基于扭转载荷的微尺度CSP焊点应力应变分析与优化

建立了微尺度芯片尺寸封装焊点有限元分析模型并对其进行扭转应力应变仿真分析与实验验证.分析了焊点材料、焊点直径、焊盘直径和焊点高度对焊点扭转应力应变的影响;以焊点材料、焊点直径、焊盘直径和焊点高度为设计变量,采用响应面法设计了29组不同水平组合的焊点模型并获取了相应焊点扭转应力,建立了焊点扭转应力与焊点结构参数的回归方程,结合遗传算法对焊点结构参数进行了优化.结果表明：焊点材料为SAC305时扭转应力应变最大,焊点最大扭转应力应变随焊点直径和焊盘直径增加而减小、随焊点高度增大而增大;最优焊点结构参数水平组合为：焊点材料SAC305、焊点直径0.22mm、焊盘直径0.14mm和焊点高度0.14mm;仿真验证表明最优焊点最大扭转应力下降了3.7MPa.     

基于再流焊冷却过程应力分析的板极组件BGA焊点参数优化

建立了板级组件BGA（Ball Grid Array）焊点有限元分析模型,对BGA焊点进行了再流焊冷却过程应力仿真分析,设计并完成了验证性实验以验证仿真分析方法的有效性,分析了焊点结构参数和材料变化对焊点再流焊冷却过程应力应变的影响,采用响应面法建立了焊点应力与结构参数的回归方程,结合遗传算法对焊点结构参数进行了优化.结果表明：实验结果证明了仿真分析的有效性;焊点应力随着焊点高度的增加而增大,随着焊点直径的增加而减小;最优焊点结构参数水平组合为：焊点高度0.44mm、焊点直径0.65mm、焊盘直径0.52mm和焊点间距1.10mm;对该最优焊点仿真验证表明最大应力下降了0.1101MPa.     

基于随机振动过程应力分析的BGA焊点结构优化

建立了板级BGA(Ball Grid Array)焊点有限元分析模型，选取芯片高度、焊点直径、焊点高度、焊点间距作为设计变量，以焊点应力作为响应目标，分别采用田口正交及曲面响应法设计了25组不同水平组合的焊点模型并进行仿真计算，通过数理统计分析及回归分析对焊点结构参数进行了优化，获得了焊点应力最小结构参数最优水平组合.结果表明：在相同条件下，曲面响应优化的结果优于田口正交的结果；应力最小的焊点水平组合为焊点直径0.32 mm，焊点高度0.20 mm，焊点间距0.36 mm；最优水平组合等效应力值为0.3915 MPa，降低了0.65 MPa，实现了BGA焊点结构参数的优化.     

微尺度BGA焊点拉伸过程有限元仿真分析

建立了微尺度 BGA焊点拉伸有限元分析模型,研究了拉伸加载条件下焊点高度、直径和焊盘直径对焊点拉伸应力应变的影响。结果表明：拉伸条件下,微尺度 BGA焊点顶端和底端的应力应变要大于焊点中间部分,焊点顶部和底部位置为高应力应变区域;在只单一改变焊点高度、直径和焊盘直径其中之一的前提下,随着焊点高度、直径和焊盘直径的增加,微尺度BGA焊点内的最大应力应变均相应减小;在置信度为90%的情况下,焊点直径对拉伸应力影响最大,其次是焊盘直径,最后是焊点高度;焊点直径对焊点拉伸应力具有显著影响,焊盘直径和焊点高度对焊点拉伸应力影响不显著。     

随机振动加载条件下QFN焊点的优化设计

采用基于最小能量原理和有限元数值分析方法的Surface Evolver软件，建立了四方扁平无引脚器件（QFN：Quad Flat No-lead）焊点三维形态预测模型；选取焊盘长度、焊盘宽度、焊料体积和间隙高度作为四个关键因素，采用水平正交表设计了9种不同的QFN焊点工艺参数水平组合，建立了这9种焊点的三维形态预测模型，得到了不同工艺参数水平组合下的QFN焊点形态；分析在随机振动加载条件下，焊盘长度、焊盘宽度、焊料体积和间隙高度四个工艺参数的改变对QFN焊点的应力应变的影响；通过对因子趋势图分析表明：在随机振动加栽下焊盘长度和焊盘宽度对焊点应力应变影响较大，间隙高度和焊料体积对应力应变影响较小；使QFN焊点应变值最小的参数细合为：焊盘长度为0．8mm；焊盘宽度为0．37mm；间隙高度为0．15mm；焊料体积为0.014mm^3。     

基于有限元仿真的BGA焊点可靠性分析

集成化与微型化是芯片集成电路产业发展的特点,其中芯片封装热振失效是影响其可靠性的重要原因。为进一步优化BGA焊点结构并提高可靠性,运用ANSYS将TOPLINE的BGA器件建成了3D模型,进行了数值模拟仿真后,利用田口正交稳健设计进行了BGA焊点结构优化。数值分析表明：芯片边角焊点为热失效关键焊点,距封装中心最远焊点为随机振动失效关键焊点;经田口正交优化热设计,焊点阵列为12×12,焊点径向尺寸为0.42 mm,焊点高度为0.38 mm,焊点间距为0.6 m;随机振动设计焊点间距为0.46 mm,焊点径向尺寸为0.42 mm,焊点阵列为10×10,焊点高度为0.30 mm。本研究中的分析成果对优化球珊阵列芯片封装焊点结构的设计,提升芯片封装器件结构稳定性具有重要意义,所提出的优化设计将对封测产业的生产具有一定的影响和价值。     

倒装焊器件尺寸参数对低k层及焊点的影响

当前。集成电路制造中低k介质与铜互连集成工艺的引入已经成为一种趋势,因此分析封装器件中低矗结构的可靠性是很有必要的。利用有限元软件分析了倒装焊器件的尺寸参数对低k层及焊点的影响。结果表明：减薄芯片,减小PI层厚度,增加焊点高度,增加焊盘高度,减小基板厚度能够缓解低k层上的最大等效应力;而减薄芯片,增加PI层厚度,增加焊点高度,减小焊盘高度,减小基板厚度能够降低焊点的等效塑性应变。     

三维堆叠封装TSV互连结构热扭耦合应力分析与优化

建立了三维硅通孔(TSV)芯片垂直堆叠封装结构有限元分析模型,对模型在热扭耦合加载下进行了仿真分析;分析了TSV材料参数与结构参数对TSV互连结构热扭耦合应力的影响;采用了响应面与模拟退火算法对在热扭耦合加载下TSV互连结构参数进行优化设计。结果表明：TSV互连结构最大热扭耦合应力应变位于铜柱与微凸点接触面外侧;微凸点材料为SAC387时,TSV互连结构热扭耦合应力最大,该应力随SiO₂层厚度的增大而增大,随铜柱直径的增大而先增大后减小,随铜柱高度的增大而减小;最优参数水平组合为铜柱直径50μm、铜柱高度85μm、SiO₂层厚度3μm,优化后的最大热扭耦合应力下降了5.3%。     

晶圆级芯片尺寸封装柔性焊点热循环可靠性

建立了晶圆级芯片尺寸封装(WLCSP)柔性无铅焊点三维有限元分析模型,基于该模型对柔性无铅焊点热循环等效应力应变进行了分析,并预测了焊点可靠性寿命。选取第一柔性层厚度、第二柔性层厚度、上焊盘直径和下焊盘直径作为关键因素,采用L16(45)正交设计了16种不同水平组合的柔性无铅焊点,获取了这些焊点的热循环等效应力数据,对等效应力数据进行了极差分析和方差分析。结果表明:在热循环加载条件下,采用柔性层结构方式能有效降低焊点内的等效应力应变;在置信度为90%的情况下,下焊盘直径和第一柔性层厚度对柔性焊点等效应力有显著影响。各因素对焊点等效应力的影响排序为下焊盘直径影响最大,其次是第一柔性层厚度,再次是第二柔性层厚度,最后是上焊盘直径。     

大尺寸陶瓷BTC器件焊点过应力开裂失效分析

对大尺寸陶瓷BTC器件焊点过应力开裂现象进行了研究。通过有限元仿真和金相切片分析得到了印制板焊盘、器件布局及装配过应力为引起BTC器件焊点过应力开裂主要原因,依此制定了改进焊盘、优化器件布局及减少装配应力的改进措施。有限元仿真分析表明,采用了改进措施后的BTC焊点在温度载荷和螺钉紧固力加载下所受应力减小,对改进后的BTC焊点进行了环境应力、耐久振动、温度循环等试验以及焊点金相切片分析,结果表明焊点未见开裂,验证了改进措施的有效性。     

BGA焊点的形态预测及可靠性优化设计

制定了BGA(球栅阵列)焊点的形态预测以及可靠性分析优化设计方案，对完全分布和四边分布的两种BGA元件，通过改变下焊盘的尺寸得到不同钎料量的焊点，并对其形态进行了预测，建立了可靠性分析的三维力学模型。采用有限元方法分析了元件和焊点在热循环条件下的应力应变分布特征，预测了不同种类和不同形态的BGA焊点的热疲劳寿命，由此给出了最佳的上下焊盘比例范围。     

不同结构参数下PBGA焊点的随机振动分析

利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,对不同结构参数下PBGA焊点的随机振动响应进行了分析。结果表明:在随机振动载荷作用下,PBGA封装焊点的最大应力位于焊点阵列的拐角处,而且在靠近PCB板的一侧;焊点的最大应力值与焊点高度成正比,与焊点直径和焊点间距成反比;当焊点直径为0.66 mm、高度为0.6 mm、间距为1.27 mm时,焊点的最大应力达到最大值842.4 MPa。     

Development of numerical algorithm to guide solder joint structure and component structural design during manufacturing

In order to improve the production technology of the lead-free BGA (Ball Grid Array) assembly, a numerical method is developed to predict the yield of the soldering process based on calculated stand-off stiffness curves and component warpage. The stand-off stiffness curve which reflects the relationship of the force and height of solder joints is obtained by solving the differential equations of the solder joint shapes of BGA solder joints using the Runge-Kutta method. The analytical expression of thermal warpage of component in free boundary constraint conditions is proposed based on the lamination theory of the elastic mechanics. The expression can reflect the material parameter variation with temperature and provide an effective calculation method to analyze component warpage with large changing temperature during soldering reflow process. Considering the manufacture deviation of volumes and the randomness of the positions of the solder joints, combined with the stand-off stiffness curves and the component warping deformation, the yield of the soldering process can be predicted. According to the types and positions of the failure solder joints, the production technology can be improved. Based on the stand-off curves of solder joints, the influence of the deviation rate of volume of the solder joint and diameter of pad on the yield of self-assembly are simulated. The optimal matching relations of the solder joint volume and the diameter of the pad with the 0.35 mm pitch and 0.3 mm pitch are analyzed.     

热循环参数及基板尺寸对焊点可靠性的影响

采用Ansys软件建立BGA倒装芯片模型考察焊点的热应力。通过改变热循环保温时间、温度范围和最高温度,研究各参数对焊点热疲劳寿命的影响,同时也考察了基板的长度和厚度的影响。采用Coffin-Manson方程计算并比较热循环寿命。结果表明:随着热循环高低温停留时间、温度范围以及最高热循环温度的增大,热循环寿命减小,最小寿命为879周;同时热循环寿命也随着基板长度和厚度的增大而减小。     

Sn-9Zn/Cu焊点剪切强度及断口形貌分析

研究了BGA直径分别为750μm、1 000μm、1 300μm的Sn-9Zn/Cu焊点剪切强度及其变化规律。采用SEM和EDX对剪切断口进行观察和元素成分分析。试验结果表明,随着焊球直径的增大,焊点剪切强度先减小后增大。剪切断裂位置大部分位于钎料内部,局部位于界面化合物Cu5Zn8处。在相同的剪切高度与剪切速率下,随...     

Board level solder joint reliability analysis and optimization of pyramidal stacked die BGA packages

Due to requirements of cost-saving and miniaturization, stacked die BGA has recently gained popularity in many applications. However, its board level solder joint reliability during the thermal cycling test is not as well-studied as common single die BGA. In this paper, solder joint fatigue of wirebond stacked die BGA is analyzed in detail. 3D fatigue model is established for stacked die BGA with considerations of detailed pad design, realistic shape of solder ball, and non-linear material properties. The fatigue model applied is based on a modified Darveaux's approach with non-linear viscoplastic analysis of solder joints. The critical solder ball is observed located between the top and bottom dice corner, and failure interface is along the top solder/pad interface. The modeling predicted fatigue life is first correlated to the thermal cycling test results using modified correlation constants, curve-fitted from in-house TFBGA (thin-profile fine-pitch BGA) thermal cycling test data. Subsequently, design analyses are performed to study the effects of 16 key design variations in package dimensions, material properties, and thermal cycling test conditions. In general, smaller top and bottom dice sizes, thicker top or bottom die, thinner PCB, thicker substrate, higher solder ball standoff, larger solder mask opening size, smaller maximum ball diameter, smaller PCB pad size, smaller thermal cycling temperature range, longer ramp time, and shorter dwell time contribute to longer fatigue life. The effect of number of layers of stacked-die is also investigated. Finally, design optimization is performed based on selected critical design variables.     

Geometry effect on mechanical performance and fracture behavior of micro-scale ball grid array structure Cu/Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu/Cu solder joints

Solder joint integrity has long been recognized as a key issue affecting the reliability of integrated circuit packages. In this study, both experimental and finite element simulation methods were used to characterize the mechanical performance and fracture behavior of micro-scale ball grid array (BGA) structure Cu/Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu/Cu solder joints with different standoff heights (h, varying from 500 to 100 μm) and constant pad diameter (d, d = 480 μm) and contact angle under shear loading. With decreasing h (or the ratio of h/d), results show that the stiffness of BGA solder joints clearly increases with decreasing coefficient of stress state and torque. The stress triaxiality reflects the mechanical constraint effect on the mechanical strength of the solder joints and it is dependent on the loading mode and increases dramatically with decreasing h under tensile loading, while the change of h has very limited influence on the stress triaxiality under shear loading. Moreover, when h is decreased, the concentration of stress and plastic strain energy along the interface of solder and pad decreases, and the fracture location of BGA solder joints changes from near the interface to the middle of the solder. Both geometry and microstructure greatly affect the shear behavior of joints, the average shear strength shows a parabolic trend with decreasing standoff height. Furthermore, the brittle fracture of BGA solder joints after long-time isothermal aging was investigated. Results obtained show that, under the same shear force, the stress intensity factors, K_I and K_II, and the strain energy release rate, G_I, at the Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu/Cu₆Sn₅ interface and in the Cu₆Sn₅ layer obviously decrease with decreasing h, hence brittle fracture is more prone to occur in the joint with a large standoff height.     

基于FEA的Cu pad模型对焊点可靠性的影响分析

随着集成电路封装技术的发展,器件焊点可靠性成为国内外研究的重点,该文介绍了影响BGA焊点可靠性的常见因素,并以一块电路板为例,构建带有焊点亚结构——Cu pad和无Cu pad的两种电路板模型,仿真分析热循环条件下Cu pad对焊点可靠性的影响,为整板简化建模提供参考意见。