人参低聚肽对老年db/db小鼠血糖及免疫调节的作用

目的:评估人参低聚肽改善老年db/db小鼠血糖以及炎症因子和氧化应激状态的效果。方法:db/db小鼠随机分为老年模型对照组、阳性对照组、人参低聚肽干预组,同时以db/m小鼠作为正常对照组,并且取喂养至35周龄的青年db/db小鼠作为青年模型对照组。干预期间和干预结束后对各组小鼠进行空腹血糖、糖耐量水平、炎症反应程度和氧化应激状态的测定。结果:人参低聚肽可显著降低70周db/db小鼠空腹血糖(P<0.05),人参低聚肽干预组的小鼠血糖峰值和血糖曲线下面积(AUC)低于老年模型对照组、阳性对照组、青年模型对照组。人参低聚肽干预组小鼠IL-6(412.61±12.18 pg/L)低于正常对照组(476.50±30.00 pg/L),并且显著低于老年模型对照组(P<0.05),正常对照组、人参低聚肽干预组、阳性对照组和青年模型对照组的SOD和GSH-Px含量均显著高于老年模型对照组(P<0.05)。结论:人参低聚肽可以在一定程度上改善老年db/db小鼠血糖和糖耐量情况,其可能的作用机制是降低小鼠炎症因子和改善氧化应激状态,调节其免疫。     

黑参发酵对疲劳应激诱导氧化损伤的防护作用及与白参、红参和人参浆果的比较

目的：探究不同人参（Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer）制品（白参、红参、黑参）及人参浆果发酵前后对于剧烈运动小鼠疲劳缓解及氧化损伤的保护作用。方法：通过剧烈运动诱导建立雄性ICR小鼠疲劳模型,设置空白对照组、阳性对照（红景天胶囊粉末）组以及白参、红参、黑参及人参浆果发酵前后组（0.5 g/（kg mb·d））,每组12 只小鼠,连续给药30 d,测定小鼠体质量、摄食量以及血清中尿素氮、乳酸浓度和肌肉乳酸含量,分析小鼠血糖浓度变化,测定肌肉及肝脏中糖原含量,肝脏内谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）、总超氧化物歧化酶及丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）水平,分析抗疲劳指标与抗氧化指标的相关性。结果：各组小鼠的体质量随干预时间延长而增加,干预30 d后各组小鼠体质量增幅差异不明显,各组小鼠摄食量变化不明显。与阳性对照组相比,黑参发酵后能极显著延长小鼠力竭游泳时间（P＜0.01）,极显著降低血清乳酸、血清尿素氮浓度及肌肉乳酸含量（P＜0.01）。与空白对照组相比,阳性对照组具有较强的对疲劳应激诱导氧化损伤的防护作用。与阳性对照组比较,发酵后的黑参能够显著提高小鼠体内血糖浓度、肝糖原及肌糖原含量（P＜0.05）,同时也能够极显著提高GSH-Px活力（P＜0.01）,极显著降低肝脏中MDA含量（P＜0.01）。结论：在同一给药剂量下,发酵后的黑参较其他参类及红景天胶囊粉末表现出更好的抗疲劳和抗氧化效果,能够减轻或消除由疲劳应激诱导的氧化损伤,保护机体免受氧化应激的侵害,起到抗运动疲劳的功效。     

人参果汁浓缩液对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：研究人参果汁浓缩液对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：72只雄性SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠随机分成空白组、模型组、人参果汁浓缩液（83、166、249、332 mg/kg mb）组,每组12只。模型组和人参果汁浓缩液各剂量组自第1天开始,每日腹腔注射40 mg/kg mb环磷酰胺,连续10 d,空白组腹腔注射等量的磷酸盐缓冲液;同时自第1天开始,人参果汁浓缩液各剂量组每日给予小鼠灌胃20 mL/kg mb不同剂量人参果汁浓缩液,空白组和模型组灌胃等量的蒸馏水,连续15 d后测定小鼠体质量、脾脏和胸腺质量、白细胞数量、淋巴细胞亚群数量、细胞因子表达水平以及免疫细胞核转录因子表达水平。结果：人参果汁浓缩液可改善免疫低下小鼠的脾脏质量/指数,提高免疫低下小鼠外周血细胞数量和免疫器官中淋巴细胞亚群数量,促进免疫低下小鼠细胞因子白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-2、IL-4和IL-17的表达和抑制负调控因子转化生长因子（transforming growth factor,TGF）-β的表达,以及部分恢复免疫细胞核转录因子T细胞中T-box(T-box expressed in...     

Anti-obesity effect of a standardised ethanol extract from Curcuma longa L. fermented with Aspergillus oryzae in ob/ob mice and primary mouse adipocytes

BACKGROUND: We examined the anti‐obesity effect of fermented Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) standardised ethanol extract (FTE) in the C57BL/6J ob/ob mouse model. Mice were fed a chow diet containing FTE (0, 200, or 500 mg kg^?1 body weight) for 9 weeks. RESULTS: Supplementation with FTE significantly reduced body weight gain and retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissue weights compared to the ob/ob control group. Additionally, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in serum and liver were significantly decreased in FTE‐200 and FTE‐500 groups when compared to those of the ob/ob control group, whereas the high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol level was significantly increased. The levels of serum adiponectin as well as mRNA expression of lipases, such as hormone sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase, were clearly increased. In primary adipocytes of C57BL/6J mice, FTE treatment caused a significant increase glycerol release and hormone sensitive lipase levels and decreased perilipin A levels. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that supplementation of FTE has potent anti‐obesity effects by controlling body weight, fat mass, serum lipids, and hepatic lipids. Moreover, FTE could be considered a potential resource for the treatment of obesity through its promotion of lipolysis via the protein kinase A pathway. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Anti-obesity effects of highly polymeric proanthocyanidins from seed shells of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata Blume)

Recently, we have shown that seed shells contain a large amount of highly polymeric proanthocyanidins having a series of heteropolyflavan-3-ols with doubly linked A-type linkages as well as single B-type bonds without gallic acid esterified to them. Here, we attempted to evaluate in vivo anti-obesity effects of the polymerized proanthocyanidins in mice. An oral starch or glucose tolerance test in mice revealed that the isolated two fractions of highly polymerized proanthocyanidins with the different degree of polymerization suppressed effectively the elevation of blood glucose from oral starch, but not from oral glucose, suggesting the preferential inhibition of the digestive enzymes of carbohydrates. Moreover, in vivo anti-obesity effects of the total fraction containing the proanthocyanidins as a drink were investigated in mice fed a high-fat diet. Their anti-obesity effects became more evident after 9 weeks as determined by the attenuation of the elevation in body weight, the mass of peritoneal adipose tissues, and the plasma levels of total cholesterol and leptin. Furthermore, the increased size of hepatocytes and the generation of steatosis with micro- and macrovesicles in liver were normalized by the dietary supplementation of the total proanthocyanidin fraction.The findings suggest the usefulness of highly polymeric proanthocyanidins from seed shells in the application to food as a dietary supplement with anti-obesity effects in vivo through the inhibition of digestive enzymes of carbohydrates and fats.     

Milk polar lipids modulate lipid metabolism,gut permeability,and systemic inflammation in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J ob/ob mice,a model of severe obesity

Dynamic interactions between lipid metabolism, gut permeability, and systemic inflammation remain unclear in the context of obesity. Milk polar lipids, lipids derived from the milk fat globule membrane, could positively affect the aforementioned obesity-related endpoints. This study aimed to test the hypotheses that milk polar lipids will reduce gut permeability, systemic inflammation, and liver lipid levels, and differentially affect the hepatic expression of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol regulation in preexisting obesity. We fed 3 groups of C57BL/6J ob/ob mice (n = 6 per group) for 2 wk: (1) a modified AIN-93G diet (CO) with 34% fat by energy; (2) CO with milk gangliosides (GG) at 0.2 g/kg of diet; and (3) CO with milk phospholipids (PL) at 10 g/kg of diet. The GG and PL were provided as semi-purified concentrates and replaced 2.0% and 7.2% of dietary fat by energy. The GG and PL did not affect total food intake, weight gain, fasting glucose, or gut permeability. The PL decreased liver mass and the mesenteric fat depot compared with the CO. The GG increased tight junction protein occludin in colon mucosa compared with the CO. The GG and PL decreased tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 in jejunum mucosa compared with the CO. Plasma endotoxin increased during the study but was unaffected by the treatments. Compared with the CO and GG, the PL increased plasma sphingomyelin and plasma IL-6. The GG and PL differentially regulated genes associated with lipid metabolism in the liver compared with the CO. Regarding general effects on lipid metabolism, the GG and PL decreased lipid levels in the liver and the mesenteric depot, and increased lipid levels in the plasma. Diet consumption decreased significantly when the ob/ob mice were kept in metabolic cages, which were not big enough and resulted in unwanted animal deaths. Future studies may keep this in mind and use better metabolic equipment for ob/ob mice. In conclusion, dietary milk polar lipids may have limited beneficial effects on gut barrier integrity, systemic inflammation, and lipid metabolism in the context of severe obesity.     

Biochemical comparison of two grape varieties differing in juice acidity

The winegrape cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and the tablegrape cv. Gora Chirine (both Vitis vinifera L.) differ in the acidity of their berry juice. The changes in pH, titratable acidity and the concentration of compounds of the berry juice were measured from 20–30 d before veraison to harvest on plants cultivated in the glasshouse. The difference in acidity between the juice of the two varieties appeared before veraison. At harvest, the berry juice of Gora Chirine had a pH of 5.2 and titratable acidity (TA) of 32 meq/L while that of Cabernet Sauvignon had a pH of 3.2 and TA of 150 meq/L. To evaluate cellular compartmentation in the berry pericarp, vacuolar pH was measured on intact berries at two growth stages, using ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Vacuolar pH did not differ significantly between the two cvs. The lower TA of Gora Chirine juice could be attributed to lower concentrations of all three major acids, malic, tartaric and citric, and to a higher concentration of potassium. At veraison, the malic acid concentration in the berry juice of Cabernet Sauvignon was about seven times higher than that of Gora Chirine. The accumulation of hexoses, especially glucose, occurred earlier during the berry growth cycle in Gora Chirine than in Cabernet Sauvignon. The osmotic potential of the Gora Chirine juice, before veraison, was lower than could have been expected because of low acidity. This was due to the compensatory effect of early accumulation of glucose. Amino acid concentration was significantly higher in Gora Chirine than in Cabernet Sauvignon, especially just before veraison. The role of organic acids in berry acidity and osmotic potential, and various metabolic processes that may lead to the difference in organic acid concentration, are discussed.     

黄精知母三七胶囊对小鼠的降血糖作用研究

目的：研究黄精知母三七胶囊对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠的辅助降血糖作用。方法：采用腹腔注射四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病小鼠动物模型。参照《保健食品功能检验与评价方法》(2022版)的辅助降血糖功能评价方法,黄精知母三七胶囊设置人体推荐服用剂量(1.8 g/d,折合生药15 g/d)5倍、10倍和20倍剂量,即150 mg/kg.BW、300 mg/kg.BW、600 mg/kg.BW；同时设模型对照组以及正常动物空白对照组。经口连续给予各受试物30 d,观察其对小鼠体重、空腹血糖及糖耐量的影响。结果：黄精知母三七胶囊高、中、低各剂量组对正常小鼠的体重及空腹血糖无影响(P>0.05)；与模型对照组相比,中、高剂量组均能显著降低小鼠空腹血糖值(P<0.05,P<0.01),糖耐量试验中,中剂量组和高剂量组能够显著改善糖尿病小鼠的葡萄糖耐受量水平(P<0.05,P<0.01)；与模型组相比,黄精知母三七胶囊中、高剂量组的糖化血红蛋白(GSP)均显著降低(P<0.05),血清胰岛素(INS)含量均显著上升(P<0.05),提示黄精知母三七胶囊可能具有改善胰岛素表达的作用,改善小鼠的糖代谢水平,促进胰岛素的分泌,降低胰岛素的抵抗性。另外,黄精知母三七胶囊还可以显著降低糖尿病小鼠的总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,且呈现一定的量效关系。结论：黄精知母三七胶囊对高血糖模型小鼠具有辅助降血糖作用。     

提高缺氧耐受力的红景天保健胶囊的实验评价

以红景天提取物为主要原料,辅以枸杞子提取物和西洋参提取物,研制出红景天保健胶囊。经安全性毒理学评价,大鼠和小鼠的急性经MTD值均大于15 g/kg.bw,按急性毒性分级属无毒级;经功能评价表明红景天胶囊具有提高缺氧耐受力的功能;经功效成分稳定性评价表明红景天胶囊功效成分稳定。     

桑葛降糖粉对四氧嘧啶模型小鼠降糖作用的研究

目的研究保健食品桑葛降糖粉对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠皀辅助降血糖作用。方法随机选取10只小鼠为空白组,以四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病小鼠实验组,随机分配为模型组、阳性对照组[3g/(kg×d)]、桑葛降糖粉高、中、低剂量组[7.8、3.9、1.95g/(kg×d)],灌胃给药15d,每次灌胃量均为0.1mL/10g。分别在试验第3、7、11、15d测定各组小鼠皀体重、饮水量和空腹血糖值(fastingbloodglucose,FBG)。在第16d迚行口服葡萄糖耐量试验,分别测定各组小鼠口服葡萄糖0、30、60、120min后皀血糖值,幵计算曲线下面积(areaunderthecurve,AUC)。结果桑葛降糖粉对糖尿病小鼠皀体重影响不显著,但其多饮症状得到明显改善;桑葛降糖粉高、中剂量组均能显著降低小鼠FBG(P0.05),且能显著增加小鼠皀糖耐量(oralglucosetolerance,OGT)(P0.01)。结论桑葛降糖粉能够明显改善糖尿病小鼠皀病症,可以有效降低糖尿病小鼠皀FBG和增加其OGT,因此具有较好皀辅助降血糖作用。     

Beneficial Effects of Supplementation of the Rare Sugar “D‐allulose” Against Hepatic Steatosis and Severe Obesity in Lepob/Lepob Mice

A rare sugar, D‐allulose (also called D‐psicose), has recently been applied as a food supplement in view of controlling diabetes and obesity in Japan. D‐allulose has been proven to have unique effects against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in a number of studies using several species of rats and mice. However, the antiobesity effects of D‐allulose have not yet been assessed in Lep^ob/Lep^ob (ob/ob) mice. Therefore, this study explored the dietary supplemental effects of this sugar in leptin‐deficient ob/ob mice. Consequently, the subchronic ingestion of D‐allulose in ob/ob mice for 15 wk significantly decreased the body and liver weights, and the loss of body weight was involved in the reduction of the total fat mass, including abdominal visceral fat, and not fat‐free body mass, including muscle. Furthermore, D‐allulose improved hepatic steatosis, as evaluated using hepatic histological studies and MRI. In the normal mice, none of these parameters were influenced by the single or long‐term ingestion of D‐allulose. These results indicate that dietary supplementation of D‐allulose especially influences postprandial hyperglycemia and obesity‐related hepatic steatosis, without exercise therapy or dietary restriction. Therefore, D‐allulose may be useful as a supplement for preventing and improving obesity and obesity‐related disorders.     

非原生地黑苦荞茎叶提取物降血糖作用及功效成分变化

研究原生于甘洛县的黑苦荞种籽在原生地和非原生地种植后,分别采收开花前的茎叶,测定茎叶总黄酮、膳食纤维的含量,再比较60%乙醇提取物的功效成分和降血糖功能,探讨非原生地茎叶提取物的降血糖功能及其代替原生地资源的可行性。腹腔注射四氧嘧啶(180 mg/kg)建立小鼠糖尿病模型,将两种来源的提取物(1000 mg生药/kg、500 mg生药/kg)分别灌胃,阳性对照组给予中成药的糖尿乐(300 mg/kg),连续12 d灌胃,测定处理前后的空腹血糖值,每4 d称重一次。结果表明,灌胃两种来源的黑苦荞茎叶提取物均能明显抑制高血糖小鼠体重的降低,对其高血糖有显著的降低作用,并可增强其葡萄糖耐受量。两种来源黑苦荞茎叶的膳食纤维含量差异显著,总黄酮含量差异也显著,其中,除芦丁的差异显著外,槲皮素和D-手性肌醇的差异不显著。两种来源黑苦荞茎叶经乙醇提取后,提取物的总黄酮和D-手性肌醇,芦丁、槲皮素的差异均不显著,动物试验表明两种提取物都有降血糖功能,所以,非原生地黑苦荞茎叶可代替原生地的,用于开发降血糖的功能产品。     

超细大豆皮膳食纤维对糖尿病模型小鼠糖耐量的影响

目的：探讨超细大豆皮膳食纤维对正常和四氧嘧啶致糖尿病模型小鼠糖耐量的影响。方法：对正常和四氧嘧啶致糖尿病模型小鼠灌胃5g/kg bw 超细大豆皮膳食纤维(140～200 目和穿过200 目)后进行血糖耐量实验。结果：与正常对照组比较,正常小鼠两个剂量组的血糖曲线下面积分别减小14.94% 和15.48%,有显著性差异(P ＜ 0.05),餐后血糖峰值分别降低12.38% 和12.51%;对糖尿病模型小鼠,两个剂量组的血糖曲线下面积分别减小24.05% 和29.68%,有极显著性差异(P ＜ 0.01),餐后血糖峰值分别降低38.71% 和39.26%。结论：超细大豆皮膳食纤维使正常和糖尿病模型小鼠的糖耐量有显著改善,使餐后血糖峰值及血糖值降低,但大豆皮膳食纤维的粒度差别对正常和糖尿病模型小鼠的血糖耐量和餐后血糖峰值影响差别不明显。     

辣椒和人参提取液对小鼠游泳及耐缺氧能力的影响

为探讨辣椒提取液和人参提取液对小白鼠游泳耐力及耐缺氧能力的影响，以小白鼠为试验动物，每d分别采用辣椒提取液（1g／mL，0．6g/mL，0．2g/mL）和人参提取液（1g/mL）进行灌胃30d，灌胃量为0．2ml/10g体重。并安排对照（不加辣椒提取物），进行密闭缺氧试验和游泳抗疲劳实验。结果表明，3种浓度的辣椒提取液不能够显著提高小鼠游泳耐力，但低浓度的辣椒提取液（0．2g辣椒／mL）能显著提高小鼠耐缺氧能力（P〈0．05）；人参提取液（1g／mL）能极显著（P〈0．01）提高小鼠游泳耐力和耐缺氧能力。     

低分子量蛹虫草多糖降血糖活性的研究

采用高血糖小鼠模型验证低分子量蛹虫草多糖在体内的降血糖活性。以腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)构建小鼠糖尿病模型,小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性对照组、低分子量蛹虫草多糖高、中、低剂量组,研究低分子量蛹虫草多糖对小鼠空腹血糖值、糖耐量、脏器指数、体重、血清总胆固醇(TC)和三酰甘油(TG)等指标的影响。连续灌胃给药4周,与模型组相比,剂量组小鼠的体重呈升高趋势,具有显著性差异(p0.01),高剂量组(200 mg/kg)降糖效果最好,给药4周后空腹血糖降至13.7±2.4 mmol/L,结果表明,低分子量蛹虫草多糖显示出较好的降血糖效果,能明显降低糖尿病小鼠血糖值,且在一定范围内能改善小鼠糖耐量异常,同时能有效减轻高血糖对肾脏和肝脏的损伤和缓解由糖代谢紊乱所引发的体重下降问题。     

Tiliroside, a glycosidic flavonoid, inhibits carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract

Scope Recent studies have reported that tiliroside, a glycosidic flavonoid, possesses anti‐diabetic activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of tiliroside on carbohydrate digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Methods and results This study showed that tiliroside inhibits pancreatic α‐amylase (IC₅₀ = 0.28 mM) in vitro. Tiliroside was found as a noncompetitive inhibitor of α‐amylase with K_i values of 84.2 μM. In male ICR mice, the increase in postprandial plasma glucose levels was significantly suppressed in the tiliroside‐administered group. Tiliroside treatment also suppressed hyperinsulinemia after starch administration. Tiliroside administration inhibited the increase of plasma glucose levels in an oral glucose tolerance test, but not in an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. In human intestinal Caco‐2 cells, the addition of tiliroside caused a significant dose‐dependent inhibition of glucose uptake. The inhibitory effects of both sodium‐dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) inhibitors (phlorizin and phloretin, respectively) on glucose uptake were significantly inhibited in the presence of tiliroside, suggesting that tiliroside inhibited glucose uptake mediated by both SGLT1 and GLUT2. Conclusion These findings indicate that the anti‐diabetic effects of tiliroside are at least partially mediated through inhibitory effects on carbohydrate digestion and glucose uptake in the gastrointestinal tract.     

乳酸菌发酵对枸杞果汁体外抗氧化和抗炎活性的影响

采用鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)LGG对枸杞果汁进行发酵,评估发酵对枸杞果汁体外抗氧化、抗炎活性的影响。结果表明,与未发酵枸杞果汁相比,发酵枸杞果汁基于1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS+)和铁离子还原力(FRAP)方法的抗氧化能力显著提高,分别为17.53 mmol TE/L、42.72 mmol TE/L和21.12 mmol TE/L。发酵前后的枸杞果汁提取物可使H₂O₂损伤的Caco-2细胞存活率从50.5%分别提高至65.2%、85.0%。通过脂多糖(LPS)作用RAW264.7细胞系构建炎症细胞模型,与未发酵对照组相比,发酵枸杞果汁提取物处理的RAW264.7细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、人白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和一氧化氮(NO)释放量显著降低(P<0.05),分别为23.14 ng/mL、450 pg/mL、10.72μmol/L,表明其是通过减少抗炎因子来发挥抗炎作用的。乳酸菌发酵提升了枸杞果汁抗氧化活性...     

Gelidium amansii ethanol extract suppresses fat accumulation by down-regulating adipogenic transcription factors in ob/ob mice model

Food Science and Biotechnology - The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-obesity effects of Gelidium amansii extract (GAE) in the C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice. The ob/ob mice were fed GAE at...     

提高缺氧耐受力的红景天口服液的实验评价

以红景天提取物为主要原料,辅以枸杞子提取物、西洋参提取物、牛磺酸,研制出红景天保健口服液。经安全性毒理学评价,大鼠和小鼠的急性经口MTD(最大耐受剂量)值均大于15 g(/kg.bw),按急性毒性分级属无毒级;经功能评价表明红景天口服液具有提高缺氧耐受力的功能;经功效成分稳定性评价表明红景天口服液功效成分稳定。     

Changes in antioxidant activities and volatile compounds of mixed berry juice through fermentation by lactic acid bacteria

The objectives of this study were to analyze antioxidant activities and identify volatile compounds in mixed berry juice after fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Antioxidant activity of the mixed berry juice increased significantly from 209.57±2.93 to 268.30±1.75 μmol TE/g after 24 h of fermentation. After LAB fermentation, 34 volatile compounds were identified. Among them, three compounds—benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, and vitispirane—showed significant changes in their concentrations. Peak areas of benzoic acid and benzaldehyde, which are known to possess antioxidant activities, increased by 64 and 188%, respectively, after fermentation. However, the peak area of vitispirane, which is the most abundant terpene compound in berry juices, decreased by 92% after fermentation.