia as well as impact of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas. Final part of this report also describes the development of biodiesel market in Malaysia.The paper found that Jatropha curcas is one of the cheapest biodiesel feedstock and it possesses the amicable fuel properties with higher oil contents compared to others. Being non edible oil seed feedstocks it will not affect food price and spur the food versus fuel dispute. Jatropha can be substituted significantly for oil imports. Jatropha biodiesel has potential to reduce GHG emission than diesel fuel and it can be used in diesel engine with similar performance of diesel fuel. Jatropha curcas has an immense contribution to develop rural livelihoods too. Finally biodiesel production from Jatropha is eco-friendly and offers many social and economical benefits for Malaysia and can play an increasingly significant role to fulfill the energy demand in Malaysia.     

太阳能在油气田地面工程中的应用

介绍了太阳能在国内外油气田地面工程领域的利用情况,包括用太阳能加热原油、光热效应用于边缘井站储油罐维温、太阳能照明以及太阳能用于计量间采暖,阐述每种应用系统的组成、原理和特点。分析了太阳能在油气田地面工程中应用中存在的问题,提出具体的解决措施。     

环状掺水工艺降温集输试验技术研究

大庆油田外围低产、低渗透油藏原油集输物性差,油井产量低,单位产能建设投资高,集输能耗大。其中,油气集输环节分别由集油、脱水、原油稳定处理及储运能耗4部分组成。各部分中,集油部分的能耗更是占到集输系统总能耗的60%～80%,设法降低集油环节的能耗是集输流程节能的关键。对此,开展了确定安全混输温度界限的室内外试验,实现原油在凝固点附近安全运行。根据中高含水期油田开发的特点,对高产液、高含水的集油环开展不加热集输试验。试验区试验结果表明,原油含水率达到并超过转相点后,其流动阻力明显下降,有利于低温集输;对于部分产液量大于20t/d、含水率大于80%的集油环,可采取季节性停掺冷输工艺;对于长期低温运行的集油环出现的开井困难情况,可采取管线热洗、通球物理清洗,增加管道泵、混输泵或工艺改造等措施加以解决;对于污水处理反冲洗效果变差的情况,需要加强适合低温处理药剂的研究与应用。     

Optimal design and operation of integrated microgrids under intermittent renewable energy sources coupled with green hydrogen and demand scenarios

Renewable energy integration into existing or new energy hubs together with Green technologies such as Power to Gas and Green Hydrogen has become essential because of the aim of keeping the average global temperature rise within 2 ^°C with regard to the Paris Agreement. Hence, all energy markets are expected to face substantial transitions worldwide. On the other hand, investigation of renewable energy systems integrated with green chemical conversion, and in particular combination of green hydrogen and synthetic methanation, is still a scarce subject in the literature in terms of optimal and simultaneous design and operation for integrated energy grids under weather intermittency and demand uncertainty. In fact, the integration of such promising new technologies has been studied mainly in the operational phase, without considering design and management simultaneously. Thus, in this work, a multi-period mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is formulated to deal with the aforementioned challenges. Under current carbon dioxide limitations dictated by the Paris Agreement, this model computes the best configuration of the renewable and non-renewable-based generators, their optimal rated powers, capacities and scheduling sequences from a large candidate pool containing thirty-nine different equipment simultaneously. Moreover, the effect of the intermittent nature of renewable resources is analyzed comprehensively under three different scenarios for a specific location. Accordingly, a practical scenario generation method is proposed in this work. It is observed that photovoltaic, oil co-generator, reciprocating ICE, micro turbine, and bio-gasifier are the equipment that is commonly chosen under the three different scenarios. Results also show that concepts such as green hydrogen and power-to-gas are currently not preferable for the investigated location. On the other hand, analysis shows that if the emission limits are getting tightened, it is expected that constructing renewable resource-based grids will be economically more feasible.     

集成管道生物质蓄热墙设计及热工性能研究

针对传统生物质墙体存在集热蓄热差的热工问题,提出一种以太阳能为热源的集成管道生物质蓄热墙体,通过建立对比实验模型,分别测试墙体系统及室内物理环境参数,研究2种模型存在的热效率差异,并对实验组墙体系统进行供热性能分析。结果表明：所提出的集成管道生物质墙体系统具有良好的集热、蓄热性能;管道流系统循环控制策略应适应当地气象条件以优化系统供热效率;集成管道生物质蓄热墙节能率可达79.3%,经济效益明显,在生物质能与太阳能富集地区具有广泛应用前景。     

Numerical simulation of a buried hot crude oil pipeline under normal operation

A physical model is proposed to study the heat transfer and oil flow of a buried hot oil pipeline under normal operation. With certain physically reasonable assumptions, the governing equations for the thermal analyses are derived. An approach combining unstructured-finite-volume [1] and finite difference methods is applied to solve the governing equations, in which the soil domain was discretized by unstructured grids. Numerical simulations in a wide range of operating conditions are conducted. The operating conditions cover 5 months (April, May, June, October and November) with throughputs ranging from 15,007 tons per day to 27,451 tons per day and outlet temperatures varying from 40.6 °C to 64.8 °C. Measured data are provided for comparison. A good agreement between numerical simulations and field measurement suggests that the proposed numerical scheme is a suitable method to simulate the heat transfer and oil flow of buried hot crude oil pipelines. We also analyze a number of influential factors on the temperature distribution of oil along the pipeline.     

eTransport: Investment planning in energy supply systems with multiple energy carriers

The need for local energy planning is not reduced after liberalization. Both integrated energy companies and local governments have to consider alternative solutions across traditional supply and demand sectors and make plans for the total integrated energy infrastructure. This situation has created a need for new improved methodologies and tools for system planning and operation that include multiple energy carriers and sufficient topological details. In this paper, a novel optimisation model ‘eTransport’ is presented that takes into account both the topology of multiple energy infrastructures and the technical and economic properties of different investment alternatives. The model minimises total energy system cost (investments, operation and emissions) of meeting predefined energy demands of electricity, gas, space heating and tap water heating within a geographical area over a given planning horizon, including alternative supply infrastructures for multiple energy carriers. The model employs a nested optimisation, calculating both the optimal diurnal operation of the energy system and the optimal expansion plan typically 20–30 years into the future. The model is tested on a number of real case studies, and a full graphical user interface has been implemented. A sample case study is included to demonstrate the use of the model.     

Isothermal and non-isothermal oil–water flow and viscous fingering in a porous medium

Immiscible flow of heavy oil in a porous formation by high temperature pressurized water has been numerically studied. The physical region is a square domain in the horizontal plane with low and high pressure points at the opposite corners along one of the diagonals. Water, the invading fluid, when introduced at high pressure displaces the in situ oil towards the low pressure production zone. The extent of displacement of oil by water through the porous medium in a given amount of time and the appearance of preferential flow paths ( fingers) is the subject of the present investigation. The resistance to water–oil movement arises from the viscous forces in the fluid phases and the capillary force at their interface. Based on their relative magnitudes, various forms of displacement mechanisms can be realized. As the viscosity ratio of heavy oil to water is large, viscous forces in the oil phase become dominant and constitute the major factor for controlling the flow distortions in the porous formation. A mathematical model that can treat the individual fluid pressures, capillary effects and heat transfer has been employed in the present work. A fully implicit, two-dimensional numerical model has been used to compute the pressure and temperature fields. The domain decomposition technique has been adopted in the numerical solution since the problem is computationally intensive. Naturally occurring oil-rich reservoirs to which the present study is applicable are inhomogeneous and layered. A qualitative study has been carried out to explore the effect of permeability variations on the flow patterns. Numerical calculations show that non-isothermal effects as well as layering promote the formation of viscous fingers and consequently the sweep efficiency of the high pressure water front.     

Risk and resilience in the Nigerian oil sector: The economic effects of pipeline sabotage and theft

Political unrest in the Niger Delta has long been viewed as a hurdle for extracting maximum value from Nigeria's oil resources. Recently, investors and policymakers have laid blame for sector under-performance on pipeline sabotage and theft, and sounded the alarm for an impending ‘oil crisis’. However, our understanding of the economic effects of social action against oil companies is incomplete. Rigorous analysis has not heretofore been offered as evidence for such dire futures. Despite the obvious risk of pipeline interdiction, price dynamics and aggregate production respond minimally to pipeline interdiction. Based on quantitative analysis of the relationship among price, production and pipeline interdiction from multiple data sources covering different time intervals (monthly data from 2005 to 2014 and annual data from 1999 to 2013), we find no evidence of significant effects of pipeline interdiction on production and a weak relationship between pipeline interdiction and Bonny light crude prices. Reported losses in product are substantial, but there is no evidence of statistically significant impacts on price or production in the aggregate. Explanations for this counterintuitive result are cast in terms of sector resilience. The implications of this finding for producer risk and the likelihood of an impending ‘oil crisis’ are discussed.     

电热膜加热技术在集油系统中的应用研究

对电热膜发热机理及发热特性进行了理论及试验研究,筛选出了适合于油田集油工艺特点要求的金属箔电热膜,并据此研制成功了电热膜井口加热装置。根据对电热膜加热集油流程进行的可行性分析,确定了改造方案,并在一个计量间所属的10口油井进行了试验。实际应用表明,以电热膜加热流程取代双管伴热流程,节能及经济效益显著。     

Modelling long-term oil price and extraction with a Hubbert approach: The LOPEX model

The LOPEX (Long-term Oil Price and EXtraction) model generates long-term scenarios about future world oil supply and corresponding price paths up to the year 2100. In order to determine oil production in non-OPEC countries, the model uses Hubbert curves. Hubbert curves reflect the logistic nature of the discovery process and the associated constraint on temporal availability of oil. Extraction paths and world oil price path are both derived endogenously from OPEC's intertemporally optimal cartel behaviour. Thereby OPEC is faced with both the price-dependent production of the non-OPEC competitive fringe and the price-dependent world oil demand. World oil demand is modelled with a constant price elasticity function and refers to a scenario from ACROPOLIS-POLES. LOPEX results indicate a significant higher oil price from around 2020 onwards compared to the reference scenario, and a stagnating market share of maximal 50% to be optimal for OPEC.     

Investigation about the effects of exterior surface paint color on temperature development in aboveground pipeline

A practical analytical model for predicting temperature development of incompressible flow inside an aboveground pipeline has been constructed and presented in this research work. The outer surface of the pipeline is exposed to solar radiation and wind stream. The radiation heat exchange with ambient is also taken into account. The effects of exterior surface paint color represented by emissivity and absorptivity, have been studied. The model has been developed to study crude oil flow temperature development through a specific pipeline. The results obtained by the model show that the bulk temperature inclined to a limiting value in some distance which affected mainly by Reynolds numbers. It is found that emissivity and absorptivity of surface are predominant parameters in temperature development in an aboveground pipeline flow which can increase or decrease pipe surface and fluid temperature especially for low Reynolds number flow. Based on the results which indicated significantly of exterior surface paint color, one should choose the paint color by considering its effects on temperature development.     

The Stability Criterion Model and Stability Analysis of Waxy Crude Oil Pipeline Transportation System Based on Excess Entropy Production

Based on the theory of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, considering the dynamic effect of molecular diffusion and the change in thermodynamic parameters caused by wax precipitation, the phenomenological relations of different thermodynamic “force” and “flow” interactions were derived. The corresponding thermodynamic model of a waxy crude oil pipeline transportation system was built, and then, the excess entropy production expression was proposed. Furthermore, the stability criterion model of the pipeline transportation system was established on the basis of Lyapounov stability theory. Taking the oil pipeline in Daqing oilfield as an example, based on the four parameters of out-station temperature, out-station pressure, flow rate and water content, the stable and unstable regions of the system were divided, and the formation mechanisms of the two different regions were analyzed. The experimental loop device of wax deposition rate was designed, and then, the wax deposition rate under the four parameters was measured. The results showed that the stable region of the wax deposition rate fluctuation was basically in accordance with the stability region analyzed by the criterion model established in this paper, which proved that the stability criterion model was feasible for analyzing the stability of the waxy crude oil pipeline transportation process.     

Prospects of export routes for Kashagan oil

This article examines the promising oil and gas developments in Kazakhstan, and more specifically, it seeks to answer the question of how the Kashagan oil field will be developed. What might be the geopolitical consequences of this project for the Caspian Basin? The pipeline issue has arisen regarding the giant Kashagan field in Kazakhstan with the same issues that emerged in the previous BTC project in the region. By discussing possible alternative routes available to the Kazakh government other than the Russian oil pipeline network, I will put forward the most likely scenario in terms of which pipeline to be used in bringing that oil to market. In doing so, this article will contribute to the discussion of which export routes will be chosen for the energy development of the Caspian Basin?