扫描式质子束剂量分布成像仪的研制及性能分析

在重离子癌症治疗技术中,保证重离子束的质量(均匀性、束斑大小和位置、能量等)非常重要。为满足临床对重离子束质量的要求,本文设计了一种新型质子束剂量分布成像仪。该剂量分布成像仪基于闪烁屏、镜面反射屏与光学信号采集装置,将重离子束通过硫氧化钆闪烁屏转化为可见光,通过采集可见光信号,对重离子束予以质量控制。同时通过精密的电动位移平台对闪烁屏、镜面反射屏与光学信号采集装置的相对位置进行遥控从而调整设备视野。结果表明,该剂量分布成像仪在布拉格峰后沿的能量分辨率为0.22 mm等效水深,空间分辨率为0.35 mm,对单一光源响应的均匀性在图像视野中心10 cm×10 cm的区域内为±3.5%,并可通过算法对测量结果进行修正。该剂量分布成像仪能完成对重离子束质量的各项关键指标的测试,可用于医用质子束的质量控制。     

新型热中子转换屏研制

正中子闪烁体转换屏是中子照相装置的核心关键部件,其作用是实现不可直接探测的中子信号到光信号的转换。目前商业化的6LiF/ZnS(Ag)转换屏的探测效率以及空间分辨率等性能已难以满足需求。本项目开发了高分子聚合物光学基底材料和固体颗粒复合材料制备工艺,开发出多种闪烁屏制备方法,包括喷涂法、压片法和漆膜法等。利用蒙特卡罗模拟方法计算了不同晶粒尺寸的中子吸收材料和荧光材料对辐射能量的吸收情况,为闪烁体的实际制备选择晶粒尺寸提供了理论依据。研制了闪烁屏性能测试装置,改进了中子照相系统整体空间分辨率计算方法,研究分析     

氩双等离子体离子源

这是一台为聚焦重离了束溅射制靶装置研制的离子源。双等离子体离子源产生1～2mA的氩离子束,并被加速到10keV的能量。通过调节单透镜的聚焦作用和离子源的放电状态,可以使到达靶上的氩离子束直径(束密度最大值的1/10处的全宽度)在2mm左右,束密度最大值的1/2处的全宽度为1mm左右。源连续工作超过24小时。     

复旦大学单粒子微束研制进展

建设了一基于复旦大学2×3 MV串列加速器的单粒子微束装置。离子束经分析磁铁30°水平偏转传输后再经90°偏转磁铁竖直上行至辐照终端,以内径1.5 μm的毛细玻璃管微准直器获取离子微束。采用薄膜闪烁体结合光电倍增管的探测结构对微束离子进行精确探测和计数,并以高压静电偏转开关快速关断束流以实现对离子数目的精确控制。目前实验已获得在质子能量为3 MeV时,能散（能量分布曲线中半高宽FWHM）<60 keV、束分辨<2.2 μm、定量照射精度>95%的质子微束。本文对复旦大学单粒子微束的束流管道设计、微束获取、束开关及单粒子探测等核心环节的研制进展进行介绍。     

BRISOL钠同位素放射性核束的产生

北京放射性核束装置在线同位素分离器（BRISOL）采用100 MeV、200 μA回旋加速器提供的质子束打靶产生中、短寿命放射性核束,在线分析后供物理用户使用,其质量分辨率好于20 000。为开展²⁰Na核的奇异衰变特性研究,研制了氧化镁靶,并采用100 MeV质子束轰击氧化镁靶在线产生了^20～26Na⁺的钠同位素放射性核束。当质子束流强为8 μA时,²⁰Na⁺离子束的最大产额为2×10⁵ s^-1,²¹Na⁺离子束的最大产额为4×10⁸ s^-1。完成了北京放射性核束装置首个放射性核束物理实验,累计供束近200 h。     

基于Geant4的碳离子治疗三维电离室阵列仿真设计

为快速准确地实现碳离子治疗计划的三维剂量验证，采用有机玻璃PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)为电离室室壁和水等效模体，设计了一种三维电离室阵列，并通过Geant4软件对三维电离室阵列的结构设计进行了深入研究与验证。首先通过模拟不同能量碳离子束在水和PMMA模体中沉积的剂量分布，计算了PMMA模体的水等效厚度系数；然后研究了三维电离室阵列中电离腔室间的距离及信号导线对其剂量测量准确度的影响；最后模拟并验证了碳离子束在三维电离室阵列中沉积的剂量分布。结果表明：PMMA模体的水等效厚度系数为1.151;相邻电离腔室间的信号串扰主要来源于前侧的电离腔室，且串扰程度与电离腔室间距呈反比，间距为1 mm时串扰程度占电离腔室内剂量的3%,间距为30 mm时串扰影响可完全消除；信号导线对后侧电离腔室内剂量的干扰影响约为1%。将碳离子束在三维电离室阵列中沉积的剂量分布与PMMA模体中的剂量分布进行对比，碳离子束的射程具有良好的一致性，偏差为0.5 mm。     

微柱状CsI闪烁转换屏的制备和表征

闪烁转换屏是X射线成像探测器的重要组成部分,微柱状的闪烁转换屏可以提高X射线成像探测器的空间分辨率。采用周期为4μm、孔深为100μm的微孔硅阵列作为基底模板,热氧化得到二氧化硅反射层后,再通过真空熔融压力注入法填充CsI获得了具有周期结构的微柱状闪烁转换屏,研究了真空度、注入压力、加压时间对硅孔内CsI微柱形貌的影响。结果表明:真空度10^-2 Pa、注入压力6 MPa、加压时间30 min时,可以有效消除CsI微柱中存在的气泡,得到均匀、连续、致密的微柱状闪烁转换屏。X射线衍射和激发发射谱展示了制备的微柱状像素化CsI闪烁转换屏具有优异的结晶性和发光性能。刃边法测得制备的微柱状CsI闪烁转换屏空间分辨率可达97 lp/mm。     

质子重离子加速器治疗中感生放射性的测量与防护

质子重离子治疗是当前国际公认最具优势的肿瘤放射治疗技术.由于质子重离子束能量较高,在束流损失能量过程中产生的次级中子使周围物质活化,从而产生感生放射性,可对工作人员和患者的健康带来威胁,因此需要重视与之相关的辐射防护.本文探讨质子重离子加速器治疗过程中感生放射性的产生原因与分布,通过蒙特卡罗模拟和测量得到次级中子的能量...     

BRISOL钠同位素放射性核束的产生

北京放射性核束装置在线同位素分离器(BRISOL)采用100 MeV、200μA回旋加速器提供的质子束打靶产生中、短寿命放射性核束,在线分析后供物理用户使用,其质量分辨率好于20 000。为开展~(20)Na核的奇异衰变特性研究,研制了氧化镁靶,并采用100 MeV质子束轰击氧化镁靶在线产生了~(20～26)Na~+的钠同位素放射性核束。当质子束流强为8μA时,~(20)Na~+离子束的最大产额为2×10~5 s~(-1),~(21)Na~+离子束的最大产额为4×10~8 s~(-1)。完成了北京放射性核束装置首个放射性核束物理实验,累计供束近200 h。     

YAP伴随α粒子探测器的研制

研制了一种可安装于D-T中子发生器内的伴随α粒子探测器.该探测器选用直径30 mm、厚0.5 mm的掺铈铝酸钇(YAP:Ce)闪烁体,可密封于D-T中子发生器内.采用蓝宝石玻璃作耐高温光学法兰,粒子在YAP闪烁体中产生的光信号经过蓝宝石玻璃传到光电倍增管光阴极上.光电倍增管阳极输出α粒子的电脉冲信号.探测器输出负信号的前沿下降时间约为6 ns;对241Am 5.486 MeV α粒子的能量分辨率约为5.4％.在高压倍加器用作D-T中子源时,在15 kcps计数率下,该探测器对3.5MeV伴随α粒子的能量分辨率约为27％,峰谷比达到10:1.YAP闪烁体及蓝宝石玻璃经8 h400℃烘烤后,该探测器的时间性能和能量分辨性能未发生改变.实验表明研制的探测器满足了密封D-T中子发生器的制造工艺要求,可安装于小型D-T中子发生器内用作伴随α粒子探测器.     

基于加速器的硼中子俘获治疗装置束流整形体的设计及其临床参数研究

在硼中子俘获治疗（BNCT）中,束流整形体是BNCT装置产生高品质中子束的关键部件之一,其设计至关重要。本文基于25 MeV质子打锂靶产生中子的过程,对加速器驱动的BNCT中子源的束流整形体进行了可行性方案设计,研究了慢化体厚度差异对出口束流品质、头部模型中的剂量分布和临床参数等方面的影响。研究表明,可行性方案设计在30 mA质子束流驱动下,可达到IAEA对束流品质的要求;在本文3种慢化体厚度设计下,随着慢化体厚度的增加,出口超热中子束流强度减小,快中子份额减小,进一步导致优势深度变浅,正常组织最大剂量率减小,治疗时间变长。     

聚焦重离子束溅射制备同位素靶的材料利用率及均匀性研究

研究了聚焦重离子束溅射制备同位素靶的材料利用率和均匀性。通过实验确定了两种溅射距离(7 mm和14 mm)下沉积靶的纵向和横向厚度分布,确定了提高靶均匀性的有效方法——基衬公转和沉积1/2厚度后基衬调头,确定了匹配材料利用率和均匀性的最佳几何参数。制备了5种同位素氧化物靶和9种高熔点金属同位素靶,应用于核物理测量实验。实验表明,源-衬距离为7 mm和14 mm时,在9 mm×10 mm成膜区域内,基衬中心距靶(源)材料水平界面垂直距离为9 mm和11 mm时可获得均匀的靶膜和最高的材料利用率。     

Shashlyk电磁量能器反光层性能研究

Shashlyk电磁量能器采用薄片型闪烁体,包裹闪烁体的反光层材料对其光学性能有重要影响。本工作搭建了一套宇宙线μ子测试系统,测量不同反光层材料对闪烁体光学性能的影响。测量结果表明,反光层材料的反射率是影响闪烁体光收集效率的主要因素。     

High resolution X-ray photon-counting detector with scintillator-deposited charge-coupled device

We report on a new photon-counting detector possessing unprecedented spatial resolution and moderate spectral resolution for 0.1-100 keV X-rays. It consists of an X-ray charge-coupled device (CCD) and a scintillator. The scintillator is directly coupled to the back surface of the X-ray CCD. Low-energy X-rays below 10 keV can be directly detected by the CCD. The majority of hard X-rays above 10 keV pass through the CCD but can be absorbed by the scintillator, generating visible photons. We coupled needlelike CsI(Tl) on the front surface of the back-illuminated (BI) CCD. The high detection efficiency of BI CCDs in the visible band enables us to collect visible photons emitted from the CsI(Tl) efficiently, leading to the moderate spectral resolution of 28.4% at 22.1 keV and 25% at 59.5 keV. We also investigated the imaging capability of our device and demonstrated high resolution imaging with an accuracy of 10 /spl plusmn/3 /spl mu/m at 17.4 keV.     

基于AFE0064和FPGA的千兆网X射线图像采集系统

X射线实时检测系统应用于多个行业。针对目前快递物流、输送带、集装箱、乘用车等检测中,对高性能X射线图像采集系统的需求,基于光电二极管阵列(含闪烁体)和高速电流输入模拟前端,采用高速串行ADC、千兆以太网控制器MAC、千兆以太网PHY,结合FPGA主控制器,设计了高速度、高性能、双能量线阵列X射线图像采集系统,像素尺寸为5.0、2.5、1.6、0.8、0.4 mm、50μm,采集速度最高可达6 m/s,经调试后样机可以正常运行,图像清晰,性能稳定,完全满足上述需求。     

Development of a new sample chamber for proton microprobe analysis of mineral samples

We describe a newly developed proton microprobe sample chamber designed for analysis of heterogeneous mineral samples. The instrument features a computer-driven stage and is equipped with novel beam and sample optics, external microscope and filter exchange system. Under the employed optical geometry, axes of beam and sample optics are collinear and normal to the sample surface, an essential aspect allowing high spatial resolution of analyses and accurate micrometer-scale sample and beam positioning. Use of a long working distance in conjunction with integral reflectance mirror are the primary design constraints satisfied for successful development. Based on measurements, the presented proton microprobe is expected to enhance studies requiring effective and easy-to-perform nondestructive microanalytical analysis of minerals.     

Investigation of the confinement of high energy non-neutral proton beam in a bent magnetic mirror

By using the particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation method, we studied how the proton beam is confined in a bent magnetic mirror. It is found that the loss rate of the charged particles in a bent mirror is less than that in the axi-symmetric mirror. For a special bent mirror with the deflection angle of the coils α = 45°, it is found that the loss rate reaches maximum value at certain ion number density where the ion electrostatic oscillation frequency is equal to the ion cyclotron frequency. In addition, the loss rate is irrelevant to the direction of the proton beam. Our results may be helpful to devise a mirror. In order to obtain the least loss rate, we may choose an appropriate deflection angle, and have to avoid a certain ion number density at which the ion electrostatic oscillation frequency is equal to the ion cyclotron frequency.     

On the comparison of three methods of assessing beam quality for broad beam in vitro cell irradiation

The interaction of charged particles with living matter has recently attracted increasing interest in the field of biomedical applications such as hadron therapy, radioprotection and space radiation biology. Particle accelerators are particularly useful in this area.In vitro radiobiological studies with a broad beam configuration require beam homogeneity. The goal is to produce a dose distribution given to a cell population that is as close to uniform as possible.In this paper, we compare the results of three devices used to assess the beam quality for broad beam irradiation: a passivated implanted planar silicon (PIPS) particle detector, a position-sensitive solid state detector, which is camera-like, and a solid state nuclear track detector (CR39).The first device is a PIPS detector of 300 μm nominal depletion depth and an entrance window with a thickness of about 500 Å. It is collimated with a 0.5 mm aperture and mounted in air on an XY moving table as close as possible to the exit window of the beam line.The second device is a CMOS position-sensitive detector (technological process 0.6 μm AMS CUA), 112 × 112 pixels, with 153 × 153 μm² pixel size. It allows the user to rapidly obtain dose uniformity over a surface of 1 × 1 cm². During uniformity and dose rate assessment it is placed in air at the PIPS location.For both detectors, beam profile was obtained for various proton fluxes (from ∼5 × 10⁴ to 10⁶ particles cm⁻² s⁻¹). Preliminary tests were made with CR39 using 4 MeV He⁺⁺ ions.Results are analysed using Poisson distribution and cell hit probability.     

现场校准用便携式X射线照射装置的优化设计及辐射特性研究

中国原子能科学研究院计量测试部研制了一款用于校准现场固定式X、γ辐射剂量仪的便携式X射线照射装置。首先利用蒙特卡罗软件建立模型,对出射口准直光阑结构进行优化设计,随后,对所建参考辐射场射束范围、均匀性及散射辐射进行模拟计算,并利用TW32005电离室进行了实验验证。在本研究所选辐射质、管电流及参考点-焦斑距离条件下,所建立的辐射场能量范围为60～164 keV,空气比释动能率在0.08～565 mGy/h,周围剂量当量率在0.13～892 mSv/h,为后续利用便携式X射线照射装置开展现场校准技术研究奠定了基础。结果表明,经优化设计后的准直光阑在满足准直限束需求的同时有效减轻了自身重量,便携式X射线参考辐射场特性满足GB/T 12162.1—2000要求,验证了所建模型的正确性及蒙特卡罗方法用于便携式X射线参考辐射场特性研究的有效性。     

Optimal Optical Conditions and Positioning Scheme for an Ultrahigh-Resolution Silicon Drift Detector-Based Gamma Camera

In this study, we optimized the optical conditions and associated positioning scheme for an ultrahighspatial-resolution, solid-state gamma detector. The detector module consisted of an array of seven hexagonal silicon drift detectors (SDDs) packed hexagonally and coupled to a single slab of crystal via a light guide glass. Because the optical behavior and requirements of the detector module and noise characteristics of the SDD sensor are different from those of conventional photomultiplier tube (PMT)-based detectors, the following parameters were studied to determine the optimum condition: scintillator selection, the effect of cooling on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the depth dependence of the scintillation light distribution, and optimum shaping time. To that end, a modified, Anger-style positioning algorithm with a denoise scheme was also developed to address the estimation bias (pincushion distortion) caused by the excessively confined light distribution and the leakage current induced by the SDD sensor. The results of this study proved that the positioning algorithm, together with the optimized optical configuration of the detector module, improves the positioning accuracy of the prototype detector. Our results confirmed the ability of the prototype to achieve a spatial resolution of about 0.7mm in full width at half maximum (FWHM) for 122 keV gamma rays under the equivalent noise count (ENC) of 100 (e- rms) per SDD channel. The results also confirmed NaI(Tl) to be a more desirable scintillator for our prototype with an energy resolution performance of about 8%.