间歇反应器的热参数敏感性及其临界判据(Ⅱ)

根据间歇反应器出现热参数敏感性的理论依据和数学特征,证明了n级间歇反应器操作曲线与温度最大点曲线的拐点轨迹相切的点是反应系统的参数敏感点,从理论上给出了间歇反应器中进行n级反应时,反应系统安全操作所允许的温度上限,并运用小参数扰动法,给出了n级间歇反应系统的安全操作温度上限的简洁渐进表达式.利用临界操作曲线温度最大点和超临界操作曲线的拐点关系,推导出反应系统安全操作的临界判据通式,并将该临界判据与AE以及WMV经典判据进行了比较.比较发现,在反应热参数B值的某个范围内,两个经典判据比本文推导的判据保守,大于该值时,则本文推导的判据比经典判据保守,但当B趋向无穷大时,新判据与经典判据之间的差值趋于某一恒定值.     

间歇反应器的热参数敏感性及其临界判据(Ⅰ)

以参数敏感性定义作为理论基础和数学依据,证明了间歇反应器操作曲线与温度最大点曲线的拐点轨迹相切的点是反应系统的参数敏感点,从理论上给出了间歇反应器中进行一级反应时,反应系统安全操作所允许的温度上限,并利用临界操作曲线温度最大点和超临界操作曲线的拐点关系,推导出反应系统安全操作的临界判据.将该临界判据用于冷却介质温度与物料入口温度相等的反应系统,并与Adler和Enig,van Welsenaere和Froment以及Wu,Morbidelli和Varma的经典判据进行了比较.该临界判据与Allen和Rice的实验结果吻合良好.     

间歇放热反应系统热失控参数敏感性研究

以参数敏感性定义作为理论基础和数学依据,证明了一级间歇放热反应系统操作曲线与温度最大点曲线的拐点轨迹相切的点是反应系统热失控的参数敏感点,从理论上给出了反应系统的安全操作所允许的温度上限。利用敏感点和超临界操作曲线的拐点关系,推导出反应系统安全操作的临界判据。将该临界判据与Adler和Enig、van Welsenaere和Froment以及Wu等的经典判据进行比较,结果与文献值基本一致。将该临界判据和经典判据与Allen和Rice的实验结果进行对比,该标准也能很好地预测出偶氮甲烷分解爆炸的压力。     

固定床反应器的飞温和参数敏感性

以参数敏感性定义作为理论基础和数学依据,证明了热点轨迹拐点是反应系统的参数敏感点,从理论上给出了固定床反应器采用一维拟均相模型,进行一级反应,冷却介质温度不变,且与物料入口温度相等时,反应系统安全操作所允许的温度上限,并利用临界操作曲线热点和超临界操作曲线拐点之间的关系,推导出反应系统安全操作的临界判据,该关联式与El-Swai等人的实验结果吻合很好.     

固定床反应器的飞温和参数敏感性

以参数敏感性定义作为理论基础和数学依据,证明了热点轨迹拐点是反应系统的参数敏感点,从理论上给出了固定床反应器采用一维拟均相模型,进行一级反应,冷却介质温度不变,且与物料入口温度相等时,反应系统安全操作所允许的温度上限,并利用临界操作曲线热点和超临界操作曲线拐点之间的关系,推导出反应系统安全操作的临界判据,该关联式与El-Swai等人的实验结果吻合很好.     

固定床反应器中传热参数的相关分析

传热参数在无反应下敏感性不高，改变模型参数的形式只是数学上的变换，并不能提高参数估计的准确程度，放热反应存在下每个参数都变得很重要，因此对参数的准确程度提高了很高要求。     

非等温固定床反应器设计及操作方案的选择

本文对正丁烷氧化制顺酐固定床反应器的参数敏感性进行了模拟分析。确定了万吨级生产装置适宜的设计及操作参数,并对反应器上段催化剂稀释与不稀释,以及双段熔盐循环的方案进行了比较。结果表明以双段熔盐循环系统效果最好。     

固定床反应器传热参数的求取

采用模拟平板弯曲变形的曲面样条函数表达温度分布函数,由此建立一种在固定床反应器内由实验数据推算传热参数的算法,并求出一个温度分布函数。线性方程组的求解采用全主元高斯消去法,目标函数的求解采用单纯形法。本方法计算结果可靠,与文献值符合良好。此法还具有算法稳定,对初值要求不高等优点。     

Sequential experimental design for estimation and analysis of thermal parameters in a fixed bed

The analysis of the effective radial thermal conductivity and the film heat transfer coefficient were carried out in a fixed bed. The temperature profiles were described by two‐dimensional pseudo‐homogeneous model. The thermal parameters were estimated using a sequential experimental design technique. The minimum volume criterion was used to design the next point for temperature measurement in the bed. The utilization of T = T₀ (constant) as the boundary condition at the bed inlet resulted in an axial variation of thermal parameters, which was the factor responsible for the inadequacy of the model in fitting experimental data of different bed heights simultaneously. Using T = T(r) as the boundary condition makes the thermal parameters independent of the axial position and the model statiscally adequate to describe the axial and radial temperature profiles throughout the bed.     

固定床催化反应器参数敏感性的研究进展

对于在固定床催化反应器中进行的强放热反应,当初始条件达到或超过某一限度时,反应系统瞬是产生的热量超过了反应系统本身所能承受的限度或负荷,造成热点温度急剧升高,导致反应系统失去控制,对反应的转化率、选择性以及催化 活性和寿命等都有不良影响。对反应系统参数敏感性的研究,实质上就是从理论上揭示出反应系统安全操作上限,使之由于温度升高引起不良后果有在反应器的设计中和操作前就能避免。文中对上述问题进行了详尽     

化学放热系统热失控临界判据的研究进展

化工过程安全是绿色化工的主要研究内容之一。研究化学放热系统热失控临界判据,实质上就是确定反应系统安全操作区域,避免热失控行为的发生。本文对热失控临界判据进行了详细总结,对各判据的优缺点进行了分析比较,提出了临界判据有效性的判定方法。最后,对非线性科学在放热系统热失控领域的研究进行了展望。     

Runaway Criterion in Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactors with Radial Temperature Profile

The discrepancy between pseudo-homogeneous one-dimensional model and peeudo-homogeneous two-dimensional model is studied. It is found that there are great differences between two models. This paper compares the maximum and minimum values of the radial temperature in the hot spot in came that a single exothermic reaction is carried out, a correlation is obtlioed with peeudo-homogeneous one-dimensional model to describe the entire reactor behavier. A new runaway criterion, based on the occurrence of inflection in the hot spot locus, is developed for the case of pseudo-homogeneous two-dimensional model. This criterion predicts the maximum allowable temperature for safe operation and the regions of runaway, respectively. The calculated results show that, compared with the results based on pseudo-homogeneous one-dimensional model, runaway will easily occur when the radial temperature gradient has to be considered.     

Determination of thermal parameters of non-spherical particles in a packed bed from svstem response analysis in the time domain

The thermal conductivity and the particle-to-fluid heat-transfer coefficient for peanut-shaped polyester particles in a packed bed were determined simultaneously using the pseudo-random binary noise sequence (PRBNS) response technique. The modified Dispersion-Concentric (D-C) model was applied to beds packed with the non-spherical particles. A time domain method, using the convolution integral, was developed for removing the effects of the bed ends and the transducer time lag on the experimental responses. Parameter estimation was performed in the time domain, using a simplex method to fit the thermal response calculated from the parametric D-C model to the experimental response curve. The particle-to-fluid heat transfer coefficient in the bed was determined to be 106 W/m². K at an interstitial fluid velocity of 2.0 m/s. The thermal conductivity of polyester was 0.22 W/m. K at 313 K.     

蒽醌法流化床与固定床的发展趋势

综述了国内外蒽醌法流化床与固定床催化剂的研究进展,并且重点介绍了它们的优点和缺点,总结出各种因素对镍催化剂和钯催化剂催化氢化性能的影响,同时单独介绍了蒽醌加氢催化剂在选择性、活性等方面的内容。还介绍了氢化反应器的特点和研究进展,并进行了比较。在详细比较了流化床与固定床生产技术优缺点的基础上,总结出流化床相比于固定床技术具有生产成本低、蒽醌降解少、催化剂利用率高、氢效高等优点。与此同时,简单介绍了蒽醌法流化床和固定床反应器应用方面相互比较的数据,得出流化床在大规模装置生产方面具有明显优势。最后指出蒽醌法流化床技术将取代固定床技术成为国内蒽醌法的发展方向;同时展望了未来蒽醌法的发展趋势,并提出目前研究的难点、重点及发展建议。     

Gas–liquid interfacial areas in three-phase fixed bed reactors

A simple model, based on the theory of liquid emulsions, is proposed to develop correlations suitable for estimating gas–liquid interfacial areas for the bubble flow regime in three-phase fixed bed reactors operated with gas and liquid flowing cocurrently upflow. The model is also employed for trickle-bed reactors for estimating the increase in gas–liquid interfacial areas when these reactors are operated under high pressure conditions. It is found that developed correlations account satisfactorily for most of the data of gas–liquid interfacial areas available in the literature for cocurrent upflow three-phase fixed bed reactors and for trickle-bed reactors operated at high pressure conditions.