XRD and HRTEM Analyses of the Ball Milled Nanocrystalline FeCo Alloy

The nanostractures of the ball milled FeCo particles were characterized as functions of the ball milling time （ t ） using quantitative X- ray diffraction （ XRD ）, high resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） analysis techniques. The results show that the nanocrystalliue bcc FeCo particles are available using carbonyl iron and cobalt powders as the start materials during the high-energy ball milling. At the early stage of ball milling, Co powders are easily mashed into nanocrystalllites, by which the surface of the larger Fe particles of about 80- 150 nm is coated. With t increasing, the refinement of grain size and the incorporation of defects including dislocations, disclinations and grain boundaries happen, and then FeCo alloy with a certain layered structure is formed, finally the layered stractare disappears with the formation of isotropic grains having a steadystate grain size in the nanometer regime after a certain period of t.     

Surface nanostructure formation mechanism of 45 steel induced by supersonic fine particles pombarding

By means of supersonic fine particles bombarding (SFPB),a nanostructured surface layer up to 15 μm was fabricated on a 45 steel plate with ferrite and pearlite phases. To reveal the grain refinement mechanism of SFPB-treated 45 steel,microstructure features of various sections in the treated surface were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Grain size increases with an increase of depth from the treated surface...     

Grain Size and Photocatalytic Activity of Nanometer TiO_2 Thin FilmsPrepared by the Sol-gel Method

Transparent anatase TiO2 nanometer thin films with photocatalytic activity were prepared via the sol-gel method on soda-lime glass. The thickness , crystalline phase, grain size, surface hydroxyl amount and so on were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) , X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy ( TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-visible spectrophotometer ( UV-VIS). The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 thin films was evaluated for the photocatalytic decolorization of aqueous methyl orange . The effects of film thickness on the crystalline phase, grain size, transmittance and photocatalytic activity of nanometer Ti02 thin films were discussed.     

Filtration of fine particles in atmospheric aerosol with electrospinning nanofibers and its size distribution

In this study,the size distribution of atmospheric aerosol in Beijing was monitored by the scanning mobility particle sizer spectrometer and the optical particle sizer.The size of particles in atmospheric aerosol was primarily distributed in the range of less than 1 m.It showed different changes with the mass concentrations of particulate matters with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 m(PM2.5)for different sizes of fine particles.The amount of ultrafine particles(less than about 60 nm)decreased while the larger ones(60 nm)increased along with the mass concentration of PM2.5 in atmospheric aerosol.This was because of the formation of the secondary atmospheric aerosol.The polylactic acid(PLA)nanofibers were prepared for filtering the aerosol by electrospinning.PLA nanofiber mats were used as the middle layer to design the composite filter membranes.Atmospheric aerosol was used as dust source in the filtration test.The results showed that the filtration efficiency of the composite filter media increased along with the thickness of nanofiber mats,which was controlled by the collection time during electrospinning.Filtration efficiency can be improved obviously by compositing with a thin layer of nanofibers.     

Characterization of ultrafine copper powder prepared by novel electrodeposition method

The auto-evolved ultrafine copper powders were synthesized via a novel electrodeposition route performed by ultrasonic dispersion of the electrolyte. The properties of the samples obtained were characterized by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser size distribution analyzer (SL) respectively. The formation mechanisms of the powders and the efficiency of the elctrodeposition were discussed. The results show that the as-prepared powders are high-purity copper nanoparticles with the fcc structure taking a mixture of fishbone-like and irregular shapes. When the concentration of Cu²⁺ increases from 0.03 to 0.09 mol/L, the average size of copper particles increases from 0.92 to 1.80 μm, and current efficiency of electrodeposition linearly changes from 66.5% to 91.3%.     

Carburized Effect on Gradient Cemented Carbide of TiC/TaC Prepared by Liquid Phase Sintering

The carburized graded cemented carbide with the addition of some(Ti,Ta) C was analyzed in detail.The micro-structure and element distribution were measured by using optical microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry along the gradient direction.The experimental results showed that a large amount of solid solution phases were formed and distributed like clusters in the surface layer of cemented carbide.The cobalt migration was not very notable and the Co-rich layer was close to the surface of cemented carbide.     

Cu含量对汽车车身板用Al-1.0Mg-1.0Si-0.6Mn合金显微组织的影响

采用金相、SEM/EDS、XRD等研究了Cu含量对汽车车身用Al-1.0Mg-1.0Si-0.6Mn（in wt.%）铝合金结晶相及合金板材晶粒的影响规律.结果表明：Al-1.0Mg-1.0Si-（0.1~0.7）Cu-0.6Mn合金中主要存在部分可溶的浅灰色不规则条块状Al8（FeMn）2Si和黑色条块状或骨骼状结晶相Mg2Si,及完全可溶的球状或椭球状主要含Al1.9CuMg4.1Si3.3多相共晶产物;随着Cu含量增加,铸态合金中主要含Al1.9CuMg4.1Si3.3的共晶产物数量逐渐增多,而Mg2Si和Al8（FeMn）2Si结晶相变化不明显;同时,固溶后合金板材的再结晶晶粒变得越来越细,尽管Cu含量对合金冷轧板的晶粒尺寸影响不明显.     

吸附层对制备Ag/SiO2纳米复合材料过程的影响

分别在有水体系和无水体系中制备了Ag/SiO2纳米复合粒子，研究了吸附层对NaOH在体系中的分配、反应场所的变迁、Ag+的还原机理以及产物形貌的影响.采用电导率法测定了NaOH在SiO2表面的吸附曲线，结果表明：在有水体系中，吸附层的形成明显促进了SiO2表面对NaOH的吸附，当达到平衡时，58%的NaOH分配在SiO2表面；在无水体系中，当达到吸附平衡时仅有25%的NaOH分配在SiO2表面.溶剂置换实验结果表明：在有水体系中，吸附层是Ag生成反应进行的主要场所；在无水体系中，Ag生成反应在乙醇溶液相和SiO2表面都可以发生.利用紫外 可见光（UV Vis）光谱、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）和能谱仪（EDAX），对比了在有水体系和无水体系中Ag+的还原过程，阐述了吸附层对Ag+还原机理的影响.利用XRD、TEM和EDAX对Ag/SiO2最终样品进行了分析，发现在有水体系中生成的Ag粒子比在无水体系中生成的Ag粒子的粒径小，分布更加均匀.     

Isothermal grain growth of reactive spray formed 7075 alloys in semi-solid state

The grain growth behavior in reactive spray formed 7075 2.91vol%TiC AI alloy was studied and compared with that of spray formed 7075 AI alloy at semi-solid state. The effects of in-situ TiC particles on the microstructure of spray formed 7075 AI alloy were also investigated. The specimens were heat-treated isothermally at various temperatures between the solidus and liquidus of 7075 A1 alloy for times in the range of 10-60 rain, then quenched in water. The microstructure of reheated specimens was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The grain size was measured using a mean linear intercept method. Results show that the in-situ TiC particles can effectively retard grain growth and refine the grain at a limited size. The grain growth exponent in Arrhenius equation increases from 2 to 3, which indicates that the in-situ TiC particles have the significant pinning effect on grain coarsening in the semi-solid state.     

65Mn钢大塑性变形后的组织与力学性能

在650℃下对65Mn钢进行了C方式的等径弯曲通道变形(Equal Channel AngularPressing,简称ECAP)研究。重复挤压时试样沿轴线旋转180°再装入模具。通过光学及透射显微镜研究发现:ECAP变形后65Mn钢的累积等效真应变达到5左右,片层状的珠光体组织演变成了超细的渗碳体颗粒均匀分布于亚微晶铁素体基体组织中;变形5道次后铁素体基体为均匀的等轴晶,平均晶粒尺寸约为0.3μm。65Mn钢经ECAP变形后,硬度明显提高。     

One-pot synthesis of bio-inspired layered materials of 3D graphene network/calcium carbonate

A bio-inspired layered material of reduced graphene oxide (RGOs) and calcium carbonate was synthesized via a one-pot strategy in DMF/H₂O mixed solvent. The experimental results show that the product is a layered material of wrinkled RGOs networks and micron-sized calcium carbonate particles with uniform granular diameter and homogeneous morphology, which are distributed between the layered gallery of the graphene scaffold. The polymorph and the morphology of the in-situ produced calcium carbonate particles can be manipulated by simply changing the temperature scheme. Besides, the graphene oxide was reduced to a certain extent, and the hierarchical wrinkles were generated in the RGOs layer by the in-situ formation of the calcium carbonate particles. This work provides a facile and controllable strategy for synthesizing layered material of RGOs and carbonates, and also presents a platform for making three-dimensional porous wrinkled RGOs networks.     

Fabrication and characterization of copper-diamond particles

The electroless copper deposition on both pure and Cr-coated diamond particles was studied to produce copper/diamond composites for electronic packaging materials. The particles were characterized and the mechanism of product formation was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). The particle coating thickness was measured using optical micrographs. The diamond particles got uniform coating thickness of copper crystals layers. This method provided an excellent base for the fabrication of metal-based composites using cheap equipments, and was less time consuming, nature friendly and economical compared with other methods of diamond surface metallization.     

Dynamic recrystallization of electroformed copper liners of shaped charges in high—strain—rate plastic deformation

The microstructures in the electroformed copper liners of shaped charges after high-strain-rate plastic deformation were in vestigated by transmission microscopy(TEM).Meanwhile,the orientation distribution of the grains in the recovered slug was examined by the electron backscattering Kikuchi pattern(EBSP) technique.EBSP analysis illustrated that unlike the as-formed electroformed copper liners of shaped charges the grain orientations in the recovered slug are distributed along randomly all the directions after undergoing heavily strain deformation at high-strain rate.Optical microscopy shows a typical recrystallization structure,and TEM examination reveals dislocation cells existed in the thin foil specimen.These results indicate that dynamic recovery and recrystallization occur during this plastic deformation process,and the associated deformation temperature is considered to be higher than 0.6 times the melting point of copper.     

Sr Microalloying for Refining Grain Size of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy

The grain refining process of an AZ91D Mg alloy by Sr addition was studied and the heterogeneous nucleating particles of α-Mg were investigated by electron probe microanalysis （EPMA）. With 0.6 wt% Sr addition, the mean grain size of AZ91D alloy was refined from 235.4μm to 52.5 μm at the one-half radius of the ingot. The morphology of primary crystal changed from a sixford symmetrical shape to a petallike shape, Mg-Sr-Al-Fe-Mn heterogeneous nucleating particles were observed at the grain centers and Sr solute atoms presented segregation along the grain boundaries. Grain refinement was facilitated by both the Mg-Sr-Al- Fe-Mn nucleating particles and the Sr solute atoms, and the former played a dominate role in the process.     

Spectroscopic investigation of defects mediated oxidization of single-layer MoS2

Due to the extremely large surface to bulk ratio, the properties of single layer(SL) MoS_2 are largely determined by its interaction with environment. One critical interaction process that has been intensively investigated is the oxidation process of MoS_2.Despite numerous previous explorations, the detailed mechanism regarding how MoS_2 reacts with oxygen is still not well understood. In this work, we systematically investigate the impact of intrinsic and pre-created defects on the oxidation process of SL MoS_2. For pristine SL MoS_2, the oxidation is found to initiate near point defects and grain boundaries, leading to the formation of triangle pits in the basal plane and cracks near the grain boundaries. The pre-created defects introduced by ion irradiation are found to serve as the oxidation center, resulting in a more uniform oxidation process. The oxidation is found to introduce p-type doping in the SL MoS_2, leading to the blue shift of Raman and photoluminescence(PL) spectra. The shift is found to be more for the region near the grain boundary and for the samples with more pre-created defects. Our results suggest that the presence of defects can strongly promote the oxidation reaction of SL MoS_2 in ambient condition, which significantly affects the stability and functionality of materials.     

Microstructure of Ni / WC surface composite layer on gray iron substrate

The surface infiltrated composite (Ni/WC) layers on gray iron substrate were fabricated through a vacuum infiltration casting technique (VICT) using Ni-based composite powder with different WC particles content as raw materials.The microstructures of surface infiltrated composite layer,the interface structures between surface composite layer and the substrate,the changes of macro-hardness with the increasing of WC content and the micro-hardness distribution are investigated.The infiltrated composite layer includes a surface composite layer and a transition layer,and the thickness of the transition layer decreases with the increasing content of WC.The thickness of transition layer with 20%WC content in the surface infiltrated composite layer was 170 μm which was the thickest for all transition layers with different WC content.The surface composite layer was mainly composed of WC,W2C,FeB and NiB,along with Ni-Cr-Fe,Ni (Cr) solid solution,Ni (Si) solid solution and Ni (Fe) solid solution.The transition layer was composed of Ni (Cr) solid solution,Ni (Fe) solid solution,Ni (Si) solid solution,Fe (Ni) solid solution and eutectic.The surface macro-hardness and micro-hardness of the infiltrated layer had been evaluated.The macro-hardness of the surface composite layer decreases with the WC content increasing,and the average macro-hardness is HRC60.The distribution of micro-hardness presents gradient change.The average micro-hardness of the infiltrated layer is about HV1000.     

铝镁合金焊接接头组织与力学性能的不均一性研究

采用Al-Mg合金焊丝多层多道MIG焊焊接10 mm厚铝镁锰合金热轧板材,运用金相组织分析、扫描电镜分析(含能谱和电子背散射衍射)等分析手段对焊接接头的组织不均匀性和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,由于焊接循环热、冷却速率以及Al_3Zr等热稳定相粒子的不同作用,焊接接头不同区域内组织与力学性能均呈现出一定的不均匀性。焊缝区为典型的铸态组织,热影响区为保留部分形变特征的再结晶组织,熔池边界由于Al_3Zr粒子非匀质形核核心的作用,形成强化效果不明显的细晶薄层,其显微硬度值分别小于焊缝区和热影响区,而两焊道交界面的晶粒沿散热方向外延生长,粗化明显,显微硬度值最低。     

超微颗粒尺寸测量方法比较研究

应用x射线衍射线线宽法、透射电镜法、比表面积法和激光粒度分析法对自制的Ni(OH)2超微粉及标准颗粒度的样品进行比较分析,探讨了分析原理、颗粒形状等因素对粒径测试准确度的影响．实验结果表明：由球形颗粒组成的超微粉,透射电镜法和激光粒度分析法分析的结果均比较准确;4种方法对由不规则形状颗粒组成的超微粉分析结果相差悬殊,应采用不同的测试方法比较以得出可信的颗粒尺寸．实验证实,样品在分散介质中的分散程度对超微颗粒尺寸测量结果有较大影响,测量前对超微粉进行充分的分散是得出准确结果的前提．     

Surface composites fabricated by vacuum infiltration casting technique

Alumina （Al2O3） particles reinforced copper matrix surface composites were fabricated on the bronze substrate using the vacuum infiltration casting technique. Three cases were obtained in the vacuum infiltration casting technique： no infiltration, partial infiltration and full infiltration （the thickness of preforms do not exceed 3.5mm）. The reason of no infiltration is that the vacuum degree is not enough so that the force acting on the liquid metal is lower than the resistance due to the surface tension. Partial infiltration is because of somewhat lower vacuum degree and pouring temperature. Full desired infiltration is on account of suitable infiltration casting conditions, such as vacuum degree, pouring temperature, grain size and preheating temperature of the preform. The most important factor of affecting formation of surface composites is the vacuum degree, then pouring temperature and particle size. The infiltration mechanism was discussed on the bases of different processing conditions. The surface composite up to 3.5 mm in thickness with uniformly distributed Al2O3 particles could be fabricated via the vacuum infiltration casting technique.     

单晶金刚石生长过程中的应力研究

使用实验室自制的10 kW微波等离子体设备,研究单晶金刚石不同生长阶段的应力表现形式。通过等离子状态参数模拟和发射光谱诊断,研究不同生长阶段几种主要基团的分布和含量;通过扫描电子显微镜和拉曼光谱仪对金刚石的表面形貌和结晶质量进行表征。在整个生长阶段,单晶金刚石边缘区域的电场密度和等离子密度逐渐增强,在功率一定的情况下,中间区域的等离子密度会削弱,并且随着时间延长厚度增加,等离子体状态参数差别越明显,导致单晶金刚石生长模式发生改变,表面的层状生长改为梯度生长,边缘的多取向竞争生长失衡,取向杂乱的多晶在边缘处产生,在这种生长模式影响下,单晶金刚石的生长应力和热应力交替影响其生长状态。结果导致在生长初期,单晶金刚石应力较小且分布均匀,随着时间延长厚度增加,单晶金刚石受缺陷导致的生长应力和温差导致的热应力影响递增,产生裂纹。