SnCuNi-xPr焊点组织和性能分析

分析了不同稀土元素Pr的添加量对Sn0.7Cu0.05Ni无铅钎料润湿性能、焊点力学性能以及钎料显微组织的影响,并对焊点内部组织的演化规律与其性能之间的内在联系进行了初步探讨.研究发现,稀土元素Pr的适宜添加量为0.025%～0.075%,且存在一最佳添加量0.05%.微量稀土元素Pr的加入可显著降低液态钎料的表面张力...     

稀土Pr对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu无铅钎料显微组织和润湿性能的影响

采用XJP-300型光学显微镜以及日立扫描电子显微镜S-3400N对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-x Pr无铅钎料的显微组织进行观察和分析,采用润湿平衡法,研究了钎料在Cu基板上的润湿性能。研究结果表明,微量稀土Pr可以改善Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu钎料的显微组织和润湿性能。当Pr的添加量约为0.05%时,Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu钎料的显微组织得到最大程度的细化以及均匀化,同时钎料具有最大润湿力。在260℃的钎焊温度下,SnAgCu-0.1Pr的润湿力与SnAgCu钎料相比,提高了5.0%,润湿时间降低了16.9%。当Pr含量继续增加时,钎料中出现大块的稀土相。同时钎料的润湿时间增长,润湿性能变差。     

Co对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu钎料接头显微组织和服役可靠性的影响

研究了高温对SnAgCu+xCo(x=0,0.1,0.2,0.45,1.0,x为质量分数%,下同)复合钎料接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。用差热分析法(DSC)分析了Co对钎焊接头过冷度和凝固相的影响。与Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu钎料相比,焊后SnAgCu+xCo(x=0.1,0.2)复合钎料界面金属间化合物层厚度减小,接头剪切强度提高。经150℃保温500h后,SnAgCu+xCo复合钎料接头剪切强度均高于Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu钎料接头,说明Co的添加可以改善SnAgCu钎料的服役可靠性。经DSC分析,Co的添加会提高SnAgCu钎料合金的凝固点,从而降低其过冷度。综上,Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.2Co复合钎料接头的力学性能和服役条件下的可靠性最佳。     

含纳米铝颗粒SnAgCu钎料组织与性能

选择在SnAgCu钎料中添加纳米铝颗粒,改善无铅钎料的性能.结果表明,微量纳米铝颗粒可以增加SnAgCu钎料的润湿铺展面积,显著提高SnAgCu焊点的拉伸力和剪切力,添加过量时钎料的润湿性能会有一定程度的下降,经过优化分析发现纳米铝颗粒的最佳添加量应该控制在0.1％附近.对SnAgCu-xAl钎料的组织分析,发现纳米颗粒的添加,钎料组织得到明显的细化,树枝晶间距明显减小.对SnAgCu-xAl焊点进行蠕变拉伸测试,发现纳米铝颗粒可以显著提高SnAgCu焊点的蠕变断裂寿命,主要归因于纳米颗粒对位错的钉扎作用.     

合金元素Ga对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料性能的影响

研究了合金元素Ga的添加量对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料熔化特性、润湿性能及其焊点力学性能的影响.结果表明,添加合金元素Ga以后,合金的熔点显著降低,熔化温度区间有所增大,润湿性能得到明显改善;合金元素Ga的添加量(质量分数)在0.5%时,钎料的晶粒组织最为细小均匀,钎料焊点的力学性能最佳;当合金元素Ga的添加量大于1%时,钎料的润湿性能趋于稳定,钎料组织中晶界处出现黑色富Ga相,钎料焊点的力学性能大幅度降低.因此,Sn-9Zn无铅钎料中合金元素Ga的最佳添加量为0.5%.     

稀土Pr对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu钎料润湿性能和微焊点力学性能的影响

采用润湿平衡法研究了微量稀土Pr元素对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu在Cu基板上润湿性能的影响规律,并借助STR-1000型微焊点强度测试对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-x Pr微焊点的力学性能。结果表明,随着稀土Pr含量的增加,钎料在Cu基板上的润湿力逐渐增加,润湿时间缩短。当Pr的质量分数在0.05%~0.1%时,Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-x Pr钎料的润湿性能最好。在260℃的试验条件下,Sn Ag Cu-0.1Pr相比Sn Ag Cu钎料润湿力提高了5.0%,润湿时间降低了16.9%。且当Pr含量约为0.05%时,微焊点的力学性能最佳,焊点的剪切强度提高了8.5%。     

纳米TiO2颗粒对SnAgCu钎料组织与性能的影响

研究了纳米TiO2颗粒对SnAgCu钎料组织和性能的影响.结果表明:微量的纳米TiO2颗粒可以增加SnAgCu钎料的润湿铺展面积,显著提高SnAgCu焊点的拉伸力和剪切力.添加过量时焊点的力学性能会有一定程度的下降.经过优化分析发现,纳米TiO2颗粒的最佳添加量为0.1％(质量分数,下同).SnAgCu-0.1TiO2相对SnAgCu钎料基体组织得到明显的细化,树枝晶的间距下降62.5％.经过热循环测试,发现0.1％TiO2可以显著提高SnAgCu焊点的抗热疲劳特性.主要归因于纳米颗粒对位错的钉扎作用,因而阻止了裂纹在钎料基体内部的扩展.     

Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-xNd钎料显微组织及性能

研究了稀土元素Nd的添加量对超低银无铅钎料Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu的润湿性能、显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,微量Nd元素的加入可以显著改善Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu超低银无铅钎料的润湿性能和焊点的力学性能,并且能够起到细化基体组织的作用.当钎料中Nd元素的质量分数达到0.1%时,钎料的综合性能最佳,基体组织最为均匀细化.虽然Ag元素含量的降低使钎料的性能有所下降,但是加入适量Nd元素后钎料的润湿性能已接近传统Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu钎料.     

Sn-9Zn-xPr钎料钎焊性能及显微组织

研究了稀土元素Pr的添加量对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料的润湿性能、显微组织和焊点力学性能的影响.结果表明,镨的加入不仅改善了钎料的润湿性能和抗氧化性能,而且细化了钎料基体中的富锌相,使得界面组织更为稳定,有利于焊点可靠性的改善;Sn-9Zn无铅钎料中镨的添加量为质量分数0.08%时,钎料的润湿性能最佳,综合性能最好;当镨的添...     

稀土元素Nd对Sn-Zn-Ga无铅钎料组织及性能的影响

研究了添加合金元素Ga及稀土元素Nd对Sn-Zn钎料润湿性能、显微组织和焊点力学性能的影响.结果表明,在钎料中适当添加Nd元素,可以提高钎料的润湿性能,当Nd元素的质量分数为0.1％时,钎料的润湿力最大,润湿时间最短,润湿性能达到最佳.同时适当升高温度时润湿性能得到改善.随着Nd元素的加入,钎料中大块的黑色针状富锌相逐渐变少,钎料基体组织得到细化,在Nd元素的添加量达到0.1％时,钎料的组织最为均匀、细小.同时Nd元素的加入可以改善焊点的力学性能,在Nd元素含量为0.1％时抗剪强度增至最大.因此Nd元素在Sn-9Zn-0.5 Ga钎料中的最佳添加量为0.1％左右.     

Observations of nucleation catalysis effects during solidification of SnAgCuX solder joints

While modification of a strong (high Cu) Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder alloy with a substitutional alloy addition (X=Co, Fe, Zn, and Ni) for Cu has been demonstrated to enhance solder joint strength and ductility after aging at 150°C for 1,000 h, control of the as-solidified SAC+X solder joint microstructure is also needed to inhibit under cooling and nucleation of brittle pro-eutectic phases (e.g., Ag₃Sn). Bulk undercooling measurements of SAC+X alloys and microstructural analysis of SAC+X solder joints were used to rank the effectiveness and consistency of low-level (X < 0.15 wt.%) substitutional additions to a base SAC composition, Sn-3.5Ag-0.95Cu (wt.%). This SAC composition was selected to favor thermodynamically the nucleation of pro-eutectic Cu₆Sn₅ over that of Ag₃Sn and the formation of an enhanced ternary eutectic fraction in the joint microstructure, while retaining a pasty range that is only 3°C. Using differential scanning calorimetry with sample pans that serve as either inert (aluminum) or actively wetting (copper) substrates, reflow cycles were studied that simulated surface mount (1.5°C/s) and ball-grid array (0.17°C/s) cooling rates. Of the SAC+X solders tested with copper pans, X = Zn appeared to be most effective and consistent, providing catalytic enhancement of the nucleation temperature for even the minimum concentration (0.05 wt.%) and lowest cooling rate.     

Controlling Ag<Subscript>3</Subscript>Sn plate formation in near-ternary-eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu solder by minor Zn alloying

As a result of extensive studies, nearternary-eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) alloys have been identified as the leading lead-free solder candidates to replace lead-bearing solders for ball-grid array module assembly. However, recent studies revealed several potential reliability risk factors associated with the alloy system. The formation of large Ag₃Sn plates in solder joints, especially when solidified at a relatively slow cooling rate, poses a reliability concern. In this study, the effect of adding a minor amount of zinc in SAC alloy was investigated. The minor zinc addition was shown to reduce the amount of undercooling during solidification and thereby suppress the formation of large Ag₃Sn plates. In addition, the zinc was found to cause changes in both the microstructure and interfacial reaction of the solder joint. The interaction of zinc with other alloying elements in the solder was also investigated for a better understanding of the role of zinc during solidification of the nearternary-eutectic alloys. For more information, contact Sung K. Kang, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Route 134, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598; (914) 945-3932; fax (914) 945-2141; e-mail kang@us.ibm.com.     

Combined effects of Bi and Sb elements on microstructure,thermal and mechanical properties of Sn-0.7Ag-0.5Cu solder alloys

This research investigated the combined effects of addition of Bi and Sb elements on the microstructure, thermal properties, ultimate tensile strength, ductility, and hardness of Sn-0.7Ag-0.5Cu (SAC0705) solder alloys. The results indicated that the addition of Bi and Sb significantly reduced the undercooling of solders, refined the β-Sn phase and extended the eutectic areas of the solders. Moreover, the formation of SbSn and Bi phases in the solder matrix affected the mechanical properties of the solder. With the addition of 3 wt.% Bi and 3 wt.% Sb, the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of the SAC0705 base alloy increased from 31.26 MPa and 15.07 HV to 63.15 MPa and 23.68 HV, respectively. Ductility decreased due to grain boundary strengthening, solid solution strengthening, and precipitation strengthening effects, and the change in the fracture mechanism of the solder alloys.     

Plastic characterization and performance of SnAgCuBiNi/Cu lead-free BGA solder joints

Nanoindentation test is performed on study the plastic and creep properties of the Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) lead-free ball grid array (BGA) solder joints. The dynamic hardness of two kinds of solder joints decreases with indentation depth increase. SAC0705BiNi/Cu exhibits a higher ultimate dynamic hardness and a smaller indentation depth than SAC305/Cu. Then the strain hardening phenomenon of SAC305/Cu is more obvious compared to that of SAC0705BiNi/Cu. The indentation creep of SAC0705BiNi/Cu solder joint is lower than that of SAC305/Cu solder joint before and after thermal shock. The creep rate sensitive index of SACBiNi/Cu solder joint is lower than that of solder joint. SAC0705BiNi/Cu solder joint is superior to SAC305/Cu solder joint in the anti-creep property. The plasticity of SAC0705BiNi/Cu and SAC305/Cu solder joints are similar. Compared with SAC305 solder, the SAC0705BiNi solder performs higher hardness and solder creep resistance and still maintains a good plasticity.     

Sn-Zn-Ga-xPr钎料组织与性能

研究了添加合金元素Ga及稀土元素Pr对Sn-Zn钎料组织与性能的影响.适量添加镨,可以提高钎料的润湿性能;但当镨含量超过0.12%(质量分数)时,镨会在钎料表面形成氧化渣,恶化钎料的润湿性能.镨的添加可以改善焊点的力学性能,抗剪强度在镨含量为0.08%时增加至最大.镨加入后细化了钎料基体中的富锌相,当镨含量不超过0.08%时,界面层平整且厚度变化不大,但若稀土添加过量,则界面层会明显增厚.镨在Sn9Zn0.5Ga钎料中的最佳添加量为0.08%左右.     

SnCuNi-xPr/Cu界面组织和性能分析

分析了稀土元素Pr及其两种添加量对Sn0.7Cu0.05Ni无铅钎料焊点界面组织和性能的影响,并对其影响机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明,Pr元素的加入明显改善了钎料/基板的界面组织形貌,使其更为均匀平坦.Pr元素可通过减小界面反应化学驱动力,缩短反应时间,并与Ni元素产生"协同作用"来控制界面反应的进行;稀土元素Pr可通过PrSn3相颗粒的析出对焊点组织起到第二相强化的作用,同时会阻碍晶界或相界迁移以细化晶粒,提高焊点强度和韧性,对钎料焊点抗剪强度的测试验证了该理论.     

The Nucleation of Sn in Undercooled Melts: The Effect of Metal Impurities

The dependence of the solidification temperature on the concentration x of impurity atoms, M, of Sn-M _x alloys after cooling from the melt was measured separately for M = Co, Ni, Ag, and Cu. For a comparison, similar measurements were performed on SAC305-Ni _x alloys. Large variations in undercooling were observed. It was found that the Ag atoms dissolved in the Sn-Ag melt significantly lowered undercooling, although the presence of Ag₃Sn intermetallic compounds did not. While Cu₆Sn₅ intermetallic compounds in Sn-Cu melts did not significantly lower undercooling, the undercooling of a Sn-Cu melt in contact with a Cu interface was significantly reduced. The addition of Ni to Pb-free solder SAC305 caused a factor of two reduction in the undercooling, similar to that observed after the addition of Ni to high-purity Sn.     

Pr,Nd对Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu0.5Ga无铅钎料显微组织的影响

分析了添加两种稀土元素Pr,Nd对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-0.5Ga无铅钎料基体组织、焊点界面组织的影响并测定了焊点抗剪强度.结果表明,在该钎料中分别添加Pr,Nd元素可以改善钎料的显微组织,且加入Pr元素的效果优于Nd.添加Pr元素的钎料基体组织中金属间化合物分布均匀,而后者易在晶界处产生“区域”状金属间化合物,成为裂纹的发源地.稀土元素的吸附作用可以降低钎料与铜基板界面反应的剧烈程度,从而改善界面的形貌.添加Pr元素的钎料可以更好地与铜基板结合,从而提高了焊点的抗剪强度.     

Intermetallic compound growth suppression at high temperature in SAC solders with Zn addition on Cu and Ni-P substrates

The effect of adding 0.5-1.5 wt.% Zn to Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu (SAC) solder alloy during reflow and solid state ageing has been investigated. In particular, the role of the Zn addition in suppressing interfacial Intermetallic Compound (IMC) growth on Cu and Ni-P substrates has been determined. Solder-substrate couples were aged at 150 °C and 185 °C for 1000 h. In the case of 0.5-1.0 wt.% Zn on Cu substrate, Cu₃Sn IMC was significantly suppressed and the morphology of Cu₆Sn₅ grains was changed, leading to suppressed Cu₆Sn₅ growth. In the SAC-1.5Zn/Cu substrate system a Cu₅Zn₈ IMC layer nucleated at the interface followed by massive spalling of the layer into the solder, forming a barrier layer limiting Cu₆Sn₅ growth. On Ni-P substrates the (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ IMC growth rate was suppressed, the lowest growth rate being found in the SAC-1.5Zn/Ni-P system. In all cases the added Zn segregated to the interfacial IMCs so that Cu₆Sn₅ became (Cu,Zn)₆Sn₅ and (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ became (Ni,Cu,Zn)₆Sn₅. The effect of Zn concentration on undercooling, wetting angles and IMC composition changes during ageing are also tabulated, and a method of incorporating Zn into the solder during reflow without compromising solder paste reflow described.     

Properties analysis of a new type of solder paste SACBN07

In this work,the wettability,aging and shear properties of a new type of lead-free solder paste Sn-07Ag-05Cu + BiNi (SACBN07) was investigated by conducting a series of comparison experiments with SAC305 and SAC0307 solder paste.The results show that weuability of SACBN07 is almost equal to SAC305,and better than that of SAC0307 solder paste.The thickness of intermetallic compound (IMC) layer in SACBN07/Cu is lower than that of other two types of solder joint after aging.And Cu3Sn layer of SACBN07/Cu is thinner than that of SAC305 and SAC0307.In addition,the SACBN07 solder joints perform the best shear strength among these three types of solder pastes.