CFD-DEM numerical study on air impacted packing densification of equiaxed cylindrical particles

A CFD-DEM model was developed to reproduce the packing densification process of mono-sized equiaxed cylindrical particles under air impact. The effects of operating parameters on packing density were firstly studied. Then various microscopic properties of packing structures such as coordination number (CN), contact types, particle orientations, pore features were characterized and compared. And corresponding densification mechanisms were analysed based on particle motion behaviour, local structure evolution, and forces. Results indicate that the air impact can realize the packing densification of cylindrical particles under appropriate conditions. The pore size distribution in the packing of cylindrical particles shows a tail at larger pore sizes compared with that in the packing of equal spheres. Both the size and the sphericity of the pores decrease in the final dense packing; also, more surface-surface and less surface-edge contacts between two particles therein can be formed. More cylindrical particles tend to be in parallel or perpendicular contact with each other to form more stable local structures during air impact. Most particles at higher position move down (direction of gravity/air impact) with about one particle length during the densification process and most particles exhibit translational motion to realize the local rearrangement for pore filling through air impact induced inter-particle forces.     

Sensitivities of flow and transport parameters in fractured porous media using automatic differentiation

The hydraulic complexity of hardrock aquifers with, for example, fast fluid flow in fractures, storage effects in the rock matrix, high contrasts in permeability, and a high spatial variability of structures requires a high standard of experimental and numerical techniques. This paper focuses on the interpretation of tracer tests. The sensitivity of tracer breakthrough curves with respect to flow and transport parameters is analysed for different model types in order to identify the relevant flow and transport processes. This leads to a better understanding of the system behaviour and facilitates the interpretation of experimental results. The technique of automatic differentiation is used to evaluate the sensitivities. The main advantage of this technique is that the sensitivities are calculated without truncation error. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of particle shape on raceway size and pressure drop in a blast furnace: Experimental,numerical and theoretical analyses

Experiments and simulations are conducted to explore the changing laws of blast furnace (BF) raceway morphology and pressure drop with cylindrical particles. Experimental data show that there are five typical stages for the pressure drop during the raceway formation. The closer the aspect ratio (Ar) of the particle to 1, the bigger the raceway size and the wider the particle moving band will be. When the raceway is in stable stage, the pressure drop can be ascribed to the cooperative action of the bed height, inlet gas velocity and Ar. Numerical results reveal that the formation of large raceway for sphere-like particles is due to the small drag and contact forces. The contact forces in the prolate particle system are very large and thus result in a small raceway. Finally, the influence of particle shape is employed to improve a raceway size predictive correlation which can increase the average calculational accuracy by 3.4%.     

Evolutionary design of a generalized polynomial neural network for modelling sediment transport in clean pipes

To determine the minimum velocity required to prevent sedimentation, six different models were proposed to estimate the densimetric Froude number (Fr). The dimensionless parameters of the models were applied along with a combination of the group method of data handling (GMDH) and the multi-target genetic algorithm. Therefore, an evolutionary design of the generalized GMDH was developed using a genetic algorithm with a specific coding scheme so as not to restrict connectivity configurations to abutting layers only. In addition, a new preserving mechanism by the multi-target genetic algorithm was utilized for the Pareto optimization of GMDH. The results indicated that the most accurate model was the one that used the volumetric concentration of sediment (C_V), relative hydraulic radius (d/R), dimensionless particle number (D_gr) and overall sediment friction factor (λ_s) in estimating Fr. Furthermore, the comparison between the proposed method and traditional equations indicated that GMDH is more accurate than existing equations.     

材料参数对3A21矩形管弯曲回弹的敏感性分析

为了解材料参数波动对3A21铝合金薄壁矩形管弯曲回弹的影响,基于动态显式有限元软件ABAQUS,借助多因素敏感性分析方法,建立了薄壁矩形管弯曲回弹敏感性分析模型,对材料参数影响回弹的规律进行了敏感性分析.结果表明：弹性模量是影响3A21薄壁矩形管回弹最敏感的因素,其次分别为强度系数、初始屈服应力及硬化指数;弹性模量对回...     

几种沉积层参数对声线到达结构的影响

本文基于Bellhop声线模型研究了沉积层密度、声速、传播损失系数等几种主要参数对声线到达结构的影响。采用反射系数描述声线与沉积层的相互作用,仿真研究了声线到达结构随沉积层参数变化的关系。结果表明：在水中的声速剖面先验已知的条件下,几种主要沉积层参数值在一定范围内改变时,对声线到达结构的影响较小。     

基于DEA灵敏度分析的物流系统综合评价研究

首先针对多目标系统建立了评价模型,将DEA和交叉系数矩阵法相结合,对模型进行求解,对所有的决策单元进行排序,避免了AHP排序的主观性;考虑实际数据采集误差对评价结果的影响,在评价模型的基础上建立了DEA灵敏度分析模型,对评价结果的可靠性进行了剖析,通过复合形法确立了评价结果的稳定区间.与传统求解DEA模型的单纯形法相比,其更灵活易变,并可求解非线性规划问题,收敛精度较好,能够有效地处理不等式的优化设计问题.最后通过对物流系统综合评价的实例,验证了上述模型和方法的可行性、实用性及有效性.     

基于化学流变学的复合材料液态模塑成型过程的灵敏度分析

为了探讨复合材料液态模塑成型（LCM）过程中充填时间和树脂流动前锋形状对材料参数及工艺参数的敏感程度,考虑树脂非稳态浸润过程中的边缘效应以及固化反应现象,引入灵敏度分析方法,推导了模腔内流体压力灵敏度和流体速度灵敏度等关键物理量参数之间所满足的数学关系,构建了充填时间灵敏度方程以及表征材料浸润缺陷形成可能性的树脂流动前锋形状函数及其灵敏度方程,并设计了各物理量的耦合求解方法及灵敏度分析的技术路线。在此基础上,自主开发了数值模拟软件,数值分析了关键材料和工艺参数对树脂流场发展的影响规律和程度。模拟结果表明,在恒压注射边界条件下,提高流体注射温度是提高生产效率最有效的方法,减少边缘区域渗透率则是最能改善树脂流动前锋形状以及充填浸润效果的途径。     

Sensitivity analysis of Johnson-Cook material parameters on adiabatic shear in different directions

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the effects of strain, strain rates, and forming directions (RD-rolling direction, TD-transverse direction, and ND-normal direction) on adiabatic shear, via dynamic impact compression tests using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus. A modified Johnson-Cook (J-C) constitutive model is proposed, which used to analyse the influence of the constitutive parameters on the sensitivity of adiabatic shear, employing a finite element software. The different sensitivities of adiabatic shear under different directions are explained by combining microscopic analysis and results from mechanical responses. The results show that the sensitivity of adiabatic shear can be related to the time of stress collapse in the following trend: ND?>?TD?>?RD; the sensitivities of these constitutive parameters on adiabatic shear are calculated and compared.     

Effects of Material Properties on Granular Flow in a Silo Using DEM Simulation

In order to test the effect of material properties on flowability of particulate materials, discharge procedures of spherical particles within a flat-bottomed model silo with three sets of material properties, i.e., soft and hard without adhesion and adhesive hard, were simulated using the Discrete Element Method. For each system, three particles on the center line were selected and their instant vertical velocity components were traced. In addition, both discharge and the rate were recorded throughout the procedure. The predicted results show that, for both the systems without adhesion, though the soft has a material modulus only 1/1000 of the hard, there are no significant differences in f low pattern and discharge rate. This suggests that a soft system can be used to predict the behavior of a hard one to save CPU time in a gravity-driven granular flow. On the other hand, comparison between both hard systems shows that adhesion can significantly reduce the flowability in granular flow. By analyzing the velocity plot for the traced particles, free fall was clearly detected above the decompression zone, indicating the motion of a particle in a granular flow can be resolved as free fall together with the movement due to particle collision. In addition, select dynamic behavior related to the kinetic fluctuations affecting flow was observed. discrete element method silo granule flow particulate material     

Sensitivity analysis for justification of utilising special purpose machine tools in the presence of uncertain parameters

Decision-makers in manufacturing area frequently face machine tool selection problem under uncertainty due to competitive market changes. Special purpose machines (SPMs), a relatively new class of reconfigurable machine tools, are used to react quickly to changes. Justification of utilising these machines vs. other machine tools requires a technique to investigate the sources of uncertainties. In this work, sensitivity analysis is utilised to investigate the sources of these uncertainties and errors which may reveal new insights for evaluating a machine tool. An illustrative example is provided to show the sensitivity of parameters on the economic performance of SPMs compared to the other alternatives. The results show that this analysis provides additional information and moves the decision closer to the optimum alternative.     

Sensitivity analysis of availability estimates to input data characterization using design of experiments

Reliability analysts are often faced with the challenge of characterizing the behaviour of system components based on limited data. The purpose of this study is to provide insight into which availability model input data are most significant and how many data are necessary to achieve desired accuracy requirements. The overall goal is to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the data collection and data characterization processes. A 2^5-1_V factorial designed experiment was conducted to determine which of five input data characterization factors (for a simple series–parallel structure) may significantly affect availability model accuracy. The results from this experiment show that in this instance the factors under study do not have a significant effect on model output accuracy. Additional research is planned to more closely scrutinize the effects of these factors. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper was produced under the auspices of the US Government and is therefore not subject to copyright in the US.     

Particle dynamics in a multi-staged fluidized bed: Particle transport behavior on micro-scale by discrete particle modelling

This work studies the particle exchange rates in horizontal fluidized beds equipped with different weir designs between compartments. These particle exchange rates provide information on the axial dispersion of the solid material within the process. For this purpose discrete particle modelling (DPM) was used to determine the particle exchange on microscopic level. This method uses a coupled CFD-DEM approach to observe particle dynamics in a fluid field. The model was validated against exchange rates in a lab-scale setup as determined by Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) with very good quantitative agreement, showing the suitability of the method for the evaluation of weir designs. Simulations were performed for different weir designs and under variation of the hold-up mass, the feed rate and gas velocity to predict their transport behavior in a pilot-scale 3D horizontal fluidized bed. The results indicate that the solids transport behavior is strongly dependent on the used weir design and the main driving force for the particle transport that can be influenced by the process conditions. The installation of weirs between two compartments induces a transport resistance, while the base type without the installation of a weir between the two chambers represents the fastest possibility for mixing the particles of a two-compartment system. It has been observed that the general trend shows higher particle recirculation rates for the overflow weir and base configuration (no weir), whereas the underflow and sideflow weir applications improve the solids transport through the horizontal fluidized bed.     

Round-Robin Test on methods for determining chloride transport parameters in concrete

This paper presents the results of a Round-Robin Test on methods for determining chloride transport parameters in concrete, carried out by the Technical Committee TC 178-TMC: “Testing and Modelling Chloride Penetration in Concrete” in which 27 different laboratories around the world have participated, using 13 different methods, in triplicate specimens, for 4 different mixes of concrete cast with different binders. Four different groups of methods have been tested: Natural diffusion methods (D), Migration methods (M), Resistivity methods (R) and Colourimetric methods (C). The statistical treatment of the data has been carried out according to the International Standard ISO 5725-2:1994 for the determination of the accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results. Part 2: Basic method for the determination of the repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method. In order to make an evaluation of these methods, four indicators have been identified and within each of them, several sub-indicators have been assigned. According to this system of classification, the methods have been classified following each indicator (trueness, precision, relevance and convenience), and also globally, by assigning different factors of importance, F.I., to the different indicators.     

基于DEM的磨粉机皮磨研磨仿真及参数优化

目的 探究辊式磨粉机皮磨系统工作参数对工艺效果的影响,并进行1B磨制粉过程磨辊工作参数优化。方法 通过Dem离散元软件对磨辊研磨过程进行模拟分析,以齿角、前角、轧距、落料点间距4个因素为变量对取粉率和功耗的影响进行分析,并采用正交试验和矩阵分析法对数值模拟结果进行综合评定。结果 得出1B磨制粉工序中最优参数组合方案为齿角γ=85°,前角α=25°,轧距d=1.5 mm,落料点间距b=0 mm。结论 本文对磨辊研磨过程的仿真分析提供了参考方法,并对辊式磨粉机工作参数的优化设置具有一定的指导意义。     

考虑非线性因素的科氏质量流量计灵敏度分析

基于科氏质量流量计(CMF)测量管的工作原理,为了提高传感器的灵敏度,了解其振动过程中非线性项对于CMF灵敏度的影响至关重要。以U型管科氏质量流量计为研究对象,考虑非线性因素,用比较法推导出非线性项对于CMF灵敏度的影响。此外,通过实验仿真,优化传感器结构,进而提高传感器灵敏度。     

Sensitivity analysis of a complex, proposed geologic waste disposal system using the Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test method

The Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST) method has been used to perform a sensitivity analysis of a computer model developed for conducting total system performance assessment of the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA. The computer model has a large number of random input parameters with assigned probability density functions, which may or may not be uniform, for representing data uncertainty. The FAST method, which was previously applied to models with parameters represented by the uniform probability distribution function only, has been modified to be applied to models with nonuniform probability distribution functions. Using an example problem with a small input parameter set, several aspects of the FAST method, such as the effects of integer frequency sets and random phase shifts in the functional transformations, and the number of discrete sampling points (equivalent to the number of model executions) on the ranking of the input parameters have been investigated. Because the number of input parameters of the computer model under investigation is too large to be handled by the FAST method, less important input parameters were first screened out using the Morris method. The FAST method was then used to rank the remaining parameters. The validity of the parameter ranking by the FAST method was verified using the conditional complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the output. The CCDF results revealed that the introduction of random phase shifts into the functional transformations, proposed by previous investigators to disrupt the repetitiveness of search curves, does not necessarily improve the sensitivity analysis results because it destroys the orthogonality of the trigonometric functions, which is required for Fourier analysis.     

CFD-DEM simulations of a fluidized bed with droplet injection: Effects on flow patterns and particle behavior

As one of the most preferred technologies, fluidized beds with droplet injection have been widely applied in a variety of industries attribute to the advantages of excellent mixing effect as well as consecutive interphase contact. However, pronounced slugging and gas channeling may occur with the existence of droplets, where a large proportion of bed solids would be lumped together. This study focused on the hydrodynamics and cohesive-like characteristics of solid particles in a pseudo-2D droplet gas-solid fluidized bed via two-way coupled CFD-DEM numerical simulations with the consideration of droplets coating process and liquid bridge force. Results revealed that the existence of droplets would lead to poor fluidization characteristics. It could be summarized that the increase of surface tension would lead to inadequate mixing. At the same time, larger value of liquid viscosity would cause a slower particle motion, while cases that exhibited vigorous fluidization corresponded to smaller values of viscosity. The influences cast by different contact angles were also studied and results showed that choosing an appropriate contact angle is of paramount importance to the optimization of the fluidization quality. It was also found that the more droplets injected, the worse the mixing behavior, while changing the number of droplets injected had no significant effect on the flow pattern and particle motion.     

非亏损对称系统的子结构灵敏度综合方法

本提出了一种利用子结构灵敏度综合对非亏损对称系统进行特征对灵敏度分析的方法。本利用固定界面模态综合和子结构约束模态以及约束主模态的二阶灵敏度，实现了非亏损对称系统的重特征值灵敏度分析。算例表明了本的方法是行之有效的。     

基于刚度和模态灵敏度分析的轿车车身轻量化研究

以某轿车白车身为例,建立有限元模型,以车身结构的刚度和模态有限元计算为基础,经灵敏度分析方法确定优化设计变量,以车身结构质量的最小化为目标,在保证车身刚度和模态性能的前提下,优化车身零件的厚度,从而实现车身结构的轻量化,车身减轻的重量为原来的3.6%,车身结构的刚度和主要模态频率也都获得不同程度的提高。