2018年世界分布式太阳能发电年收入将达到1120亿美元

在上网电价、光伏组件商品化,以及创新的住宅太阳能装置租赁项目的推动下,预计今后5年分布式太阳能光伏发电系统在一些国家将以两位数、三位数的速度增长。分布式太阳能发电系统与大型集中的太阳能电池板相比．具有以下许多优点：它们不需要新的传输容量,具有可扩展性,能快速满足最终用户的特定需求,有助于降低传输效率损耗,可在较短时间内获得许可和安装。     

太阳能光伏在济菏高速公路全程监控系统中的应用

介绍了太阳能光伏发电在济南至菏泽段全程监控系统中的应用,由于高速公路沿线布线、维护等成本较高,结合太阳能光伏发电无噪音、无污染、安装方便等优点,开辟了太阳能在高速监控系统中应用的新篇章。     

基于水库大坝的水能与太阳能融合型并网发电系统研究与应用

针对中国大中型面南的水库电站大坝,向光性比较好,具备安装太阳能光伏发电系统的条件,并使得2种可再生能源融合并网发电模式具有一定的创新性.水库电站的发电系统是已建成的,增加太阳能光伏发电系统并建设融合型并网发电系统,不仅体现了投资成本低发电效益高等特点,同时具有节约国土资源、保护大坝和节能减排等社会效益.在设计和实践过程...     

太阳能声屏障的性能分析及应用

在当前国家大力支持光伏分布式发电的大背景下,利用城市快速道路两旁的声屏障设施结合太阳能光伏系统,提出了新的太阳能声屏障发电系统在城市光伏发展领域的思路和方向.分析了声屏障、太阳能光伏以及两者的结合情况,同时在实际试验工程中采用不带边框的太阳能电池板替代常规声屏障背面的镀锌板材或安全复合玻璃,从而开发制作了4款新的太阳能声屏障产品并在工程实践中进行应用.     

中国太阳聚光光伏示范电站在内蒙古建成

国内首座太阳能聚光光伏示范电站在内蒙古鄂尔多斯市建成．该项目安装了200kW太阳能聚光光伏电池和5kW常规平板太阳能光伏电池。聚光光伏发电系统可提高太阳能电池的发电量     

太阳能光伏发电系统的系统分类

正太阳能光伏发电系统分为独立光伏发电系统、并网光伏发电系统及分布式光伏发电系统。a)独立光伏发电系统也叫离网光伏发电系统。主要由太阳能电池组件、控制器、蓄电池组成,若要为交流负载供电,还需要配置交流逆变器;b)并网光伏发电系统就是太阳能组件产生的直流电经过并网逆变器转换成符合市电电网要求的交流电之后直接接入公共电网。并网光伏发电系统有集中式大型并网光伏电站,一般都是国家级电站,主要特点是     

信息

光伏并网发电进入上海 上海第一个“光伏并网发电”示范系统日前已组建完毕,正进入测试阶段。该系统是由上海太阳能科技有限公司与上海新能源环保工程公司合作建设,安装在上海奉贤的滨海旅游区内的一幢三层小楼上。该楼朝南的一面墙为倾斜的坡面,上履一层太阳能电池板,内部装有太阳能光伏发电系统,进而实现与大电网的并联。     

太阳能自动跟踪发电系统的创新设计

针对现有太阳能光伏发电装置能量转换效率较低的缺陷,设计了一种新型太阳能光伏发电系统——双轴自动跟踪发电系统。研制了光电传感器,分析了光电传感器的工作原理;设计了系统的信号处理及控制电路。该系统能使太阳电池板在晴天始终保持与太阳光线垂直,在夜晚、阴天或太阳光辐照度低于工作照度时自动关机。为了得到该系统的发电功率随时间和天气变化的情况,进行了实验研究,最终得到光伏发电功率随时间和天气变化的规律。     

太阳能光伏发电预报网站系统设计与实现

基于中尺度数值预报模式,以原理预报法、动力—统计预报法等太阳能光伏发电量预报方法为理论基础,构建了太阳能光伏发电预报系统,并根据太阳能发电预报的产品显示需求,设计了太阳能光伏发电预报网站的总体功能,基于ASP.Net 4.0和Silverlight 4.0技术开发了太阳能光伏发电预报网.预报结果在预报员确认后经网站采用不需要终端用户部署的B/S模式展示和分发.     

智能型太阳能屋顶系统

太阳能屋顶与建筑结合是太阳能应用领域的新趋势，上海交通大学的太阳能屋顶系统是把太阳能发电与建筑、实用与科研结合在一起的一个实例。同时，为了增强其示范效果，在整体设计时考虑了安装数据采集器及远程监控装置，使其成为一种智能型的太阳能发电系统。本文提出该系统设计思路同大家探讨，以共同促进太阳能建筑事业的发展。１设计目的a解决光伏组件安装在屋面上而不是地面上所带来的一系列问题，以满足建筑一体化的要求；b在有电地区做到最大限度地降低造价；c如何配置更精确的数据处理系统。２设计方案为了达到上述目的，采取了如下…     

Field experience on solar electric power systems and their potential in Palestine

Palestine has a large number of rural small villages far from the national electric grids. Electrical loads in such villages are mostly small and can be covered by means of photovoltaic (PV) generators, which are economically more feasible than extending the electric grid or using diesel electric generators. Since PV has been rarely used in Palestine, this paper is devoted to investigating the potential of PV applications in Palestine, identifying the barriers for prevalence of PV applications as in other countries and demonstrating the reliability and feasibility of utilizing PV systems by presenting the test results of a PV system by supplying a rural clinic with its power demands. A method for designing the PV power system respecting the local environmental conditions is presented in this paper. The results of the measurements carried out over two years verify the reliability of the applied method. The illustrated test results show how far the PV-power generation can be matched with load demands and state of battery charge even during periods of low solar radiation. This could be achieved by respecting the local weather parameters in the illustrated sizing method. Long term field experience in designing, testing and operation of PV projects outside Palestine is presented in this paper.     

Conservation vs. renewable energy: Cases studies from Hawaii

State of Hawaii generates about 90 percent of its electricity from imported fossil fuel sources. Thus, there is pressure from both public and policy makers to reduce the State dependency on foreign fossil fuel sources. To this extend, there are incentives created at State and Federal level for both residential and commercial buildings to install photovoltaic (PV) systems. Although such incentives are necessary for long-term objectives, it is shown in this study that retrofitting inefficient old building-equipment is another viable source to reduce the State of Hawaii's electricity demand. Four case studies are presented to illustrate that building-equipment retrofitting is a viable and necessary tool for increasing the energy efficiency of buildings. Each case study presents an equipment retrofit project electricity savings with its payback periods, and compares with equivalent electricity capacity and economics PV systems in Honolulu, Hawaii. The case studies show that energy savings from retrofit projects ranged from 28% to 61% for individual equipment retrofits. These results indicate that equipment retrofitting with energy-efficient alternatives is about 50% or more cost-effective than installing PV systems. This is so even when large renewable energy tax incentives provided by the Federal and State Governments are taken into account.     

Comparison of theoretical and real energy yield of direct DC-power usage of a Photovoltaic Façade system

Multifunctional façade components have nowadays become a significant research topic as a step towards developing energy-efficient buildings. This paper presents the performance evaluation of an experimental setup of a real fully decentralized façade-integrated photovoltaic (PV) system installed in a prototype façade, for direct DC power use. The goal of this evaluation was to test the system's ability to fulfill a pre-designed daily electrical load of 925Wh corresponding to a three-people office space under 100% decentralization. This was achieved by studying the operation under different weather conditions and the impact of the system design and components on its overall output. The evaluation of both the actual and theoretical system outputs indicates poor actual system performance in terms of low energy yield and unacceptable load fulfillment factor, which did not exceed 0.95. At the same time it revealed underutilized system potential which could be exploited theoretically with a proper system configuration. The results in this paper conclude that decentralized façade integrated PV systems can completely satisfy their designated applications if properly-designed and implemented, and provides a methodology which could be used in designing similar systems. Satisfactory fulfillment is shown to be achieved by having 30% additional PV and 9 times bigger storage capacities in this system.     

Expected cost benefits of building-integrated PVs in UK, through a quantitative economic analysis of PVs in connection with buildings, focused on UK and Greece

In this study the actual costs of electricity produced by PV generators placed on buildings have been examined for UK and Greece. The type of buildings that were considered include medium size houses for up to four people, and buildings for offices/small business and hotels (Greece only). The chosen case studies were considered to be for new or refurbishment buildings, and, in the case of not integrated systems, for existing buildings that have the capacity to incorporate a PV installation on their present structure. The analysis has been done with the aid of PVSYST software. The costs have been derived for a working PV period of 25 years. Apart from that, a forecasting, through sensitivity analysis, of the likely relation between the price of the PV generated electricity and the price of electricity-buying power from the grid has been evaluated, examined, and analysed for the next decade. The main aim was to estimate when the prices of the PV generated electricity would be attractive to the potential costumers. The sensitivity analysis has been focused on different potential scenarios. The results identify that the period in which the profitable installation of a PV system on buildings will be a reality is estimated to be 2007–2011. During this period, BiPV installations on UK will become profitable before those in Greece.     

Monitoring results of two examples of building integrated PV (BIPV) systems in the UK

This paper presents monitoring results of two examples of building integrated PV system investigated at the School of the Built Environment, University of Nottingham in the UK. One of the systems is installed on an educational building, and consists of a thin film PV façade appropriate for commercial or office suites. The other system is installed on a detached house, and uses crystalline PV roof slates, appropriate for domestic buildings. As the two buildings are significantly different in size, construction and occupancy, the design and selection of the PV system for each was also different. The monitoring investigation has assisted identification of shortfalls in performance and possible explanations have been suggested. The results presented in this paper provide information on the design process, and highlight similarities and differences in the design, installation, performance and economics of the two systems.     

TRNSYS simulation models for solar-hydrogen systems

A solar-hydrogen system is a kind of stand-alone power system (SAPS), which can supply low energy dwellings with energy. With TRNSYS (a transient system simulation program) it is possible to perform parametric studies to find possible system configurations for different climates and loads. The systems simulated in this study consist of a photovoltaic (PV) cell array, an electrolyzer, a hydrogen (H₂) storage, a fuel cell, a catalytic burner, a lead-acid battery, DC/DC converters, DC/AC inverters, diodes, a solar collector, and a water storage tank. The main equations for the PV cell, electrolyzer and fuel cell are provided, while the other models are only briefly described. Simulations are performed for conventional low energy dwellings located in northern latitudes and results for different system configurations and operation schemes are given. The results show that the size of the solar-hydrogen system for a conventional low energy house located in Trondheim, Norway (63°N), needs to be quite large. This is mainly due to the somewhat high energy requirements assumed, but also due to the low insolation available. Simulations of the same dwelling located in lower latitudes, in more favorable climates, and/or with lower energy needs (e.g., future dwellings), show how the size of the solar-hydrogen system can be significantly reduced. The study also illustrates the importance of minimizing the thermal and electrical loads before designing a solar-hydrogen system for energy self-sufficient buildings.     

Hammarby Sjöstad–an interdisciplinary case study of the integration of photovoltaics in a new ecologically sustainable residential area in Stockholm

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in apartment buildings in a new residential area, Hammarby Sjöstad in Stockholm, has been studied using an interdisciplinary approach including e.g. interviews with actors and modelling of PV systems in PVSYST. Four of the ten construction companies represented in the area will install PV systems. The yearly electricity production from these systems has been estimated to be 63 MWh or equal to an electricity demand of 38 (out of 2300) households in the area. Interviews reveal that obstacles for the integration of PV in buildings are e.g. perceived expense and a lack of knowledge. The choice of PV technology is based more on economy, aesthetic appearance, and a wish to demonstrate environmental concern, than on optimal system performance. By integrating renewable energy technologies in the buildings, the construction companies will lay a ground for an ecologically sustainable living, but how these opportunities are utilised by future residents, managers, and caretakers of the buildings will be of decisive importance for the final outcome.     

Review of international standards for grid connected photovoltaic systems

Photovoltaic power systems are unique in their characteristics and in their mode of application to buildings. Grid connected PV is being applied in a variety of applications including large centralised stations, commercial buildings and individual houses. There is a need for specific standards to address distinctive new issues created by grid connected PV power systems. Internationally many countries are attempting to develop standards for building integration, DC side issues and grid connection issues. This paper surveys the current developmental state of the major countries’ standards in this area, comparing and contrasting, standards and guidelines under development.     

Toward a positive-net-energy residential building in Serbian conditions

This article reports investigations of a residential building in Serbian conditions energized by electricity from photovoltaics (PVs), and the electricity grid. The building uses electricity to run its space heating system, lighting and appliances, and to heat domestic hot water (DHW). The space heating system comprises floor heaters, a water-to-water heat pump, and a ground heat exchanger. The PV system generates electricity that either may be consumed by the building or may be fed-in the electricity grid. The electricity grid is used as electricity storage. Three residential buildings are investigated. The first residential building has PVs that yearly produce smaller amount of electricity than the heating system requires. This is a negative-net energy building (NNEB). The second building has the PVs that produce the exact amount of electricity that the entire building annually needs. This is a zero-net energy building (ZNEB). The third building has PVs that entirely cover the south-facing roof of the building. This is a positive-net energy building (PNEB). These buildings are presented by a mathematical model, partially in an EnergyPlus environment. For all buildings, simulations by using EnergyPlus software would give the generated, consumed, and purchased energy with time step, and monthly and yearly values. For sure, these buildings would decrease demand for electricity during summer, however they will increase this demand during winter when there is no sun and start of space heating is required. Depending on the size of PV array this building will be either NNEB, or ZNEB, or PNEB. However it is crucial for such a building to be connected to the electricity grid. The smaller payback for investment in the PV array is obtained for buildings with larger size of PV array. The feed-in tariff for the generation of electricity in Serbia should be under the constant watch to be corrected accordingly for larger penetration of this technology in the Serbian market.     

Present status and prospects of photovoltaic market in China

In 2009, the photovoltaic (PV) industry expanded greatly in China. Developing PV technology is both necessary and urgent, as China is a large country, which consumes huge amounts of energy. In addition, because China has a natural advantage of excellent solar resources, its government has provided significant support in this field. In order to motivate the PV industry, the Ministries of Finance and Construction established coordinated policies to offer financial inducements. The government will implement the Jintaiyang project in the near future: 15 billion US dollars will be invested and 294 demonstration projects will be built. The developing Chinese PV market holds great promise. The aim of this paper is to analyze the present status of the Chinese PV market, discuss the opportunities available, and the potential challenges anticipated in the developing process including some engineering roadblocks encountered in the PV system, and to outline possible future scenarios in this field.